Periodización de la estrategia de prevención del VIH en Cuba 1983-2022

Introducción: La periodización permite analizar la historia de los procesos y reconocer desde el presente los cambios relevantes. La estrategia cubana de prevención del VIH tiene resultados nacionales e internacionales, sin embargo, existen pocas publicaciones sobre su decursar histórico. Objetivos: Describir los períodos e hitos que caracterizan la estrategia de prevención del VIH. Método: Se utilizó el método cualitativo, con técnicas de observación participante, revisión documental y entrevista a expertos. Resultados: De 1983 a 2022, se identificaron cuatro períodos, denominados preparación y primeros pasos; fortalecimiento de la estrategia; descentralización de las acciones y servicios de prevención y reorientación post COVID-19. Los hitos se identificaron en las áreas de vigilancia epidemiológica, mercadeo social de condones, intersectorialidad y la atención y participación de las poblaciones clave. Conclusiones: La periodización de la estrategia muestra diferentes enfoques aplicados a través del tiempo, el desarrollo en espiral de los diferentes actores de la sociedad hacia la inclusión social y la participación de los sectores sociales y gobierno. Los hitos visibilizan el tránsito de la estrategia de prevención del VIH desde una visión predominantemente centrada en la provisión de servicios de salud por el sector sanitario a una perspectiva compartida, con las poblaciones clave los sectores sociales y gobierno.

Introduction: Periodization allows us to analyze the history of processes and recognize relevant changes from the present. The Cuban HIV prevention strategy has national and international results, however, there are few publications on its historical course. Objectives: Describe the periods and milestones that characterize the HIV prevention strategy. Method: The methodology was qualitative, the techniques of participant observation, documentary review and expert interviews are used. Results: From 1983 to 2021, four periods were identified, called preparation and first steps; strengthening the strategy; decentralization of prevention and post-COVID-19 reorientation actions and services. The milestones were identified in the areas of epidemiological surveillance, social marketing of condoms, intersectorality, and the care and participation of key populations. Conclusions: The periodization of the strategy shows different approaches applied over time, the spiral development of the different actors in society towards social inclusion and the participation of the social sectors and government. The milestones make visible the transition of the HIV prevention strategy from a vision predominantly focused on the provision of health services by the health sector to a shared perspective, with key populations, the social sectors and the government.

Characteristics of resistance training-based protocols in older adults with sarcopenic obesity: a scoping review of training procedure recommendations.

Background: Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is a clinical and functional disease characterized by the coexistence of obesity and sarcopenia. Resistance training (RT) characteristics for older adults with sarcopenia or obesity are already well established in the scientific literature. Nonetheless, we still do not know how detailed the RT protocols are described for older adults with SO. Therefore, we aimed to analyze the characteristics of RT programs, including each of their variables, recommended for older adults with SO. Methods: This is a scoping review study that was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis for Scoping Reviews. The search was carried out until November 2022 in PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Scopus, LILACS, Google Scholar, and medRxiv databases. The studies included SO diagnosis and RT as an intervention strategy. The RT variables analyzed were as follows: exercise selection, the volume of sets, the intensity of load, repetition cadence, rest interval between sets, and weekly frequency. Results: A total of 1,693 studies were identified. After applying the exclusion criteria, 15 studies were included in the final analysis. The duration of the RT intervention ranged from 8 to 24 weeks. All studies included full-body routines, with single/multi-joint exercises. Regarding the volume of sets, some studies fixed it in three sets, whereas others varied between one and three sets. The load was reported by repetition range and the weight lifted, elastic-band color/resistance, percentage of one repetition maximum, or perceived exertion scale. Repetition cadence was fixed in some studies, while it was self-selected between concentric and eccentric phases in others. The interval between sets of rest varied from 30 to 180 s. All studies reported progression overload during the interventions. Not all studies reported how the exercise selection, repetition cadence, and rest interval were made. Conclusion: The characteristics of RT protocols and their variables prescribed in the literature for older adults with SO were mapped. The lack of detail on some training variables (i.e., exercise selection, repetition cadence, and rest interval) was identified. RT protocols are heterogeneous and described only partially among studies. The recommendations for RT prescription details in older adults with SO are provided for future studies. Systematic review registration: https://osf.io/wzk3d/.

Efectos de la periodización nutricional en la composición corporal de corredores de media distancia de Djibouti / Efeitos da periodização nutricional na composição corporal em corredores de média distância do Djibutiano / Effects of nutritional periodization on the body composition of middle-distance runners from Djibouti

