Human Histological Analysis of Early Bone Response to Immediately Loaded Narrow Dental Implants with Biphasic Calcium Phosphate® Grid-Blasted Surface Treatment: A Case Report.

Implant surface topography using bioactive material provides faster bone-to-implant healing. This histological report described the analysis of human bone tissue around an immediately loaded implant, with BPC® (Biphasic Calcium Phosphate) grit-blasted surface treatment, after two months of healing. Two temporary mini-implants (2.8 × 10 mm) with BPC® grit-blasting surfaces were placed and immediately loaded to retain a complete interim denture. After a 60-day healing period, one mini-implant was removed for histologic analysis. The ground section showed the whole implant surrounded by healthy peri-implant tissues. Implant surface presented a close contact with newly formed bone, showing some areas of osteoblasts secreting mineral matrix. The ground section depicted a bone contact of 60.3 + 8.5%. The BPC® grit-blasted surface was biocompatible and enabled the osseointegration process after a short-term period.

Nanoscale hybrid implant surfaces and Osterix-mediated osseointegration.

Endosseous implant surface topography directly affects adherent cell responses following implantation. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of nanoscale topographic modification of titanium implants on Osterix gene expression since this gene has been reported as key factor for bone formation. Titanium implants with smooth and nanoscale topographies were implanted in the femurs of Osterix-Cherry mice for 1-21 days. Implant integration was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to evaluate cell adhesion on implant surfaces, histology, and nanotomography (NanoCT) to observe and quantify the formed bone-to-implant interface, flow cytometry to quantify of Osterix expressing cells in adjacent tissues, and real-time PCR (qPCR) to quantify the osteoinductive and osteogenic gene expression of the implant-adherent cells. SEM revealed topography-dependent adhesion of cells at early timepoints. NanoCT demonstrated greater bone formation at nanoscale implants and interfacial osteogenesis was confirmed histologically at 7 and 14 days for both smooth and nanosurface implants. Flow cytometry revealed greater numbers of Osterix positive cells in femurs implanted with nanoscale versus smooth implants. Compared to smooth surface implants, nanoscale surface adherent cells expressed higher levels of Osterix (Osx), Alkaline phosphatase (Alp), Paired related homeobox (Prx1), Dentin matrix protein 1 (Dmp1), Bone sialoprotein (Bsp), and Osteocalcin (Ocn). In conclusion, nanoscale surface implants demonstrated greater bone formation associated with higher levels of Osterix expression over the 21-day healing period with direct evidence of surface-associated gene regulation involving a nanoscale-mediated osteoinductive pathway that utilizes Osterix to direct adherent cell osteoinduction.

Effect of surface properties of ceramic materials on bacterial adhesion: A systematic review.

PURPOSE: The objective of this systematic review was to describe studies that report on whether surface characteristics such as electrostatic charge, surface free energy, and surface topography promote influence on bacterial adhesion on ceramic surfaces. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Searches in the SCOPUS, PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Google Scholar databases were performed between December 2020 and January 2021 and updated in March 2021. In addition, a manual search of reference lists from relevant retrieved articles was performed. The criteria included: studies that evaluated ceramic surfaces, which described factors such as surface free energy, electrostatic charges, roughness, zeta potential, and their relationship with bacteria. RESULTS: Database search resulted in 348 papers. Of the 24 studies selected for full reading, 17 articles remained in this systematic review. Another five studies were found in references of articles included, totaling 22 studies. These had a high heterogeneity making it difficult to perform statistical analysis, so a descriptive analysis was performed. CONCLUSIONS: For dental ceramics, not enough results were found to demonstrate the influence of the electrostatic condition, and its relationship with bacterial adhesion. However, studies of this review show that there is a correlation between bacterial adhesion, surface free energy, and topography. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The knowledge of ceramics with repulsive physical-chemical interactions would allow an environment suggestive of non-adhesion of pathogenic biofilm.

Effects of different polishing procedures on the surface roughness and hardness of polyether ether ketone (PEEK) / Efecto de diferentes procedimientos de pulido en la rugosidad y dureza de superficie de un material a base de poliéter éter acetona (PEEK)

ABSTRACT: There is insufficient information about the chairside polishing methods of polyether ether ketone material. Therefore, it is aimed in this study to investigate the effects of different polishing processes on polyether ether ketone surface roughness and hardness. A total of 66 disc-shaped specimens made of polyether ether ketone were used in this study. The specimens were polished conventionally and randomly divided into three groups (n=22). One group was designated as the control group, and no further treatment was applied. In the other two groups, the specimens' surfaces were abraded with diamond burs and polished using two different polishing kits. Their surface roughness and Vickers hardness were measured, and environmental scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy examinations were performed. The data were statistically analysed using analysis of variance and Tukey's honest significant difference test (α=0.05). There were no statistically significant differences between the control and polishing kit groups in terms of either surface roughness or Vickers hardness (p>0.05). The polishing kits can be used reliably and effectively for polishing polyether ether ketone materials.

