Places for reasoning.

In this article, we explore behaviour settings that enable reasoning and the diversity of constraints that not only limit but also make these behaviour settings possible. We focus specifically on reasoning and surveying how behaviour settings allow for the generation of norms of action that are nevertheless differentiated by geographies and sociocultural systems. These geographies and sociocultural systems involve diverse trajectories for reasoning even within similar behaviour settings. We will touch on places for reasoning like Twitter, social movements, traditional knowledge and laboratories set up for experimentation on our reasoning abilities. We will show how these places and the behaviour settings that emerge in them can be studied in terms of the complexity of the interactions between their participants and in terms of enabling constraints. This article is part of the theme issue 'People, places, things, and communities: expanding behaviour settings theory in the twenty-first century'.

ChatGPT's learning and reasoning capacity in anesthesiology

Introduction: Over the past few months, ChatGPT has raised a lot of interest given its ability to perform complex tasks through natural language and conversation. However, its use in clinical decision-making is limited and its application in the field of anesthesiology is unknown. Objective: To assess ChatGPT's basic and clinical reasoning and its learning ability in a performance test on general and specific anesthesia topics. Methods: A three-phase assessment was conducted. Basic knowledge of anesthesia was assessed in the first phase, followed by a review of difficult airway management and, finally, measurement of decision-making ability in ten clinical cases. The second and the third phases were conducted before and after feeding ChatGPT with the 2022 guidelines of the American Society of Anesthesiologists on difficult airway management. Results: On average, ChatGPT succeded 65% of the time in the first phase and 48% of the time in the second phase. Agreement in clinical cases was 20%, with 90% relevance and 10% error rate. After learning, ChatGPT improved in the second phase, and was correct 59% of the time, with agreement in clinical cases also increasing to 40%. Conclusions: ChatGPT showed acceptable accuracy in the basic knowledge test, high relevance in the management of specific difficult airway clinical cases, and the ability to improve after learning.

Introducción: En los últimos meses, ChatGPT ha suscitado un gran interés debido a su capacidad para realizar tareas complejas a través del lenguaje natural y la conversación. Sin embargo, su uso en la toma de decisiones clínicas es limitado y su aplicación en el campo de anestesiología es desconocido. Objetivo: Evaluar el razonamiento básico, clínico y la capacidad de aprendizaje de ChatGPT en una prueba de rendimiento sobre temas generales y específicos de anestesiología. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo una evaluación dividida en tres fases. Se valoraron conocimientos básicos de anestesiología en la primera fase, seguida de una revisión del manejo de vía aérea difícil y, finalmente, se midió la toma de decisiones en diez casos clínicos. La segunda y tercera fases se realizaron antes y después de alimentar a ChatGPT con las guías de la Sociedad Americana de Anestesiólogos del manejo de la vía aérea difícil del 2022. Resultados: ChatGPT obtuvo una tasa de acierto promedio del 65 % en la primera fase y del 48 % en la segunda fase. En los casos clínicos, obtuvo una concordancia del 20 %, una relevancia del 90 % y una tasa de error del 10 %. Posterior al aprendizaje, ChatGPT mejoró su tasa de acierto al 59 % en la segunda fase y aumentó la concordancia al 40 % en los casos clínicos. Conclusiones: ChatGPT demostró una precisión aceptable en la prueba de conocimientos básicos, una alta relevancia en el manejo de los casos clínicos específicos de vía aérea difícil y la capacidad de mejoría secundaria a un aprendizaje.

Effects of SNAPPS in clinical reasoning teaching: a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

INTRODUCTION: Clinical reasoning is crucial in medical practice, yet its teaching faces challenges due to varied clinical experiences, limited time, and absence from competency frameworks. Despite efforts, effective teaching methodologies remain elusive. Strategies like the One Minute Preceptor (OMP) and SNAPPS are proposed as solutions, particularly in workplace settings. SNAPPS, introduced in 2003, offers a structured approach but lacks comprehensive evidence of its effectiveness. Methodological shortcomings hinder discerning its specific effects. Therefore, a systematic review is proposed to evaluate SNAPPS' impact on clinical reasoning teaching. CONTENT: We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and CINAHL for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing SNAPPS against other methods. Data selection and extraction were performed in duplicate. Bias and certainty of evidence were evaluated using Cochrane RoB-2 and GRADE approach. SUMMARY: We identified five RCTs performed on medical students and residents. Two compared SNAPPS with an active control such as One Minute Preceptor or training with feedback. None reported the effects of SNAPPS in workplace settings (Kirkpatrick Level 3) or patients (Kirkpatrick Level 4). Low to moderate certainty of evidence suggests that SNAPPS increases the total presentation length by increasing discussion length. Low to moderate certainty of evidence may increase the number of differential diagnoses and the expression of uncertainties. Low certainty of evidence suggests that SNAPPS may increase the odds of trainees initiating a management plan and seeking clarification. OUTLOOK: Evidence from this systematic review suggests that SNAPPS has some advantages in terms of clinical reasoning, self-directed learning outcomes, and cost-effectiveness. Furthermore, it appears more beneficial when used by residents than medical students. However, future research should explore outcomes outside SNAPPS-related outcomes, such as workplace or patient-related outcomes.

The Essence of What it Is to Act Rationally: A Perspective on Distinctively Human Action Based on Aristotelian Philosophy and Evolutionary Science.