RESUMEN Introducción: La composición corporal es un indicador fundamental para definir el estado nutricional del corredor. Objetivo: El estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar los efectos de la intervención de periodización nutricional en la composición corporal de corredores juveniles djiboutianos de élite en distancia media. Materiales y métodos: La muestra fue de 22 corredores masculinos, en edades comprendidas entre 16 y 18 años. Para la valoración, se diseñó un experimento constituido por 11 sujetos en el grupo control y 11 en el experimental. Como mediciones antropométricas se tomaron el peso, estatura y seis panículos adiposos para evaluar el porcentaje de grasa, índices de adiposidad, índice de masa corporal y el de sustancia corporal activa pues, para llevar el seguimiento de la intervención propuesta, se realizó una entrevista de recordatorio 24 horas de siete días. Resultados: Se diseñó una dieta periodizada, con la manipulación de los carbohidratos. La periodización nutricional con alta y baja ingesta de carbohidratos durante 12 semanas disminuyó significativamente (p< 0,05) el porcentaje de grasa, sin alterar el peso corporal ni el índice de sustancia corporal activa en los corredores djiboutianos de media distancia juveniles del grupo experimental. Conclusiones: Los resultados expuestos contribuyen a mejorar el control biomédico del entrenamiento en los corredores de élite juveniles de distancia media en Djibouti, ya que existían limitaciones de datos sobre su composición corporal y el efecto que pudiera tener la nutrición periodizada sobre esos indicadores

SÍNTESE Introdução: A composição corporal é um indicador chave na definição do estado nutricional do corredor. Objetivo: O estudo visava avaliar os efeitos da intervenção de periodização nutricional sobre a composição corporal em corredores de elite júnior djibutianos de meia distância. Materiais e métodos: A amostra consistiu de 22 corredores masculinos, de 16-18 anos de idade. Para a avaliação, foi projetado um experimento com 11 sujeitos no grupo de controle e 11 no grupo experimental. Como medidas antropométricas, foram tomadas medidas de peso, altura e seis panniculi adiposos para avaliar a porcentagem de gordura, índices de adiposidade, índice de massa corporal e índice de substância corporal ativa. Para acompanhar a intervenção proposta, foi realizada uma entrevista de lembrete de sete dias, 24 horas por dia. Resultados: Foi projetada uma dieta periódica, com a manipulação de carboidratos. A periodização nutricional com alta e baixa ingestão de carboidratos por 12 semanas diminuiu significativamente (p<0,05) o percentual de gordura, sem alterar o peso corporal ou o índice de substância corporal ativa em corredores djibutianos juvenis de meia distância no grupo experimental. Conclusões: Os resultados acima contribuem para melhorar o monitoramento biomédico do treinamento em corredores de elite de distância média júnior em Djibuti, já que havia limitações de dados sobre sua composição corporal e o efeito que a nutrição periodizada poderia ter sobre esses indicadores.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Body composition is a fundamental indicator to define the nutritional status of the runner. Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the effects of the nutritional periodization intervention on the body composition of elite junior Djiboutian runners in middle distance. Materials and methods: The sample consisted of 22 male runners, aged between 16 and 18 years. For the assessment, an experiment consisting of 11 subjects in the control group and 11 in the experimental roup was designed. As anthropometric measurements, weight, height and six adipose tissue were taken to evaluate the percentage of fat, adiposity index, body mass index and active body substance index, since, in order to monitor the proposed intervention, an interview of reminder 24 hours seven days. Results: A periodized diet was designed, with the manipulation of carbohydrates. Nutritional periodization with high and low carbohydrate intake for 12 weeks significantly (p<0.05) decreased percentage fat without altering body weight or active body substance index in juvenile middle-distance Djiboutian runners from the experimental group. Conclusions: The exposed results contribute to improve the biomedical control of training in elite junior middle-distance runners in Djibouti, since there were data limitations on their body composition and the effect that periodized nutrition could have on these indicators.

Time Course of Recovery Following CrossFit® Karen Benchmark Workout in Trained Men.

The establishment of fatigue following the acute exercise stimulus is a complex and multi-factorial process, that might arise due to a range of distinct physiological mechanisms. However, a practical method of assessing CrossFit® athletes' recovery status has been neglected entirely in real-world sporting practice. The study describes the acute and delayed time course of recovery following the CrossFit® Benchmark Workout Karen. Eight trained men (28.4 ± 6.4 years; 1RM back squat 139.1 ± 26.0 kg) undertook the Karen protocol. The protocol consists of 150 Wall Balls (9 kg), aiming to hit a target 3 m high. Countermovement jump height (CMJ), creatine kinase (CK), and perceived recovery status scale (PRS) (general, lower and upper limbs) were assessed pre, post-0h, 24, 48 and 72 h after the session. The creatine kinase concentration 24 h after was higher than pre-exercise (338.4 U/L vs. 143.3 U/L; p = 0.040). At 48h and 72 h following exercise, CK concentration had returned to baseline levels (p > 0.05). The general, lower and upper limbs PRS scores were lower in the 24-h post-exercise compared to pre-exercise (general PRS: 4.7 ± 1.5 and 7.7 ± 1.7; p = 0.013; upper limbs PRS: 6.6 ± 1.3 and 7.5 ± 1.3; p = 0.037; lower limbs PRS: 3.9 ± 2.5 and 7.3 ± 0.1; p = 0.046). Our findings provide insights into the fatigue profile and recovery in acute CrossFit® and can be useful to coaches and practitioners when planning training programs. Moreover, recovery status can be useful to optimize training monitoring and to minimize the potential detrimental effects associated with the performance of repeated high-intensity sessions of CrossFit®.

