Oxidative responses in small juveniles of Colossoma macropomum anesthetized and sedated with Ocimum gratissimum L. essential oil.

This study evaluated the use of essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum (EOOG) for anesthesia and in transport of Colossoma macropomum. Experiment 1, Test 1, anesthesia induction and recovery times were determined using different EOOG concentrations (0, 20, 50, 100, 200, 300 mg L-1), with two size classes: Juveniles I (0.86 g) and Juveniles II (11.46 g) (independent tests in a completely randomized design). Based on the results of Test 1, in Test 2 Juveniles II were exposed to EOOG concentrations: 0, 20, 100 mg L-1. Tissue samples were collected immediately after induction and 1 h post-recovery, to assess oxidative status variables. Experiment 2, Juveniles I (0.91 g) and Juveniles II (14.76 g) were submitted to transport in water with different concentrations of EOOG (0, 5, 10 mg L-1) (independent tests in a completely randomized design). The effects on oxidative status variables were evaluated. Concentrations between 50 and 200 mg L-1 EOOG can be indicated for Juveniles I, while concentrations between 50 and 100 mg L-1 EOOG for Juveniles II. The concentration of 100 mg L-1 EOOG was able to prevent oxidative damage in the liver. In Experiment 2, the concentrations of 5 and 10 mg L-1 EOOG added to the transport water caused sedation for both studied size classes of juveniles and did not cause oscillations in water quality variables nor any mortality. The concentration of 10 mg L-1 EOOG improved the oxidative status. It can be concluded that EOOG can be used for anesthesia and transport of C. macropomum.

Nutraceutical Potential of Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) Seed Oil in Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, Obesity and Metabolic Alterations.

Vitis vinifera L. (grapevine) is a perennial plant of the Vitaceae family that is widely used to produce grapes and wines. Grape seed oil is rich in fatty acids such as linoleic acid (65-75%), vitamin E (50 mg), and phytosterols in addition to phenolic compounds, such as catechins (414 mg), epicatechins (130.4 mg), and gallic acid (77 µg), shows promise as a nutritional compound and is outstanding as a therapeutic substance with active properties for health, detected mainly by in vitro studies, as well as some in vivo studies. The benefits of consuming this oil include modulating the expression of antioxidant enzymes, anti-atherosclerotic and anti-inflammatory effects, and protection against oxidative cell damage and some types of cancer. However, experimental findings confirm that therapeutic functions remain scarce; thus, more studies are needed to determine the mechanisms of action involved in the indicated therapeutic qualities.

Moringa oleifera seed oil extracted by pressurized n-propane and its effect against Staphylococcus aureus biofilms.

Staphylococcus aureus is often associated worldwide with foodborne illnesses, and the elimination of biofilms formed by this bacterium from industrial surfaces is very challenging. To date, there have been few attempts to investigate plant oils obtained by recent green technologies, applied against biofilms on usual surfaces of the food industry and bacteria isolated from such environment. Therefore, this study evaluated the activity of Moringa oleifera seed oil (MOSO), extracted with pressurized n-propane, against standard and environmental S. aureus biofilms. Additionally, a genotypic and phenotypic study of the environmental S. aureus was proposed. It was found that this bacterium was a MSSA (methicillin-sensitive S. aureus), a carrier of icaA and icaD genes that has strong adhesion (OD550=1.86 ± 0.19) during biofilm formation. The use of pressurized n-propane as a solvent was efficient in obtaining MOSO, achieving a yield of 60.9%. Gas chromatography analyses revealed the presence of a rich source of fatty acids in MOSO, mainly oleic acid (62.47%), behenic acid (10.5%) and palmitic acid (7.32%). On polystyrene surface, MOSO at 0.5% and 1% showed inhibitory and bactericidal activity, respectively, against S. aureus biofilms. MOSO at 1% allowed a maximum reduction of 2.38 log UFC/cm² of S. aureus biofilms formed on PVC (polyvinyl chloride) surface. Scanning electron microscopy showed disturbances on the surface of S. aureus after exposure to MOSO. These unprecedented findings suggest that MOSO extracted with pressurized n-propane is potentially capable of inhibiting biofilms of different S. aureus strains, thus, contributing to microbiological safety during food processing.