The purpose of this article is to understand the distinctively human behavior from Aristotelian ethics and evolutionary science to offer a perspective of what it means to act rationally. We argue that this way of acting is characterized by a decision informed by the analysis of whether or not it is worth pursuing an end, and by certain means, which takes place through a weighting of consequences from the body of knowledge that the person has so far We also argue that such a process can occur quickly (and requiring a less cognitive effort) or slowly (and demanding more cognitive effort), depending on whether or not the person has previous experiences of choices that have generated good consequences in the type of context presented; What does it mean for a person to have or not rational heuristics established in their minds, which are those that are connected to the most current network of "whys" and that has been consolidated precisely because they have proven effective in pointing out what is best to do in that kind of context. Finally, we apply the perspective we are offering to evidence three imprecise notions about "acting rationally".

Terapeutas ocupacionales novatos en unidades de cuidados críticos: ¿qué estrategias educativas de rehabilitación y cuidados se implementan en su formación? / Terapeutas ocupacionais novatos em unidades de cuidados críticos: quais estratégias educativas de reabilitação e cuidados são implementadas em sua formação? / Novice occupational therapists in critical care units: what rehabilitation and care educational strategies are implemented in their training?

Resumen Introducción La formación práctica de terapeutas ocupacionales en unidades de cuidados críticos, es esencial para el desempeño profesional en áreas de rehabilitación y cuidados clínicos. Objetivo Analizar el uso de estrategias educativas utilizadas en unidades de cuidados críticos y su incorporación en los procesos de formación profesional en terapeutas ocupacionales novatos. Metodología Se realizó una investigación cualitativa, con enfoque fenomenológico y diseño descriptivo. Se empleó un muestreo intencional. Los datos se obtuvieron a través de la aplicación de entrevistas semiestructuradas, observación directa y revisión documental. Participaron 4 terapeutas ocupacionales que se desempeñan en un hospital de alta complejidad de Santiago, Chile. Los datos fueron codificados en temas, categorías y subcategorías para su análisis, considerando las unidades de significado presentes en los mensajes desde una perspectiva hermenéutica. Resultados Se destaca la necesaria imbricación teórica-práctica que debe existir en el desarrollo de competencias profesionales de calidad en los entornos de cuidados críticos. Se consideran estrategias educativas efectivas en la formación de terapeutas ocupacionales novatos, sistemáticas tutorías, participación en equipos interdisciplinarios y la retroalimentación constante en las experiencias en medicina intensiva. Conclusión Se enfatiza la importancia de lograr formación profesional de calidad en terapeutas ocupacionales, mediante la implementación de estrategias de colaboración interdisciplinaria, reconociéndose la importancia de afianzar habilidades de comunicación efectiva entre terapeuta ocupacional y paciente crítico. Se identifica la necesidad de consolidar un campo de formación específica en estrategias educativas para el desarrollo de competencias profesionales en terapeutas ocupacionales novatos.

Resumo Introdução A formação prática de terapeutas ocupacionais em unidades de cuidados críticos é essencial para o desempenho profissional em áreas de reabilitação e cuidados clínicos. Objetivo Analisar o uso de estratégias educativas utilizadas em unidades de cuidados críticos e sua incorporação nos processos de formação profissional de terapeutas ocupacionais novatos. Método Foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa, com abordagem fenomenológica e design descritivo. Foi utilizado uma amostragem intencional. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, observação direta e revisão documental. Participaram quatro terapeutas ocupacionais que trabalham em um hospital de alta complexidade em Santiago, Chile. Os dados foram codificados em temas, categorias e subcategorias para análise, considerando as unidades de significado presentes nas mensagens a partir de uma perspectiva hermenêutica. Resultados Destaca-se a necessária imbricação teórico-prática que deve existir no desenvolvimento de competências profissionais de qualidade nos ambientes de cuidados críticos. São consideradas estratégias educativas eficazes na formação de terapeutas ocupacionais novatos, como tutorias sistemáticas, participação em equipes interdisciplinares e feedback constante nas experiências em medicina intensiva. Conclusão Enfatiza-se a importância de alcançar formação profissional de qualidade entre terapeutas ocupacionais, por meio da implementação de estratégias de colaboração interdisciplinar, reconhecendo a importância de fortalecer habilidades de comunicação efetiva entre terapeuta ocupacional e paciente crítico. Identifica-se a necessidade de consolidar um campo de formação específico em estratégias educativas para o desenvolvimento de competências profissionais em terapeutas ocupacionais novatos.

Abstract Introduction Practical training for occupational therapists in critical care units is essential for professional performance in rehabilitation and clinical care areas. Objective To analyze the use of educational strategies employed in critical care units and their integration into the professional development process for novice occupational therapists. Methodology A qualitative research with a phenomenological approach and descriptive design was conducted. Intentional sampling was employed. Data was obtained through the application of semi-structured interviews, direct observation, and documentary review. Four occupational therapists working in a high-complexity hospital in Santiago, Chile, participated. The data was coded into themes, categories, and subcategories for analysis, considering the units of meaning present in the messages from a hermeneutic perspective. Results The necessary theoretical-practical integration required for the development of high-quality professional competencies in critical care environments is emphasized. Effective educational strategies for novice occupational therapists are considered, including systematic mentoring, participation in interdisciplinary teams, and ongoing feedback from experiences in intensive medicine. Conclusion The importance of achieving high-quality professional training for occupational therapists is emphasized through the implementation of interdisciplinary collaboration strategies, recognizing the significance of strengthening effective communication skills between occupational therapists and critical care patients. The need to establish a specific training field for educational strategies in the development of professional competencies for novice occupational therapists is identified.