Effects of Six-week Periodized Versus Non-Periodized Kettlebell Swing Training on Strength, Power and Muscular Endurance.

The purpose of this study was to compare a periodized versus a non-periodized protocol of kettlebell (KTB) swings over six weeks on strength, power, and muscular endurance. Twenty-eight high intensity functional training (HIFT) practitioners were assigned to non-periodized (NPG = 11), periodized (PG = 11), or control groups (CG = 6). NPG used the same load (20 kg) throughout the training period while the PG used a step loading progression (with an added four kilograms every two weeks). Measures of strength and muscular endurance in the deadlift exercise, and power in the countermovement jump were assessed before and after six weeks. A two-way ANOVA was used to verify pre- to post-test differences in strength, power, and muscular endurance. An analysis of the effect size was also incorporated. For strength and power, statistical differences from pre- to post-test were found for both the NPG (p < 0.001; 1-RM improvement = 8.7%; jump height improvement = 8.7%) and PG (p < 0.001; 1-RM improvement = 7.8%; jump height improvement = 10.1%), with no difference between groups. For muscular endurance, only the PG showed significant differences from pre- to post-test (p = 0.013; muscular endurance improvement = 23.8%). In conclusion, when the goal is to increase strength and power performances in HIFT practitioners, periodized and non-periodized KTB models appear to be equally effective, and this can simplify the strength coach's practice in programming KTB swing training periods. For muscular endurance, the addition of KTB swing on a periodized basis seems to be a more effective strategy.

La Historiografía de la Ciencia de la Información y sus periodizaciones: una aproximación / The Historiography of Information Science and its periodization: an approach

Se examinaron determinados esquemas de periodización de la Historiografía de la Ciencia de la Información. Utilizando la revisión documental como instrumento metodológico, se revisaron las fuentes de información que contenían la producción historiográfica de los estudiosos de la Ciencia de la Información elegidos. Se discutió la interrelación existente entre Historia e Historiografía y se valoró el significado de las periodizaciones históricas. Se examinó la problemática histórica de la Ciencia de la Información, y se detallaron las propuestas de periodización de los autores seleccionados. Se fundamentó la propuesta de periodización del autor del texto(AU)

Certain patterns of periodization of the Historiography of Information Science were examined. Using the documentary review as a methodological instrument, this study reviewed the sources of information containing the historiographical production of the chosen Information Science scholars. The interrelation between History and Historiography was discussed and the meaning of historical periodization was valued. The historical problems of Information Science were examined, and the periodization proposals of the selected authors were detailed. The proposal of periodization of the author of this text was substantiated(AU)

Order of Resistance Training Cycles to Develop Strength and Muscle Thickness in Resistance-Trained Men: A Pilot Study.

The aim of the present study was to assess the chronic effects of different order of resistance training cycles on strength and muscle thickness of recreationally resistance-trained men. The study sample was composed of 16 healthy men (age: 25.0 ± 3.8 years, height: 1.77 ± 7.6 cm, total body mass: 81.7 ± 10.4 kg, RT experience: 4.6 ± 0.7 years, relative bench press one repetition maximum: 1.2 ± 0.1, relative squat one-repetition maximum: 1.5 ± 0.2). According to baseline maximal strength, participants were allocated in one of the following groups: Maximal Strength-Strength Endurance (MS-SE) (six weeks of a maximal strength cycle followed by six weeks of a strength endurance cycle); Strength Endurance -Maximal Strength (MS-SE) (six weeks of a strength endurance cycle followed by six weeks of a maximal strength cycle). The following measurements were performed in the pre and post intervention periods: one-repetition maximum (1RM) on parallel back squat and bench press exercises, muscle thickness evaluation of biceps brachialis (MTBB), triceps brachialis (MTTB), and vastus lateralis (MTVL) by ultrasonography. Total load lifted (TLL) and Internal training load (ITL) were also assessed. Both groups presented significant increases in bench press (MS-SE p = 0.001, SE-MS p = 0.003) and half squat (MS-SE p = 0.004, SE-MS p = 0.001) 1RM, MTBB (MS-SE p = 0.020, SE-MS p = 0.005) and MTTB (MS-SE p = 0.001, SE-MS p = 0.001). For MTVL, a significant increase was observed only for MS-SE group (MS-SE p = 0.032, SE-MS p = 0.143). No significant difference between groups was observed for any strength or morphological outcomes. In conclusion, both MS-SE and SE-MS training cycles are effective strategies to enhance resistance training adaptations in trained men.