Composición química y actividad antibacteriana del aceite esencial de Origanum vulgare L. frente a Enterococcus faecalis / Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oil from Origanum vulgare L. against Enterococcus faecalis

Introducción: Las infecciones recurrentes en el sistema de conductos radiculares son atribuidas principalmente a la presencia de especies como Enterococcus faecalis, lo que hace necesario el estudio de sustancias alternativas al hipoclorito de sodio que puedan ser empleadas como irrigantes de los conductos y mejorar la tasa de éxito de tratamiento. Objetivo: Identificar la composición química del aceite esencial de Origanum vulgare L. (orégano) y evaluar su actividad antibacateriana frente a E. Faecalis ATCC 29212. Métodos: Se diseñó un estudio experimental in vitro. El Origanum vulgare L. se recolectó en la provincia de Tarata, Tacna, Perú. El aceite esencial se obtuvo por método de arrastre de vapor y una muestra fue sometida a cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas en un equipo cromatográfico QP2010 (Ultra Shimazu) equipado con una columna DB-5 MS para identificar sus constituyentes. La actividad antibacteriana del aceite esencial se evaluó a través del método de difusión de disco en agar cerebro-corazón con concentraciones desde 2,261 a 27,132 mg/µL. El cálculo de las repeticiones se realizó con el programa EPi infoTM. Adicionalmente, se identificó la concentración mínima inhibitoria y la concentración mínima bactericida del aceite esencial. Se realizó el análisis descriptivo de los datos y se aplicó la prueba ANOVA de un factor para comparar los valores medios de los halos de inhibición de las distintas concentraciones. Se adoptó un nivel de significancia de p < 0,05. Resultados: Se identificaron 20 constituyentes, siendo los principales compuestos alpha.-pinene (24,44 por ciento) y 1,6-Ocatien-3-ol,3,7,7dimethyl (12,52 por ciento). E. Faecalis fue muy sensible (++) y extremadamente sensible (+++) a concentraciones mayores a 15,827 mg/µL del aceite esencial de Origanum vulgare L. Todas las concentraciones inhibieron el crecimiento bacteriano, mientras que las concentraciones mayores de 14,018 mg/µL fueron bactericidas. Conclusiones: Los principales constituyentes del aceite esencial de Origanum vulgare L. fueron .alpha.-Pinene y Cis-.beta.-Terpineol. Además, se demostró un importante efecto antibacteriano frente a Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212(AU)

Introduction: Recurrent infections in the root canal system are mainly attributed to the presence of species such as Enterococcus faecalis. It is therefore necessary to study substances other than sodium hypochlorite which may be used as irrigants for the canals, thus improving the success rate of the treatment. Objective: Identify the chemical composition of essential oil from Origanum vulgare L. (oregano) and evaluate its antibacterial activity against E. faecalis ATCC 29212. Methods: An in vitro experimental study was conducted. Origanum vulgare L. was collected from the province of Tarata, Tacna, Peru. The essential oil was obtained by steam entrainment, and a sample was subjected to gas chromatography / mass spectrometry in a QP2010 chromatograph (Ultra Shimadzu) equipped with a DB-5 MS column to identify its constituents. Antibacterial activity of the essential oil was evaluated by the brain heart agar disk diffusion method at concentrations ranging from 2 261 to 27 132 mg/µl. The software EPi InfoTM was used to estimate the repetitions. Additionally, identification was performed of the minimum inhibitory concentration and the minimum bactericidal concentration of the essential oil. The data were subjected to descriptive analysis and one-factor ANOVA was performed to compare the mean values of inhibition haloes at the different concentrations. A significance level of p < 0.05 was established. Results: Twenty constituents were identified. The main compounds were .alpha.-pinene (24.44 percent) and 1,6-Ocatien-3-ol,3,7,7dimethyl (12.52 percent). E. Faecalis was very sensitive (++) and extremely sensitive (+++) to concentrations above 15 827 mg/µl of the essential oil of Origanum vulgare L. All the concentrations inhibited bacterial growth, and concentrations above 14 018 mg/µl were bactericidal. Conclusions: The main constituents of the essential oil of Origanum vulgare L. were .alpha.-pinene and cis-.beta.-terpineol. Additionally, the essential oil was shown to display considerable antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212(AU)

Alterações físico-químicas e microbiológicas em salsicha com óleo vegetal e fibra de trigo / Physical-chemical alterations and microbiological in sausage with oil vegetable and fiber of wheat