Teste para avaliação do raciocínio clínico em Fonoaudiologia: validade de conteúdo / Test for clinical reasoning evaluation in Speech-Language Pathology: content validity

RESUMO Objetivo validar o conteúdo do Teste de Concordância de Scripts em Fonoaudiologia, denominado FonoTCS. Método Trata-se de estudo de validação de conteúdo de instrumento. Participaram da construção do FonoTCS cinco fonoaudiólogas, doutoras e docentes, com média de 24,8 anos de atuação profissional, que chegaram a um consenso durante o processo de construção do teste. Elaborou-se 30 questões e 120 itens contemplando as áreas de atuação fonoaudiológica. Em seguida, 15 fonoaudiólogas com titulação mínima de mestre, e com, no mínimo, 10 anos de atuação clínica generalista receberam eletronicamente o FonoTCS para validação de conteúdo por meio de questionário sobre critérios de clareza, ética e pertinência do conteúdo das questões. Para a análise das respostas calculou-se o Coeficiente de Validade de Conteúdo Corrigido de todas as afirmativas. Foram revisadas as questões com porcentagem de concordância igual ou inferior a 80%. Resultados 13 avaliadores responderam a análise, todos do sexo feminino, com média de idade de 39,07 anos, sendo oito mestres e cinco doutoras, com atuação clínica generalista média de 15,38 anos. Os valores médios do Coeficiente de Validade de Conteúdo Corrigido foram 0,93 e 0,95 para o critério de clareza; 0,98 e 0,92 para o critério de pertinência; e 0,99 para o critério de ética. Duas questões apresentaram notas de 0,78 e 0,80, sendo ambas da área de audiologia no domínio de avaliação/diagnóstico, para a questão relacionada ao critério de pertinência, sendo revisadas e reestruturadas pelos juízes. Conclusão O FonoTCS é um instrumento válido do ponto de vista do conteúdo.

ABSTRACT Purpose To validate the content of the Speech-Language Pathology Concordance Test called FonoTCS. Methods This is a content validation study of the instrument. Five speech-language pathologists, all with doctoral degrees and teaching experience, averaging 24.8 years of professional practice, participated in the development of FonoTCS and reached a consensus during the process. Thirty questions and 120 items were created, covering seven areas of speech-language pathology expertise across three domains. For content validation, FonoTCS was electronically sent to 15 evaluators to respond to a questionnaire with five questions, rated on a five-point scale, regarding the criteria of clarity, ethics, and relevance of the questions. The Corrected Content Validity Coefficient was calculated for all statements to analyze the responses. Questions with agreement percentages equal to or less than 80% were revised. Results Thirteen evaluators, all female, with an average age of 39.07 years, including eight with master's degrees and five with doctoral degrees, and an average clinical practice experience of 15.38 years, participated in the analysis. The average Corrected Content Validity Coefficient values for the clarity criterion were 0.93 and 0.95, for the relevance criterion 0.98 and 0.92, and for the ethics criterion 0.99. Two questions received scores of 0.78 and 0.80, both related to the audiology area in the assessment/diagnosis domain, specifically question 2 regarding the relevance criterion. These questions were reviewed and restructured by the judges. Conclusion FonoTCS is a valid instrument from a content perspective.

Efeitos de conteúdos emocionais sobre o raciocínio dedutivo humano: uma revisão sistemática / Effects of emotional content on human reasoning: a systematic review / Efectos de los contenidos emocionales sobre el razonamiento humano: una revisión sistemática / Effets du contenu affectif sur le raisonnement humain: une revue systématique

Resumo: O raciocínio e a emoção apresentam complexas e numerosas relações entre si, podendo prejudicar ou beneficiar o processamento lógico. Visando investigar a influência da tonalidade afetiva sobre o raciocínio, realizou-se uma revisão sistemática advinda da busca de estudos publicados nas bases de dados do Portal de Periódicos da Capes, Scielo, PubMed e Google Acadêmico. Os descritores utilizados foram: (affective content OR evaluative content OR emotion*) AND (reasoning). Após análise e submissão aos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, restaram 17 artigos, duas dissertações de mestrado e uma tese de doutorado. Apenas um dos estudos foi realizado no Brasil. Os participantes das pesquisas selecionadas tiveram pior desempenho nas tarefas de raciocínio formadas por conteúdos valorativos negativos. Entretanto, os conteúdos negativos influenciaram de forma positiva o raciocínio dedutivo quando se mostravam relevantes para a realização da tarefa. Assim, os estudos selecionados parecem apontar para a importância das emoções sobre o raciocínio humano.

Abstract: Reasoning and emotions have many complex relations which can hinder or benefit logical processing. Intending to investigate the influence of affective content on reasoning, we conducted a systematic review on scientific articles published on the Capes Journals Portal, Scielo, PubMed and Academic Google databases, retrieved using the descriptors (affective content OR evaluative content OR emotion*) AND (reasoning). After analysis and application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, 17 papers, two master's dissertations and one doctorate thesis remained. Only one study was conducted in Brazil. Research participants showed a worse performance in reasoning tasks composed by negative emotional content. However, negative emotional content influenced deductive reasoning positively when they proved to be relevant to the task. Hence, the reviewed studies suggest an importance of emotions for human reasoning.