A densidade como uma "não tão nova" métrica da quantificação de cargas no treinamento de força / Work to rest ratio as a "not so new"metric to quantify strength training loads

O objetivo dessa carta resposta foi tecer algumas considerações sobre o ponto de vista do manuscrito "A densidade como uma nova métrica da quantificação de cargas no treinamento de força", publicado nessa tradicional revista brasileira. Erroneamente, os autores apontaram que o termo work to rest ratio utilizado no estudo Blood Pressure Response During Resistance Training of Different Work-to-Rest Ratio e publicado no Journal of Strength Conditioning Research estaria equivocado. Os autores também sugerem que a densidade seja calculada apenas pela fórmula: total de peso levantado/total de pausa. Isso limitaria o cálculo da densidade em métodos isométricos de treinamento de força, que podem ter a densidade calculada pela fórmula: tempo de tensão muscular/total de pausa. Essa breve comunicação amplia o contexto conceitual e de aplicação prática dessa métrica que é pouco conhecida no treinamento de força. (AU)

The aim of this reply letter was to present some considerations about the point of view of the manuscript "Density as new metric to quantify strength training loads", published in this traditional Brazilian journal. The authors erroneously pointed out that term "work to rest ratio" used in the study "Blood Pressure Response During Resistance Training of Different Work-to-Rest Ratio" and published in Journal of Strength Conditioning Research, would be wrong. The authors also suggest that density must be calculated only by the formula: total weight lifted / total rest interval. This would limit density calculation in isometric strength training methods, which can have density calculated by the formula: muscle tension time / total rest interval. This brief communication broadens the conceptual context and practical application of this metric that is little known in strength training. (AU)

Efeitos de um macrociclo de treinamento sobre a aptidão física em atletas de futsal feminino durante uma temporada / Effects of a training macrocycle on the physical fitness in female futsal athletes during a season

O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar os efeitos de macrociclo de treinamento sobre variáveis de aptidão física em atletas semiprofissionais de futsal feminino. Foram avaliadas quatorze atletas (21,1 ± 4,8 anos) semiprofissionais durante 27 semanas de treinamento, correspondentes a: período pré-competitivo e período competitivo. Foram realizadas avaliações antropométricas (massa corporal, estatura e percentual de gordura corporal), testes de potência de membros inferiores (salto vertical e salto horizontal) e membros superiores (arremesso de medicine ball), de força de membros inferiores (1RM de agachamento e legpress) e de membros superiores (supino) e de velocidade (linear e com troca de direção) antes e após o período pré-competitivo e após a primeira fase do período competitivo. ANOVA para medidas repetidas foi utilizada para comparação das variáveis entre os três momentos de avaliação com post hoc de Bonferroni (α = 0,05). Potência de membros inferiores, velocidade linear e força de membros inferiores e superiores (1RM legpress e supino) apresentaram melhora no desempenho nos três momentos (p < 0,001). Percentual de gordura corporal, potência de membros superiores, força de membros inferiores (1RM agachamento) (p < 0,001) e velocidade com troca de direção (p = 0,002) melhoraram o desempenho do momento pré para o momento pós período pré-competitivo e mantiveram este desempenho no momento pós período competitivo. A massa corporal não apresentou diferença significativa entre os momentos. Conclui-se que, os resultados encontrados indicam que as atletas responderam positivamente quanto às variáveis de aptidão física, comprovando a eficácia do treinamento. Ainda, destaca-se a importância do planejamento dos treinos para o sucesso da equipe. (AU)

The aim of the present study was to analyze the macrocycle training effects on physical fitness variables in semiprofessional female futsal athletes. Fourteen semiprofessional athletes (21.1 ± 4.8 years) were measured during 27 weeks of training, corresponding to: precompetitive period and competitive period. The anthropometric variables (body mass, height and body fat percentage), lower limb (vertical and horizontal jump) and upper limb (medicine ball throw) muscle power, lower limb (1RM squat and legpress) and upper limb (1RM bench press) strength and speed (linear and with change of direction) tests were performed pre and post the pre-competitive period and post the first phase of the competitive period. ANOVA for repeated measures plus Bonferroni post hoc were used to compare the variables between the three evaluation moments (α = 0.05). Performance of the lower limb muscle power, linear speed and lower and upper limbs strength (1RM legpress and bench press) were improved at the three moments (p < 0.001). Body fat percentage, upper limb muscle power, lower limb strength (1RM squat) (p <0.001) and speed with change of direction (p = 0.002) improved the performance from pre to post pre-competitive period moment and kept this performance in the post competitive period. Body mass presented no significant difference between the moments. We concluded that the athletes improved physical fitness variables, proving the effectiveness of the training. Still, it is highlighted the importance of the training planning for the team success. (AU)

A densidade como uma nova métrica da quantificação de cargas no treinamento de força / Density as a new metric to quantify strength training loads

O objetivo do estudo foi realizar um breve comunicado sobre a adoção da densidade com uma nova métrica de quantificação de cargas no treinamento de força. Descrevemos como quantificá-la e destacamos as possíveis implicações da sua manipulação. Uma vez que considera o intervalo de recuperação entre as séries - onde podem ocorrer processos metabólicos importantes, como a ressíntese de fosfocreatina - a densidade pode ser um parâmetro representativo da magnitude do estresse metabólico induzido pelas sessões. Recomendamos que treinadores e pesquisadores da área de ciências do esporte passem a reportar quantificar e reportar a densidade dos treinos. Técnicas de treinamento que manipulam as pausas entre as séries, repetições e exercícios, como os treinos em circuito, o restpause, cluster training, intra-set rest e/ou inter-repetion rest, podem ter novas análises e, consequentemente, resultados interessantes a serem reportados.(AU)

The aim of the study was to provide a short communication about the adoption of density as a new metric to quantify strength training loads. We describe how quantify and highlighted the possible implications of density manipulation. Since considers the rest interval between sets - where important metabolic process such as phosphocreatine resynthesizes may occurs ­ density may represent the magnitude of metabolic stress induced by training session. In this sense, is recommended that sports sciences coach's and researchers report the training density. Training techniques that manipulate the rest intervals between sets, repetitions, and exercises, such as circuit tra ining, rest pause, cluster training, intra-set rest, and/or inter-repetition rest may have new analysis, and consequently interesting results to be reported.(AU)

Is There Any Non-functional Training? A Conceptual Review.