Tem crescido muito, nos últimos anos, o número de consumidores adeptos a dietas mais saudáveis e a alimentos com menos calorias, gordura e colesterol. Visando atender este novo mercado, as indústrias e centros de pesquisas tem se empenhado para o desenvolvimento de produtos cárneos com essas características. Os estudos recomendam soluções alternativas para os problemas relacionados com produtos cárneos que possuem elevado teor de gordura e colesterol, como a substituição parcial ou total da gordura animal por óleos e gorduras vegetais, tornando-os mais saudáveis. Este trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver salsicha tipo Viena contendo em sua composição fibra de trigo, óleo vegetal de milho e avaliar suas alterações microbiológicas e físico-químicas (TBA, pH, aw) durante o período de armazenamento. As salsichas foram embaladas a vácuo e armazenadas a 5,5°C (± 1°C) durante 60 dias. Em intervalos de 15 dias foram amostradas para determinação da oxidação lipídica por meio do método de TBA e contagem total de microorganismos aeróbios psicrófilos. A avaliação da rancidez oxidativa revelou valores para amostra padrão um pouco superior em relação à teste. As análises microbiológicas apresentaram superioridade no crescimento microbiano na amostra teste, que ultrapassou o limite padrão para os psicrófilos no 60° dia.(AU)

It has been growing a lot in the last years the number of consumers followers to healthier diets and foods with less calories, fat and cholesterol. Seeking to assist this new market, the industries and centers of researches have if determined for the development of meats products with those characteristics. The studies recommend alternative solutions for the problems related with products cárneos that possess high fat tenor and cholesterol, as the substitution partial ar total of the animal fat for oils and vegetable fats, turning them healthier. That work had as objective develops sausage type Vienna containing in his composition wheat fiber, vegetable oil of com, and to evaluate their alterations microbiological and physiochemícal (TBA pH, aw) during the storage period. The sausages were wrapped to vacuous and stored to 5,5°C (± 1°C) for 60 days. In intervals of 15 days they went were sampled to determination of the oxidation rancidity through the method of TBA and total counting of microorganisms aerobic psicrophylic. The evaluation of the oxidation rancidity revealed values for sample pattern a little superior in relation to it tests. The analyses microbiological presented superiority in the microbial growth in the sample tests that crossed the standard limit for the psicrophylic in the 60th day. (AU)

Alterações físico-químicas e microbiológicas em salsicha com óleo vegetal e fibra de trigo / Physical-chemical alterations and microbiological in sausage with oil vegetable and fiber of wheat

Tem crescido muito, nos últimos anos, o número de consumidores adeptos a dietas mais saudáveis e a alimentos com menos calorias, gordura e colesterol. Visando atender este novo mercado, as indústrias e centros de pesquisas tem se empenhado para o desenvolvimento de produtos cárneos com essas características. Os estudos recomendam soluções alternativas para os problemas relacionados com produtos cárneos que possuem elevado teor de gordura e colesterol, como a substituição parcial ou total da gordura animal por óleos e gorduras vegetais, tornando-os mais saudáveis. Este trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver salsicha tipo Viena contendo em sua composição fibra de trigo, óleo vegetal de milho e avaliar suas alterações microbiológicas e físico-químicas (TBA, pH, aw) durante o período de armazenamento. As salsichas foram embaladas a vácuo e armazenadas a 5,5°C (± 1°C) durante 60 dias. Em intervalos de 15 dias foram amostradas para determinação da oxidação lipídica por meio do método de TBA e contagem total de microorganismos aeróbios psicrófilos. A avaliação da rancidez oxidativa revelou valores para amostra padrão um pouco superior em relação à teste. As análises microbiológicas apresentaram superioridade no crescimento microbiano na amostra teste, que ultrapassou o limite padrão para os psicrófilos no 60° dia.

It has been growing a lot in the last years the number of consumers followers to healthier diets and foods with less calories, fat and cholesterol. Seeking to assist this new market, the industries and centers of researches have if determined for the development of meats products with those characteristics. The studies recommend alternative solutions for the problems related with products cárneos that possess high fat tenor and cholesterol, as the substitution partial ar total of the animal fat for oils and vegetable fats, turning them healthier. That work had as objective develops sausage type Vienna containing in his composition wheat fiber, vegetable oil of com, and to evaluate their alterations microbiological and physiochemícal (TBA pH, aw) during the storage period. The sausages were wrapped to vacuous and stored to 5,5°C (± 1°C) for 60 days. In intervals of 15 days they went were sampled to determination of the oxidation rancidity through the method of TBA and total counting of microorganisms aerobic psicrophylic. The evaluation of the oxidation rancidity revealed values for sample pattern a little superior in relation to it tests. The analyses microbiological presented superiority in the microbial growth in the sample tests that crossed the standard limit for the psicrophylic in the 60th day.