RESUMEN: No existe información suficiente sobre los métodos de pulido del material poliéter éter cetona. Por tanto, este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar el efecto de diferentes procedimientos de pulido sobre la rugosidad y dureza de superficie de un material a base de poliéter éter acetona. Un total de 66 muestras en forma de disco fueron realizadas. Los especímenes fueron divididos en tres grupos (n=22). Un grupo fue designado como grupo de control, siendo que no se aplicó ningún tratamiento. En los otros dos grupos, las superficies de las muestras se lijaron con fresas de diamante y se pulieron con dos kits de pulido diferentes. Se investigó la rugosidad de superficie y la dureza Vickers en los diferentes grupos. También fueron evaluadas muestras representativas en microscopía electrónica de barrido y microscopía de fuerza atómica. Los datos se analizaron estadísticamente mediante el análisis de varianza (ANOVA) y el método de Tukey (α=0.05). No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos en términos de rugosidad de superficie o Dureza Vickers (p>0,05). Los kits de pulido se pueden utilizar de forma eficaz para el pulido de materiales a base de poliéter éter acetona.

Conditioning of hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes using surface topography obtained with high throughput technology.

Surface functionalization of polymers aims to introduce novel properties that favor bioactive responses. We have investigated the possibility of surface functionalization of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) sheets by the combination of laser ablation with hot embossing and the application of such techniques in the field of stem cell research. We investigated the response of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) to topography in the low micrometer range. HiPSC-CMs are expected to offer new therapeutic tools for myocardial replacement or regeneration after an infarct or other causes of cardiac tissue loss. However, hiPSC-CMs are phenotypically immature compared to myocytes in the adult myocardium, hampering their clinical application. We aimed to develop and test a high-throughput technique for surface structuring that would improve hiPSC-CMs structural maturation. We used laser ablation with a ps-laser source in combination with nanoimprint lithography to fabricate large areas of homogeneous micron- to submicron line-like pattern with a spatial period of 3 µm on the PET surface. We evaluated cell morphology, alignment, sarcomeric myofibrils assembly, and calcium transients to evaluate phenotypic changes associated with culturing hiPSC-CMs on functionalized PET. Surface functionalization through hot embossing was able to generate, at low cost, low micrometer features on the PET surface that influenced the hiPSC-CMs phenotype, suggesting improved structural and functional maturation. This technique may be relevant for high-throughput technologies that require conditioning of hiPSC-CMs and may be useful for the production of these cells for drug screening and disease modeling applications with lower costs.

Light microscopy and surface topography of Urotrema scabridum and Renschetrema indicum (Digenea) from Rhinopoma hardwickii (Chiroptera): first report in Egypt / Microscopia de luz e topografia superficial de Urotrema scabridum e Renschetrema indicum (Digenea) de Rhinopoma hardwickii (Chiroptera): primeiro relato no Egito

This report introduced the description of two different species of digenean parasites isolated from the intestine of Rhinopoma hardwickii with new host and locality records in Egypt. The recovered helminthes were studied morphologically and morphometrically by light microscopy and the surface topography of the two species was elucidated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Urotrema scabridum had an elongated body, testes were tandem, ovaries were pretesticular, and vitelline follicles were observed in 2 lateral fields. SEM showed that the anterior half was covered with random and backwardly directed tegument spines. The lumen of the oral sucker was as a longitudinal slit encircled with type I dome-shaped papillae. The ventral sucker was wrinkled and covered by tongue-shaped tegument spines and several scattered papillae. Renschetrema indicum had a fusiform body with minute spines densely distributed in the anterior part of the body; testes sub-triangular, ovary fusiform; vitellaria were randomly distributed around the ceca and genital organs. SEM showed that the fore-body was ventrally concave and surrounded by cytoplasmic ridges equipped with numerous closely packed claw-shaped spines. The oral sucker was externally surrounded by two circles of papillae while the lip of the ventral sucker was rounded and surrounded by three papillae located in its upper end and anterolaterally.(AU)