This conceptual review investigates whether functional training (FT) is a different approach from traditional strength, power, flexibility, and endurance (aerobic or cardiorespiratory) training already adopted in the physical training plan of professional, recreational athletes, healthy, and older adults. The 20 most recent papers published involving FT were searched in the PubMed/Medline database. Definition, concepts, benefits, and the exercises employed in FT programs were analyzed. The main results were: (a) there is no agreement about a universal definition for FT; (b) FT programs aim at developing the same benefits already induced by traditional training programs; (c) exercises employed are also the same. The inability to define FT makes the differentiation from traditional training programs difficult. Physical training programs can be easily described and classified as strength, power, flexibility, endurance, and the specific exercises employed (e.g., traditional resistance training, ballistic exercises, plyometrics and Olympic-style weightlifting, continuous and high-intensity interval training). This apt description and classification may provide consistent and clear communication between students, coaches, athletes, and sports scientists. Based on the current evidence and to avoid confusion and misconceptions, we recommend that the terms FT, high-intensity FT, and functional fitness training no longer describe any physical training program.

O estudo concreto do desenvolvimento da infância e da adolescência e suas contribuições para a educação / The concrete study of the development of childhood and adolescence and its contributions to education

O presente artigo discute o estudo concreto da infância e da adolescência a partir das contribuições da psicologia histórico-cultural. São apresentados os conceitos de atividade, atividade-guia, situação social de desenvolvimento, linhas acessórias do desenvolvimento, consciência e neoformação em cada período da vida, buscando articular com elementos da realidade capitalista brasileira e as desigualdades de classe, raça e gênero. Para tal, percorremos as três épocas (Elkonin, 1987) do desenvolvimento propostas por estudos soviéticos em um contexto de luta por condições iguais de vida, quais sejam: primeira infância, infância e adolescência. Ao apresentar cada época, explicitamos os desafios ainda postos para compreendermos concretamente o desenvolvimento humano no Brasil. E, ao final, apresentamos alguns desafios ainda postos à educação. Conclui-se que o desenvolvimento almejado ocorrerá diante de condições que o possibilitem, envolvendo: i) o contexto social mais amplo (demandas que a sociedade oferece às nossas crianças e jovens e condições efetivas providas para sua realização); ii) a organização do ensino e como esse operacionaliza essas demandas em termos de forma e conteúdo, de maneira a potencializar o desenvolvimento das pessoas, promovendo necessidades e motivos para a emergência da atividade-guia, atentando aos efeitos das desigualdades de classe, raça e gênero no processo de desenvolvimento.

This paper discusses the concrete study of childhood and adolescence from the contributions of cultural-historical psychology. The concepts of activity, leading activity, social situation of development, accessory lines of development, consciousness, and neoformation are presented in each period of life, seeking to articulate with elements of the Brazilian capitalist reality and its inequalities of class, race and gender. To this end, we went through the three epochs (ELKONIN, 1987) of the development proposed by Soviet studies in a context of struggle for equal living conditions, namely: early childhood, childhood and adolescence. In the presentation of each epoch, we explain the existent challenges for concretely understanding human development in Brazil. And, at the end, we discuss some obstacles currently facing education. It is concluded that the desired development will occur in the presence of conditions that make it possible, involving: i) the broader social context (demands that society offers to our children and young people as well as effective conditions provided for its consummation); ii) the organization of teaching and how it operationalizes these demands in terms of form and content, in order to enhance the development of people, promoting needs and reasons for the emergence of the leading activity and being aware of the effects of class, race and gender inequalities in the development process.

Carbohydrate Consumption and Periodization Strategies Applied to Elite Soccer Players.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: During a soccer season, athletes tend to play intense and light matches such as decisive and qualifying games. The amount of muscle glycogen stores is a determining factor of performance during exercise, and manipulation of carbohydrate intake during the soccer season to enhance muscle glycogen stores can improve the performance of elite soccer players. The purpose of this review is to provide a holistic view of the periodization of carbohydrates and their effects on sports performance, based on what the literature recommends for the periodization of carbohydrates for endurance athletes, and of muscle glycogen recovery and compensation among professional soccer players. RECENT FINDINGS: The ingestion of large amounts of carbohydrates (CHO;10 g/kg of body weight (BW)/day) is important 36 h before a match for the elite soccer player to ensure muscle glycogen supercompensation. In addition, elite soccer players should intake 1 to 1.5 g/kg BW/h within the first 4 h after a soccer game to maximize glycogen resynthesis. However, the season is comprised of away and home games that require different intensities; thus, soccer players need to periodize CHO intake based on evidence-based recommendations such as "train low," "train low, compete high," and/or "sleep low." The goal is to induce training adaptations by alternating with high or low CHO availability based on seasons, matches, and training intensities. The strategy can result in improved performance during games. Periodizing the consumption of carbohydrates, based on the intensity of training and matches, should include more carbohydrates when the matches require higher intensity and fewer carbohydrates when they require lower intensity; this is a strategy that will improve the performance of elite soccer athletes.