Résumé : Le raisonnement et l'émotion entretiennent de nombreuses relations complexes qui peuvent entraver ou favoriser le procès logique. Dans le but d'étudier l'influence du contenu affectif sur le raisonnement, on a effectué une revue systématique des articles scientifiques publiés sur les base des données Portail des Périodiques du Capes, Scielo, PubMed et Google Académique, retrouvés en utilisant les descripteurs (affective content OR evaluative content OR emotion*) AND (reasoning). Après l'analyse et application des critères d'inclusion et d'exclusion, 17 articles, deux mémoires de maîtrise et une thèse de doctorat ont été retenus. Une seule étude a été menée au Brésil. Les participants aux recherches ont montré une pire perfomance dans les tâches de raisonnement composés d'un contenu affectif négatif. Cependant, ce contenu a influencé positivement le raisonnement déductif lorsqu'il s'est avéré pertinent pour la tâche. Les études examinées suggèrent donc que les émotions jouent un rôle important dans le raisonnement humain.

Resumen: El razonamiento y las emociones tienen relaciones complejas entre sí, que pueden perjudicar o ayudar el procesamiento lógico. Para investigar la influencia del tono afectivo sobre el razonamiento, se realizó una revisión sistemática a partir de la búsqueda de estudios publicados en las bases de datos del Portal de Periódicos Capes, SciELO, PubMed y Google Académico. Los descriptores utilizados fueron los siguientes: (affective content OR evaluative content OR emotion*) AND (reasoning). Después de la aplicación de los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, se seleccionaron 17 artículos, dos disertaciones de maestría y una tesis doctoral. Solo uno de los estudios se llevó a cabo en Brasil. Los participantes de las investigaciones seleccionadas tuvieron un peor desempeño en las tareas de razonamiento formadas por contenidos emocionales negativos. Estos influenciaron de forma positiva el razonamiento deductivo cuando eran relevantes para la realización de la tarea. Los estudios seleccionados parecen evidenciar la importancia de las emociones sobre el razonamiento humano.

Psychometric evaluation of the Functional Health Pattern Assessment Screening Tool - Modified Brazilian Version / Evaluación psicométrica del instrumento Functional Health Pattern Assessment Screening Tool - Versión modificada para Brasil / Avaliação psicométrica do Functional Health Pattern Assessment Screening Tool - Versão Brasileira Modificada

Objective: to test the factorial structure, reliability and convergent validity of the Functional Health Pattern Assessment Screening Tool - Modified Brazilian Version. Method: this was a psychometric evaluation of the Functional Health Pattern Assessment Screening Tool - Modified Brazilian Version. Seven hundred and seventeen participants answered the data collection instrument consisting of two parts. Part I included a structured questionnaire to collect sociodemographic data and the participants' perceptions and satisfaction with their current health status. Part II consisted of the tool being tested. The internal structure was assessed using Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Convergent validity was evaluated by the correlation of the tool scores with the rates corresponding to self-perception and satisfaction with current health status. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha. Results: the Confirmatory Factor Analysis confirmed a three-factor solution. The factor loadings were significant and varied from 0.16 to 0.75; the fit indices suggested moderate fit of the model. Internal consistency for all three components varied between 0.779 and 0.919. Conclusion: the findings suggest that the tool is valid and reliable to be used in the Brazilian population, although caution is recommended when interpreting the results due to the moderate fit of the model.

Objetivo: someter a prueba la estructura factorial, confiabilidad y validez convergente del instrumento Functional Health Pattern Assessment Screening Tool - Versión modificada para Brasil. Método: evaluación psicométrica del instrumento Functional Health Pattern Assessment Screening Tool - Versión modificada para Brasil. Setecientos diecisiete participantes respondieron el instrumento de recolección de datos, compuesto por dos partes. La Parte I incluyó un cuestionario estructurado para recopilar datos sociodemográficos y las percepciones y el nivel de satisfacción de los participantes con respecto a su estado de salud actual. La Parte II consistió en la herramienta sometida a prueba. La estructura interna se evaluó empleando Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio. La validez interna se evaluó por medio de la correlación entre las puntuaciones obtenidas en la herramienta y los índices correspondientes a los niveles de autopercepción y satisfacción con respecto al estado de salud actual. La confiabilidad se evaluó utilizando el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. Resultados: el Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio confirmó una solución con tres factores. Las cargas factoriales fueron significativas y variaron entre 0,16 y 0.75; los índices de ajuste sugirieron ajuste moderado del modelo. La consistencia interna correspondiente a los tres componentes varió entre 0,779 y 0,919. Conclusión: los hallazgos sugieren que la herramienta es válida y confiable para ser usada en la población de Brasil, aunque se recomienda interpretar los resultados con precaución debido al moderado ajuste del modelo.

Objetivo: testar a estrutura fatorial, a confiabilidade e a validade convergente do Functional Health Pattern Assessment Screening Tool - Versão Brasileira Modificada. Método: avaliação psicométrica do Functional Health Pattern Assessment Screening Tool - Versão Brasileira Modificada. Setecentos e dezessete participantes responderam os itens do instrumento de coleta de dados composto por duas partes. A Parte I incluiu um questionário estruturado contendo dados sociodemográficos e a percepção e satisfação dos participantes com seu estado de saúde atual. A Parte II consistiu no instrumento testado. A estrutura interna foi avaliada por meio de Análise Fatorial Confirmatória. A validade convergente foi avaliada pela correlação dos escores do instrumento com os índices correspondentes à autopercepção e à satisfação com o estado de saúde atual. A confiabilidade foi avaliada pelo alfa de Cronbach. Resultados: a Análise Fatorial Confirmatória confirmou uma solução de três fatores. As cargas fatoriais foram significativas e variaram de 0,16 a 0,75; os índices de ajuste sugeriram ajuste moderado do modelo. A consistência interna dos três componentes variou entre 0,779 e 0,919. Conclusión: os achados sugerem que o instrumento é válido e confiável para ser utilizado na população brasileira, embora seja recomendada cautela na interpretação dos resultados devido ao ajuste moderado do modelo.