O trabalho descreve duas espécies diferentes de parasitas digêneos isolados do intestino de Rhinopoma hardwickii, com novos registros de hospedeiros e localidade no Egito. Os helmintos recuperados foram estudados morfologicamente e morfometricamente por microscopia óptica, e a topografia superficial das duas espécies foi verificada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Urotrema scabridum apresenta um corpo alongado, testículos em tandem, ovários localizados pré-testiculares e os folículos vitelinos foram observados em 2 campos laterais. A microscopia eletrônica (ME) mostrou que a metade anterior do tegumento estava coberta com espinhos aleatoriamente e voltados para trás. O lúmen da ventosa oral apresentava-se como uma fenda longitudinal cercada de papilas em forma de cúpula tipo I. A ventosa ventral estava enrrugada e coberta por espinhos no tegumento em forma de língua e com várias papilas dispersas. Renschetrema indicum tinha um corpo fusiforme com espinhos diminutos densamente distribuídos na parte anterior do corpo; testículos sub-triangulares, ovários fusiformes; as glândulas vitelínicas estavam distribuídas aleatoriamente em torno do ceco e dos órgãos genitais. À ME a região anterior mostrou-se ventralmente côncava e cercada por cristas citoplasmáticas equipadas com numerosos espinhos em forma de unhas muito próximos. A ventosa oral apresentou-se externamente cercada por duas fileiras de papilas, enquanto a borda da ventosa ventral mostrou-se arredondada e cercada por três papilas localizadas na sua extremidade superior e antero-lateralmente.(AU)

Light microscopy and surface topography of Urotrema scabridum and Renschetrema indicum (Digenea) from Rhinopoma hardwickii (Chiroptera): first report in Egypt / Microscopia de luz e topografia superficial de Urotrema scabridum e Renschetrema indicum (Digenea) de Rhinopoma hardwickii (Chiroptera): primeiro relato no Egito

Abstract This report introduced the description of two different species of digenean parasites isolated from the intestine of Rhinopoma hardwickii with new host and locality records in Egypt. The recovered helminthes were studied morphologically and morphometrically by light microscopy and the surface topography of the two species was elucidated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Urotrema scabridum had an elongated body, testes were tandem, ovaries were pretesticular, and vitelline follicles were observed in 2 lateral fields. SEM showed that the anterior half was covered with random and backwardly directed tegument spines. The lumen of the oral sucker was as a longitudinal slit encircled with type I dome-shaped papillae. The ventral sucker was wrinkled and covered by tongue-shaped tegument spines and several scattered papillae. Renschetrema indicum had a fusiform body with minute spines densely distributed in the anterior part of the body; testes sub-triangular, ovary fusiform; vitellaria were randomly distributed around the ceca and genital organs. SEM showed that the fore-body was ventrally concave and surrounded by cytoplasmic ridges equipped with numerous closely packed claw-shaped spines. The oral sucker was externally surrounded by two circles of papillae while the lip of the ventral sucker was rounded and surrounded by three papillae located in its upper end and anterolaterally.

Resumo O trabalho descreve duas espécies diferentes de parasitas digêneos isolados do intestino de Rhinopoma hardwickii, com novos registros de hospedeiros e localidade no Egito. Os helmintos recuperados foram estudados morfologicamente e morfometricamente por microscopia óptica, e a topografia superficial das duas espécies foi verificada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Urotrema scabridum apresenta um corpo alongado, testículos em tandem, ovários localizados pré-testiculares e os folículos vitelinos foram observados em 2 campos laterais. A microscopia eletrônica (ME) mostrou que a metade anterior do tegumento estava coberta com espinhos aleatoriamente e voltados para trás. O lúmen da ventosa oral apresentava-se como uma fenda longitudinal cercada de papilas em forma de cúpula tipo I. A ventosa ventral estava enrrugada e coberta por espinhos no tegumento em forma de língua e com várias papilas dispersas. Renschetrema indicum tinha um corpo fusiforme com espinhos diminutos densamente distribuídos na parte anterior do corpo; testículos sub-triangulares, ovários fusiformes; as glândulas vitelínicas estavam distribuídas aleatoriamente em torno do ceco e dos órgãos genitais. À ME a região anterior mostrou-se ventralmente côncava e cercada por cristas citoplasmáticas equipadas com numerosos espinhos em forma de unhas muito próximos. A ventosa oral apresentou-se externamente cercada por duas fileiras de papilas, enquanto a borda da ventosa ventral mostrou-se arredondada e cercada por três papilas localizadas na sua extremidade superior e antero-lateralmente.

Evaluation of Fibroblasts Cells Viability and Adhesion on Six Different Titanium Surfaces: An in vitro Experimental Study.