Comparação de diferentes protocolos de treinamento resistido na força muscular em idosos / Comparison of different protocols of resisted training in muscle force in elderly / Comparación de diferentes protocolos de entrenamiento de fuerza en fuerza muscular en ancianos

Comparar o efeito de diferentes protocolos de treinamento resistido na dinapenia em idosos. Método: A amostra constituiu de sujeitos com idade igual ou superior 60 anos, voluntários, de ambos os sexos, os voluntários foram submetidos a dois programas diferentes de treinamento de força, um programa com variações de cargas ondulatório e outro com variações de cargas lineares. Após 12 semanas foi realizado teste de força de preensão palmar nos dois grupos que realizaram os protocolos de treinamento de força e um grupo controle. Para as comparações entre os grupos foi utilizado o teste de ANOVA. Resultados: Os resultados encontrados mostraram o que? para ambos os grupos em comparação ao controle, no entanto, sem diferença significativa entre eles. Conclusão: Conclui-se desta forma que ambos os modelos de periodização foram eficientes para gerar aumento de força em idosos saudáveis.

To compare the effect of different resistance training protocols on dinapenia in the elderly. Method: The sample consisted of subjects aged 60 years or older, volunteers, of both sexes, the volunteers were submitted to two different strength training programs, one with variations in wave loads and another with variations in linear loads. After 12 weeks, a handgrip strength test was performed in the two groups that performed the strength training protocols and a control group. For comparisons between groups, the ANOVA test was used. Results: The results found showed for both groups in comparison to the control, however, with no significant difference between them. Conclusion: It is concluded that both periodization models were efficient to generate increased strength in healthy elderly

Comparar el efecto de diferentes protocolos de entrenamiento de fuerza sobre la dinapenia en ancianos. Método: La muestra estuvo conformada por sujetos de 60 años o más, voluntarios, de ambos sexos, los voluntarios fueron sometidos a dos programas de entrenamiento de fuerza diferentes, uno con variaciones en las cargas de oleaje y otro con variaciones en las cargas lineales. Después de 12 semanas, se realizó una prueba de fuerza de agarre manual en los dos grupos que realizaron los protocolos de entrenamiento de fuerza y un grupo de control. Para las comparaciones entre grupos se utilizó la prueba ANOVA. Resultados: Los resultados encontrados mostraron para ambos grupos en comparación con el control, sin embargo, sin diferencias significativas entre ellos. Conclusión: Se concluye que ambos modelos de periodización fueron eficientes para generar mayor fuerza en ancianos sanos

Comparação da carga de treinamento de atletas profissionais entre modos de treinos especificos do voleibol e de força / Comparison of the training load of professional athletes between modes of volleyball specific drills and strength conditioning

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a carga de treinamento em três tipos de treinamentos de uma equipe de voleibol profissional.. Participaram do estudo 28 jogadores (26,6 ± 4,7 anos; 91,5 ± 8,5 Kg; 194,1 ± 6,0 cm). Foi realizada uma análise descritiva de 29 sessões de treino técnico, 84 tecnico-tático e 75 de musculação e isoladamente das variáveis que compõem a carga de treinamento, PSE e o tempo de duração da sessão, posteriormente sendo reunidos em média e desvio padrão de acordo com tipo de treino. Para análise dos dados foi adotado o teste de Shapiro-Wilk e em seguida aplicou-se o teste Anova Two-Way com o Post Hoc de Tamhane e também foi utilizado o tamanho do efeito para análise das comparações. Os resultados demonstraram respostas significativas e grande tamanho de efeitos quando comparados técnico e técnico-tático com a musculação na carga interna de treinamento TxM (TE=1,2: grande; p= 0,002); TTxM (TE=1,3: grande; p= 0,001) e no tempo de duração da sessão TxM (TE=1,7: grande; p= 0,001); TTxM (TE=2,0: grande; p= 0,001), já a PSE da sessão apresentou apenas uma diferença sigifcativa TTxM (TE= 0,8: moderado; p= 0,001). Os estímulos de treinamentos específicos de quadra como técnico e técnico-tático promoveram maior carga interna nos atletas do que o treino de força, através principalmente pela influencia da variável tempo de duração da sessão que refletiu a carga externa.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to compare the training load in three types of training of a professional volleyball team. Participants were 28 players (26.6 ± 4.7 years, 91.5 ± 8.5 kg; 194.1 ± 6.0 cm). A descriptive analysis of 29 technical training sessions, 84 technical-tactical training sessions and 75 training sessions, and of the variables that compose the training load, PSE and the duration of the session were performed, and were then collected on average and standard deviation according to with type of training. To analyze the data, the Shapiro-Wilk test was adopted, and then the Anova Two-Way test was applied with Tamhane's Post Hoc and the effect size was also used for analysis of the comparisons. The results demonstrated significant responses and a large effect size when compared to technical and tactical-to- strength training (T = 1.2: large; p = 0.002); TTxM (TE = 1.3: large, p = 0.001) and the duration of the session / external load in the TxM training (TE = 1.7: large; p = 0.001); TTxM (TE = 2.0: large, p = 0.001), whereas the PSE of the session showed only a sigifcant difference TTxM (TE = 0.8: moderate; p = 0.001). The stimuli of specific training of court as technician and technician-tactician promoted greater internal load in the athletes than the strength training, mainly through the influence of the variable time of the session that reflected to external load.