Comparative study between high-fidelity simulation and medium-fidelity simulation in decision-making of nursing students: experimental study / Estudo comparativo entre simulação de alta-fidelidade e simulação de média-fidelidade na tomada de decisão de estudantes de enfermagem: estudo experimental / Estudio comparativo entre simulación de alta fidelidad y simulación de mediana fidelidad en la toma de decisiones de estudiantes de enfermería: estudio experimental

Abstract Objective: to compare the decision-making of Nursing students, before and after theoretical training on basic life support, using the practice of high-fidelity simulation and medium-fidelity simulation. Method: an experimental study was developed, pre- and post-test type, with quantitative, descriptive and inferential analysis, with theoretical training on basic life support and clinical simulation practices, and with evaluation of knowledge and decision-making of Nursing students, at three different moments - before the simulation scenario (T0), after the simulation scenario (T1) and after clinical teaching (T2). Results: 51 students participated in the research, with an average age of 20.25±3.804, of which 92.2% were female. Statistically significant differences (F=6.47; p=0.039) were evident regarding the definition of the problem and development of objectives in decision-making in the experimental group. Conclusion: Nursing students demonstrate an adequate level of knowledge and a good decision-making process, based on the most current instruments produced by scientific evidence, in clinical simulation scenarios in basic life support, and this innovative methodology should be deepened in the Nursing teaching.

Resumo Objetivo: comparar a tomada de decisão dos estudantes de Enfermagem, antes e após a formação teórica sobre suporte básico de vida, com recurso à prática de simulação de alta-fidelidade e simulação de média-fidelidade. Método: desenvolveu-se um estudo experimental, tipo pré e pós-teste, com análise quantitativa, descritiva e inferencial, com realização da formação teórica sobre suporte básico de vida e práticas de simulação clínica, e com avaliação dos conhecimentos e tomada de decisão dos estudantes de Enfermagem, em três momentos distintos - antes do cenário de simulação (T0), após o cenário de simulação (T1) e após a realização de ensino clínico (T2). Resultados: participaram da pesquisa 51 estudantes, com uma média de idade de 20,25±3,804, dos quais 92,2% eram do sexo feminino. Foram evidenciadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas (F=6,47; p=0,039) perante a definição do problema e desenvolvimento dos objetivos na tomada de decisão no grupo experimental. Conclusão: os estudantes de Enfermagem demonstram um nível de conhecimentos adequado e um bom processo de tomada de decisão, com base nos instrumentos mais atuais produzidos pela evidência científica, perante cenários de simulação clínica em suporte básico de vida, devendo esta metodologia inovadora ser aprofundada no ensino de Enfermagem.

Resumen Objetivo: comparar la toma de decisiones de estudiantes de Enfermería, antes y después de la formación teórica sobre soporte vital básico, utilizando la práctica de simulación de alta fidelidad y simulación de mediana fidelidad. Método: se desarrolló un estudio experimental, tipo pretest y postest, con análisis cuantitativo, descriptivo e inferencial, con formación teórica sobre soporte vital básico y prácticas de simulación clínica, y con evaluación del conocimiento y la toma de decisiones de los estudiantes de Enfermería, en tres momentos distintos: antes del escenario de simulación (T0), después del escenario de simulación (T1) y después de la enseñanza clínica (T2). Resultados: participaron de la investigación 51 estudiantes, con edad promedio de 20,25±3,804 años, de los cuales 92,2% eran mujeres. Se evidenciaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (F=6,47; p=0,039) en cuanto a la definición del problema y desarrollo de los objetivos en la toma de decisiones en el grupo experimental. Conclusión: los estudiantes de Enfermería demuestran un nivel adecuado de conocimientos y un buen proceso de toma de decisiones, basados en los instrumentos más actuales producidos por la evidencia científica, en escenarios de simulación clínica en soporte vital básico, y esta metodología innovadora debe profundizarse en la enseñanza de Enfermería.

Affective theory of mind in people with mild and moderate Alzheimer's disease.

OBJECTIVE: This study compared the affective theory of mind (ToM) of people with mild and moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD) and healthy older adults and also investigated the relationship between affective ToM and cognitive and clinical functioning in AD people. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 156 older adults with AD and 40 healthy older adults. We used an experimental task involving reasoning processes in different contextual situations. RESULTS: The affective ToM was impaired in AD groups compared with healthy group, with moderate AD group showing lower performance than mild AD group. The affective ToM task of mild AD group was significantly correlated with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and education years. Linear regression showed only education years as a predictor of ToM task performance. The neuropsychiatric symptoms and functionality were not correlated with the affective ToM. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrated that people with mild and moderate AD presented impairments in affective ToM that can be explained by the difficulties to infer emotion from reasoning processes. In addition, the education years variable proved to be an affective ToM performance's predictor for the mild AD group, but not for the moderate AD group, indicating that ToM abilities are affected differently in different stages of AD. Neuropsychiatric symptoms and functionality seem to have no influence on affective ToM impairments in people with AD.

Non-standard diagnostic assessment reliability in psychiatry: a study in a Brazilian outpatient setting using Kappa.

The use of Structured Diagnostic Assessments (SDAs) is a solution for unreliability in psychiatry and the gold standard for diagnosis. However, except for studies between the 50 s and 70 s, reliability without the use of Non-SDAs (NSDA) is seldom tested, especially in non-Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic (WEIRD) countries. We aim to measure reliability between examiners with NSDAs for psychiatric disorders. We compared diagnostic agreement after clinician change, in an outpatient academic setting. We used inter-rater Kappa measuring 8 diagnostic groups: Depression (DD: F32, F33), Anxiety Related Disorders (ARD: F40-F49, F50-F59), Personality Disorders (PD: F60-F69), Bipolar Disorder (BD: F30, F31, F34.0, F38.1), Organic Mental Disorders (Org: F00-F09), Neurodevelopment Disorders (ND: F70-F99) and Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders (SSD: F20-F29). Cohen's Kappa measured agreement between groups, and Baphkar's test assessed if any diagnostic group have a higher tendency to change after a new diagnostic assessment. We analyzed 739 reevaluation pairs, from 99 subjects who attended IPUB's outpatient clinic. Overall inter-rater Kappa was moderate, and none of the groups had a different tendency to change. NSDA evaluation was moderately reliable, but the lack of some prevalent hypothesis inside the pairs raised concerns about NSDA sensitivity to some diagnoses. Diagnostic momentum bias (that is, a tendency to keep the last diagnosis observed) may have inflated the observed agreement. This research was approved by IPUB's ethical committee, registered under the CAAE33603220.1.0000.5263, and the UTN-U1111-1260-1212.

Ressignificando o aprendizado acerca do processo de enfermagem para desenvolver raciocínio clínico

Introdução: A aplicação das etapas do processo de enfermagem na prática clínica requer aperfeiçoamento constante. Objetivo: Analisar as ressignificações do aprendizado que enfermeiros, professores e estudantes obtiveram durante oficinas de aperfeiçoamento do processo de enfermagem. Metodologia: Pesquisa Convergente Assistencial realizada por meio de cinco oficinas, na qual totalizou 12 participantes. Na análise dos dados, elaborou-se síntese, teorização e transferência para a prática das ressignificações do aprendizado. Resultados: Destacou-se que informações insuficientes no instrumento de coleta de dados gera inconsistências na identificação diagnóstica. Enfatizou-se a relevância das taxonomias na etapa do planejamento e incompreensões no manejo da Escala Likert dos indicadores. Conclusões: Discutiram-se as etapas do processo a partir da sua aplicabilidade, por se entender ser deste lugar que se devem disparar as discussões desta temática. Conclui-se a necessidade do aperfeiçoamento, por estratégias inovadoras que permitam a participação ativa dos profissionais e valorização dos serviços de saúde, assim como as oficinas produzidas no estudo que se embasaram em um modelo local, potencializando o aprendizado significativo de estudantes e professores.

Introduction: The application of the steps of the Nursing Process in clinical practice requires constant improvement. Objective: To analyze the new meanings of learning that nurses, professors, and students obtained during workshops to improve the Nursing Process. Methodology: Convergent Care Research was carried out through five workshops, in which a total of 12 participants. In the data analysis, a synthesis, theorization, and transference to the practice of the learning resignifications were elaborated. Results: It was highlighted that insufficient information in the data collection instrument generates inconsistencies in diagnostic identification. The relevance of taxonomies in the planning stage and misunderstandings in the management of the Likert Scale of indicators was emphasized. Conclusions: The stages of the process were discussed based on their applicability, as it is understood from this place that discussions on this theme should be launched. It concludes the need for improvement, through innovative strategies that allow the active participation of professionals and enhancement of health services, as well as the workshops produced in the study that were based on a local model, enhancing meaningful learning of students and teachers.

Razonamiento clínico y estilo de pensamiento en estudiantes de enfermería / Raciocínio clínico e estilo de pensamento em estudantes de enfermagem / Clinical reasoning and thinking style in nursing students

Introducción El razonamiento clínico es una habilidad que engloba el pensamiento para la toma de decisiones, sin embargo, los factores que favorecen su desarrollo no han sido ampliamente explorados. Se ha descrito que los estilos de pensamiento varían en función del aumento del conocimiento, por lo que es relevante conocer la relación entre ambos para entender mejor el proceso de aprendizaje en enfermería. El objetivo fue analizar la relación entre estilo de pensamiento y nivel de razonamiento clínico en estudiantes de licenciatura en enfermería. Metodología Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo, correlacional, prospectivo. Participaron 126 alumnos del último año de la licenciatura en enfermería, el muestreo fue no probabilístico. Se aplicaron dos instrumentos: "Identificación de estilos de pensamiento" con análisis de los estilos de pensamiento: Monárquico, Jerárquico, Anárquico y Oligárquico, y el de "Habilidades de razonamiento clínico" con la identificación de tres niveles: Bajo, Medio y Alto. Resultados En el 75% predomina el estilo de pensamiento Jerárquico, 65% tuvo un nivel medio de razonamiento clínico. La relación entre ambas variables tuvo un valor de p= 0.026 lo cual indica que existe una diferencia significativa. Discusión y conclusiones De acuerdo con lo encontrado, predomina el estilo de pensamiento jerárquico conforme transcurre la educación universitaria, lo que favorece que el razonamiento clínico se base en lo aprendido dentro de la institución educativa. No existen estudios previos que engloben ambas variables, por lo que se sugiere continuar con el estudio de este binomio, incluyendo estudiantes de diversos semestres de la licenciatura.