Effects of linear versus nonperiodized resistance training on isometric force and skeletal muscle mass adaptations in sarcopenic older adults.

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of linear periodization (LP) versus nonperiodized (NP) resistance training on upper-body isometric force and skeletal muscle mass (SMM) in sarcopenic older adults. Twenty sarcopenic older adults were randomly assigned into the LP and NP groups and performed 16 weeks of resistance training. The SMM was measured by octopolar bioelectrical impedance. The isometric force for handgrip and trunk were assessed by dynamometer. Evaluations were performed at baseline, after 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks of resistance training. For total weight lifted, there was a main effect for time (F=126.986, P<0.001), statistically significant difference between condition (F=13.867, P=0.001) and interaction (F=8.778, P<0.001), whereby total weight lifted was greater for NP after 4 months of training. Isometric force for handgrip and trunk increased across time (P<0.001) but no significant differences between groups or interaction were observed (P>0.05). The SMM increased across time (P<0.05), however no significant difference between groups or interaction were observed (P>0.05). There were strong and significant correlations between handgrip maximum force and SMM (LP: rho=0.79, P=0.004 vs. NP: rho=-0.43, P=0.244) and handgrip mean force and SMM (LP: rho=0.68, P=0.021 vs. NP: rho=-0.37, P=0.332) only for the LP group. In conclusion, LP and NP resistance training induced similar benefits on upper-body isometric force and SMM in sarcopenic older adults. However, LP presented lower total weight lifted, suggesting that it is possible to obtain similar gains in isometric force and SMM with less total work.

Consideraciones para una propuesta de periodización histórica de la endocrinología en Cuba / Considerations for a proposal of historical periodization of Endocrinology in Cuba

El objetivo de este artículo es plantear algunas consideraciones que justifican una periodización histórica de la endocrinología en nuestro país, para lo que se tuvieron en cuenta los hitos o hechos con especial significado para esta especialidad médica. Se utilizó el método histórico-lógico, apoyado en la técnica de revisión documental y la entrevista no estructurada en profundidad, la que se aplicó a profesionales vinculados al desarrollo de la endocrinología en nuestro país. Se establecen tres periodos históricos de la endocrinología en Cuba: Periodo de la preendocrinología (1813-1922), donde aparecieron las primeras descripciones de enfermedades endocrinas como el hermafroditismo, galactorrea, ginecomastia, bocio, acromegalia, diabetes mellitus y otras; Periodo de inicio de la endocrinología (1923-1965), caracterizado por la introducción de la insulina en la práctica clínica y el incremento de los aportes a la literatura científica nacional e internacional, la creación de Sociedad Cubana de Endocrinología y su órgano oficial, Acta Endocrinológica Cubana; y, finalmente, Periodo de consolidación y desarrollo de la endocrinología (1966-actualidad), el que se establece con la creación del Instituto de Endocrinología y Enfermedades Metabólicas, pues con su apertura la especialidad comienza su verdadero progreso en las áreas de la investigación, docencia y asistencia. Se concluye, que teniendo en cuenta los hitos o hechos con especial significado para la endocrinología en el territorio nacional, es posible plantear una periodización histórica de esta especialidad médica(AU)

The objective of this article is to present some considerations that justify a historical periodization of Endocrinology in our country taking into account the landmarks and events with special significance for this medical specialty. The historical-logical method was used, supported by the technique of documentary review and in depth's unstructured interview to professionals linked to the development of Endocrinology in our country. Three historical periods of Endocrinology are established in Cuba: Period of Pre-endocrinology (1813-1922), where the first descriptions of endocrine diseases such as hermaphroditism, galactorrhea, gynecomastia, goiter, acromegaly, diabetes mellitus and others appeared; Period of onset of Endocrinology (1923-1965), that was characterized by the introduction of insulin in clinical practice and the increase of contributions to national and international scientific literature, the creation of the Cuban Society of Endocrinology and its official media the Cuban Endocrinological Act; and finally, Endocrinology's consolidation and development period (1966-present), that is established with the creation of the Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases. With this last milestone, Endocrinology in Cuba begins its real progress in the areas of research, teaching and care. It is concluded that taking into account the milestones or events with special significance for Endocrinology in our country, it is possible to propose a historical periodization of this medical specialty(AU)