Introduction Clinical reasoning is a skill that encompasses decision-making thinking; however, the factors that favor its development have not been widely explored. It has been described that thinking styles vary according to the increase in knowledge, so it is relevant to know the relationship between both in order to better understand the learning process in nursing. The objective was to analyze the relationship between thinking style and level of clinical reasoning in undergraduate nursing students. Methodology A quantitative, correlational, prospective study was conducted. A total of 126 final year nursing students participated in the study, the sampling was non-probabilistic. Two instruments were applied: "Identification of thinking styles" with analysis of thinking styles: Monarchical, Hierarchical, Anarchical and Oligarchical, and "Clinical reasoning skills" with the identification of three levels: Low, Medium and High. Results In 75% the Hierarchical thinking style predominates, 65% had a medium level of clinical reasoning. The relationship between both variables had a value of p= 0.026 which indicates that there is a significant difference. Discussion and conclusions According to the findings, the hierarchical style of thinking predominates as university education progresses, which favors clinical reasoning based on what has been learned within the educational institution. There are no previous studies that include both variables, so it is suggested to continue with the study of this binomial, including students from different semesters of the bachelor's degree.

Introdução O raciocínio clínico é uma competência que engloba o pensamento para a tomada de decisão, no entanto, os factores que favorecem o seu desenvolvimento não têm sido amplamente explorados. Tem sido descrito que os estilos de pensamento variam de acordo com o aumento do conhecimento, pelo que é relevante conhecer a relação entre ambos para melhor compreender o processo de aprendizagem em enfermagem. O objetivo foi analisar a relação entre o estilo de pensamento e o nível de raciocínio clínico em estudantes de licenciatura em enfermagem. Metodologia Foi realizado um estudo prospetivo, quantitativo, correlacional e prospetivo. Participaram no estudo 126 estudantes finalistas de enfermagem, com amostragem não probabilística. Foram aplicados dois instrumentos: "Identificação dos estilos de pensamento" com análise dos estilos de pensamento: Monárquico, Hierárquico, Anárquico e Oligárquico, e "Competências de raciocínio clínico" com a identificação de três níveis: Baixo, Médio e Alto. Resultados Em 75% predomina o estilo de pensamento Hierárquico, 65% tem um nível médio de raciocínio clínico. A relação entre ambas as variáveis teve um valor de p= 0,026 o que indica que existe uma diferença significativa. Discussão e conclusões De acordo com os resultados obtidos, o estilo de pensamento hierárquico predomina à medida que se avança na formação universitária, o que favorece o raciocínio clínico baseado no que foi aprendido dentro da instituição de ensino. Não existem estudos anteriores que incluam ambas as variáveis, pelo que se sugere a continuação do estudo deste binómio, incluindo estudantes de diferentes semestres da licenciatura.

An Integrative Hypothesis of Brain Evolution.

The purpose of this article is to reconcile the hypotheses that: (1) brain evolution occurred due to a change in diet, and (2) it occurred due to pressures related to understanding more and more about the underlying causes, such as understanding increasingly complex manipulative and cooperative intentions on the part of the other, as well as understanding reality itself (and how to interact with it beyond group issues). I argue that the ingestion of fat, a highly energy-efficient food, would have unlocked the evolutionary process that culminated in the emergence of the practice of reasoning about underlying causes; and that the consolidation of such a practice resulted in a continuous pressure to increase cognition about "whys"; so that many explanations ended up imposing the need for additional ones, and with that came a high level of awareness and the need for the brain to evolve not only in terms of providing a higher level of cognition but also in size.

COVID-19 deaths on weekends.

BACKGROUND: Mortality statistics about daily deaths might change on weekends due to delays in reporting, uneven staffing, a different mix of personnel, or decreased efficiency. We hypothesized that reported deaths for COVID-19 might increase on weekends compared to weekdays. METHODS: We collected data from the World Health Organization COVID-19 database. All deaths from March 7, 2020 to March 7, 2022 were included (two years). The primary analysis evaluated mean daily deaths on weekends compared to the preceding five workdays. Analyses were replicated in ten individual countries: United States, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Russia, India, Brazil, and Canada. RESULTS: The mean COVID-19 daily deaths was higher on weekends compared to weekdays (8,532 vs. 8,083 p < 0.001), equal to a 6% relative increase (95% confidence interval 3% to 8%). The highest absolute increase was in the United States (1,483 vs. 1,220 deaths, p < 0.001). The second highest absolute increase was in Brazil (1,061 vs. 823 deaths, p < 0.001). The increase in deaths on weekends remained significant during the earlier and later months of the pandemic, as well as during the greater and lesser weeks of the pandemic. CONCLUSIONS: The apparent increased COVID-19 deaths reported on weekends might potentially reflect patient care, confound community trends, and affect the public perception of risk.

Corrigendum: Bioethics and artificial intelligence: between deliberation on values and rational choice theory.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2023.1140901.].

Cross-sectional evaluation of the association between greenness and cognitive performance in Mexican pre-pubertal boys.

BACKGROUND: Evidence shows that greenspace exposure benefits children's health and cognitive development. However, evidence assessing this association in young children in low- and middle-income economies is scarce. OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between exposure to greenness and cognitive performance in pre-pubertal boys living in Mexico City. METHODS: Cross-sectional study using data from 144 boys aged 6-11 years living in Mexico City in 2017 and enrolled in the "MetCog" study. Cognitive performance was evaluated through selected Wechsler Scale for Intelligence in Children Fourth Edition (WISC-IV) and Neuropsychological Assessment of Children (Evaluación Neuropsicológica Infantil, ENI) tests. Exposure to greenness was assessed through Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) at 300, 500, 1500, 2000, and 3000 m buffer zones from children's residences. Multiple linear regression analysis was undertaken to assess associations between cognitive performance and greenness (aß) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and adjusted for potential confounding variables. Significance was set at q < 0.05 after False Discovery Rate (FDR) correction. RESULTS: A positive association was found between the NDVI Interquartile Range (IQR) at 2000 m and the WISC-IV block design test score (aß 2000 = 1.18, 95% CI = 0.31, 2.06; q < 0.05), which assesses perceptual reasoning. Positive associations were found with NDVI IQR at 1500 m and WISC-IV block design (aß1500 = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.14, 1.86) and matrix reasoning (aß1500 = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.06, 1.61) scores, but neither survived FDR correction. No significant associations were found between NDVI IQR at any buffer size with other WISC-IV and ENI task scores. CONCLUSIONS: Greater exposure to greenness was associated with higher perceptual reasoning skills in 144 pre-pubertal boys living in Mexico City. Thus, urban planning should consider increasing vegetation in megacities, especially in neighbourhoods with high percentages of young children.

Bioethics and artificial intelligence: between deliberation on values and rational choice theory.

The present work revisits how artificial intelligence, as technology and ideology, is based on the rational choice theory and the techno-liberal discourse, supported by large corporations and investment funds. Those that promote using different algorithmic processes (such as filter bubbles or echo chambers) create homogeneous and polarized spaces that reinforces people's ethical, ideological, and political narratives. These mechanisms validate bubbles of choices as statements of fact and contravene the prerequisites for exercising deliberation in pluralistic societies, such as the distinction between data and values, the affirmation of reasonable dissent, and the relevance of diversity as a condition indispensable for democratic deliberation.

How the COVID-19 pandemic affects the moral reasoning of pediatric residents and the general population.

BACKGROUND: Kohlberg's theory of moral development asserts that people progress through different stages of moral reasoning as their cognitive abilities and social interactions mature. Individuals at the lowest stage of moral reasoning (preconventional stage) judge moral issues based on self-interest, those with a medium stage (conventional stage) judge them based on compliance with rules and norms, and those at the highest stage (postconventional stage) judge moral issues based on universal principles and shared ideals. Upon attaining adulthood, it can be considered that there is stability in the stage of individuals' moral development; however, the effect of a global population crisis such as the one experienced in March 2020, when the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the COVID-19 pandemic, is unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the changes in the moral reasoning of pediatric residents before and after one year of the COVID-19 pandemic and compare them with a general population group. METHODS: This is a naturalistic quasi-experimental study conducted with two groups, one comprised 47 pediatric residents of a tertiary hospital converted into a COVID hospital during the pandemic and another group comprised 47 beneficiaries of a family clinic who were not health workers. The defining issues test (DIT) was applied to the 94 participants during March 2020, before the pandemic initiated in Mexico, and later during March 2021. To assess intragroup changes, the McNemar-Bowker and Wilcoxon tests were used. RESULTS: Pediatric residents showed higher baseline stages of moral reasoning: 53% in the postconventional group compared to the general population group (7%). In the preconventional group, 23% were residents and 64% belonged to the general population. In the second measurement, one year after the start of the pandemic, the group of residents had a significant decrease of 13 points in the P index, unlike the general population group in which a decrease of 3 points was observed. This decrease however, did not equalize baseline stages. Pediatric residents remained 10 points higher than the general population group. Moral reasoning stages were associated with age and educational stage. CONCLUSIONS: After a year of the COVID-19 pandemic, we found a decrease in the stage of moral reasoning development in pediatric residents of a hospital converted for the care of patients with COVID-19, while it remained stable in the general population group. Physicians showed higher stages of moral reasoning at baseline than the general population.

A guide to identify cervical autonomic dysfunctions (and associated conditions) in patients with musculoskeletal disorders in physical therapy practice.

BACKGROUND: Differential diagnosis is a hot topic in physical therapy, especially for those working in a direct access setting dealing with neck pain and its associated disorders. All international guidelines agree in recommending to first rule out non-musculoskeletal pathologies as the cause of signs and symptoms in the patient. Although the autonomic nervous system (ANS) has a crucial role and is also involved in pain conditions, coverage of it in neuroscience textbooks and educational programmes is limited and most healthcare professionals are unfamiliar with it. Although autonomic conditions are benign in nature, they are clinically of great importance as they may be a 'red flag' warning of an injury along the sympathetic pathway. Therefore, sound knowledge of the ANS system is essential for clinicians. OBJECTIVE: To develop physical therapists' knowledge of and confidence in understanding cervical ANS function and dysfunction, thus enhancing clinical reasoning skills and the pattern recognition process, and performing and interpreting objective examinations. METHODS: This master class provides an introductory guide and essential knowledge to facilitate clinicians to understand cervical autonomic dysfunctions and their clinical evaluation. The optimal referral method is also handled. CONCLUSIONS: Gaining knowledge and understanding of the ANS, its function, its dysfunction, and the related clinical manifestations is likely to lead to a decision-making process driven by 'science and conscience'. This will empower physical therapists to be aware of subtle clues that may be offered by patients during the interview and history intake leading to the appropriate physical examination and triage.