Efectos de los Juegos en Espacio Reducido (JER) sobre VO2máx. en futbolistas aficionados / Small Sided Games effects on maximum oxygen uptake in amateur soccer players / Efeitos dos Jogos no Espaço Reduzido no consumo máximo de oxigênio em jogadores de futebol amador

Resumen: Objetivo: determinar el efecto de los juegos en espacio reducido (JER) sobre el consumo máximo de oxígeno (VO2Máx.) en futbolistas aficionados. Método: se realizó un experimento controlado con asignación aleatoria, con grupo experimental y control. Se evaluó antes y después a 16 futbolistas de sexo masculino, edad 19,5±1,7, peso 73,6±8,5, talla 177,2±6,7 e IMC 23,2±1,6. El grupo experimental entrenó con JER, y el grupo control con método continuo variable tipo dos (MCV2). La intensidad se controló con monitores cardíacos. El VO2Máx. fue medido con el test de Léger. Se obtuvo aval del comité de ética de la Universidad de Antioquia. Los datos se evaluaron mediante análisis multivariado de la varianza (MANOVA) y estadística descriptiva. Se utilizó el paquete estadístico SAS UNIVERSITY. El nivel de significancia se estableció en (p<0,05). Resultados: no hubo diferencias significativas entre JER y MCV2 para la variable VO2Máx., ni mejoras significativas entre pretest-postest en los grupos. Conclusión: los programas de entrenamiento no mejoraron significativamente el VO2Máx.

Objective: To determine the effect of small sided games (SSGs) on maximum oxygen uptake (VO2Máx..) in amateur soccer players. Method: A controlled experiment, with random assignment in two groups (experimental and control), was conducted. Sixteen male soccer players, age: 19,5±1,7; weight: 73,6±8,5; height: 177,2±6,7; BMI: 23,2±1,6, were evaluated before and after. The experimental group trained with SSGs and the control group trained with the continuous variable method type two (CVM2). The intensity was controlled by heart rate monitors. The VO2Máx. was measured with the Leger test. Endorsement of the Ethics Committee of the Universidad de Antioquia was obtained. Data were evaluated by multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and descriptive statistics. The statistical package SAS UNIVERSITY was used. The level of Statistical significance was established in (p<0.05). Results: There were not significant differences between SSGs and MCV2 for the variable VO2Máx., nor significant improvements between pretest-postest in any of the groups. Conclusion: Training programs did not significantly improve the VO2Máx.

Objetivo: determinar o efeito dos Jogos em Espaço Reduzido (JER) no consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2Máx.) em jogadores amadores de futebol. Método: Realizou-se um experimento bcontrolado com atribuição aleatória com dois grupos: um grupo experimental e um grupo de controle. Antes e depois, avaliaram-se 16 futebolistas de sexo masculino (idade: 19,5 ± 1,7, peso: 73,6 ± 8,5; uma altura média 177,2 ± 6,7, IMC: 23,2 ± 1,6). O grupo experimental treinou com JER e o grupo controle com o método contínuo variável tipo dois (MCV2). A intensidade foi controlada com monitores cardíacos. O Leger Test foi utilizado para medir o VO2Máx. A autorização foi obtido pelo Comitê de Ética da Universidade de Antioquia. Os dados foram avaliados por análise multivariada de variância (MANOVA) e estatística descritiva. O pacote estatístico SAS UNIVERSITY foi utilizado. O nível de significância foi estabelecido em (p <0,05). Resultados: Não houve diferenças significativas entre o JER e o MCV2 para a variável VO2Máx., nem houve melhorias significativas entre o pré-teste e o pós-teste nos grupos. Conclusão: os programas de treinamento não melhoraram significativamente o VO2Máx.

Assessment of the external load of amateur soccer players during four consecutive training microcycles in relation to the external load during the official match

Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the external load of amateur male players during 4 consecutive training microcycles (M) at the beginning of the in-season according to the training session in absolute external load demands and in relation to the competition demands. Methods: Regional-level players (n = 10; age, 20.8 ± 1.7 years; height, 175.5 ± 3.8 cm; body mass, 69.7 ± 2.9 kg; soccer experience, 13.2 ± 2.5 years) were monitored using GPS devices during training sessions and matches. The external load variables measured were: duration (min); total distance covered (TD); distance covered at high-speed (HID, 14.4-19.8 km/h); distance covered at sprinting (SPD; >19.8 km/h); and distance covered in high intensity acceleration (ACD; >2.5 m/s2) and deceleration (DECD; <-2.5 m/s2). Results: The results indicated that the external load variables (time, HID, SPD, ACD, and DECD) were similar between the four microcycles. Greater (p<0.01) time, TD, HID and SPD were observed in match day (MD)-2 compared to MD+1, MD-3, and MD-1. Aside from training duration, all external loads variables (TD, HID, SPD, ACD, and DECD) were lower during training sessions compared to official matches (p<0.05). Conclusion: Amateur soccer players present relative stable external training loads across competitive microcycles, with the peak load observed two days before the official match. Besides this, the match constitutes the highest load during a typical competitive microcycle in this cohort of players.(AU)