BACKGROUND: The topographical surficial characteristics and properties of materials can induce different cell reactions regarding the viability and adhesion according to the recent patents. The aim of this in vitro experimental study was to evaluate the viability and adhesion of fibroblastic cells seeded on titanium disks with different surface topography. In addition, we revised all patents related to surface treatment of dental implants. METHODS: Fibroblast cells were cultured on 6 surface models: mA disks corresponding to titanium surfaces without additional treatment (machined surface) were compared with mB disks, where surfaces were sandblasting etching using aluminum oxide; mC disks where titanium oxide was used for sandblasting etching; mD disks where triple acid conditioning was used; mE disks with laser treated surface; and mF disks which were made of titanium powder by a sintering process. Different surfaces were analyzed using an optical laser profilometer and SEM analysis. To evaluate cell viability on different disc surfaces, a fibroblast cell line derived from monkey kidney (VERO) was in vitro cultured on treated disks surface and cell viability assays were performed to compare growth of fibroblastic cells. Then, the adhesion of the cells was tested by washing procedure. RESULTS: The disks mA, mB, mC and mD less pronounced rugosities were observed and, disc in the mE and mF disks displayed a deeper pronounced surface. The cell viability and adhesion analysis showed significant higher levels on titanium disks surface obtained by the mF method. CONCLUSION: Our analysis showed that the surface morphology of titanium disc, independent of the roughness parameters, affects cell viability and adhesion differentially, since a higher percentage of viable and attached cells were observed on the mF disks in comparison with the other evaluated surfaces.

Classification and Effects of Implant Surface Modification on the Bone: Human Cell-Based In Vitro Studies.

Implant surfaces are continuously being improved to achieve faster osseointegration and a stronger bone to implant interface. This review will present the various implant surfaces, the parameters for implant surface characterization, and the corresponding in vitro human cell-based studies determining the strength and quality of the bone-implant contact. These in vitro cell-based studies are the basis for animal and clinical studies and are the prelude to further reviews on how these surfaces would perform when subjected to the oral environment and functional loading.

3D scanning electron microscopy applied to surface characterization of fluorosed dental enamel.

The enamel surfaces of fluorotic teeth were studied by scanning electron stereomicroscopy. Different whitening treatments were applied to 25 pieces to remove stains caused by fluorosis and their surfaces were characterized by stereomicroscopy in order to obtain functional and amplitude parameters. The topographic features resulting for each treatment were determined through these parameters. The results obtained show that the 3D reconstruction achieved from the SEM stereo pairs is a valuable potential alternative for the surface characterization of this kind of samples.

The importance of 2D aggregates on the antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus sessile bacteria.

Biofilms formed on implanted devices are difficult to eradicate. Adhesion mechanism, high bacterial density, aggregation, induction of persisters and stressed bacteria are some of the factors considered when the antimicrobial resistance of these biofilms is analyzed. The aim of this work was to provide an alternative approach to the understanding of this issue by using a specially designed experimental set up that includes the use of microstructured (MS) surfaces (potential inhibitors of bacterial aggregation) in combination with antimicrobial agents (streptomycin and levofloxacin) against Staphylococcusaureus attached cells. Biofilms formed on smooth surfaces were used as plain controls (biofilmed-PC) characterized by the formation of dense 2D bacterial aggregates. Results showed bacterial persistence when streptomycin or levofloxacin were applied to PC-biofilms. The antimicrobial activity of both antibiotics was enhanced when bacteria were attached on MS, where single cells or small aggregates were observed. Thus, dense 2D aggregates of bacteria seem to be crucial as a required previous stage to develop the antimicrobial resistance.

The effect of cigarette smoking on early osseointegration of dental implants: a prospective controlled study.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the effect of cigarette smoking on the percentage of early bone-to-implant contact (BIC%), the bone density in the threaded area (BA%) as well as the bone density outside the threaded area (BD%) around micro-implants with sandblasted acid-etched surface retrieved from human jaws. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-two subjects (mean age 55.4 ± 4.5 years) were divided in two groups: smokers (n = 11 subjects) and never-smokers (n = 11 subjects). Each subject received one micro-implant during conventional mandible or maxilla implant surgery. After 8 weeks, the micro-implants and the surrounding tissue were removed and prepared for histomorphometric analysis. RESULTS: Two micro-implants placed in smokers showed no osseointegration. Early stages of maturation of the newly formed bone were present, mainly in the never-smokers. Marginal bone loss, gap, and fibrous tissue were present around some implants retrieved from smokers. Histometric evaluation indicated that the mean BIC% ranged between 25.9 ± 9.1 and 39.8 ± 14.2 for smokers and non-smokers, respectively (P = 0.02). Smokers presented 28.6 ± 10.1 of BA% while never-smokers showed 46.4 ± 18.8 (P = 0.04). The mean of BD% ranged between 19.1 ± 7.6 and 28.5 ± 18.8 for smokers and never-smokers, respectively (P = 0.21). CONCLUSION: Cigarette smoking has a detrimental effect on early bone tissue response around sandblasted acid-etched implant surface topographies.

Bacterial adhesion on amorphous and crystalline metal oxide coatings.

Several studies have demonstrated the influence of surface properties (surface energy, composition and topography) of biocompatible materials on the adhesion of cells/bacteria on solid substrates; however, few have provided information about the effect of the atomic arrangement or crystallinity. Using magnetron sputtering deposition, we produced amorphous and crystalline TiO2 and ZrO2 coatings with controlled micro and nanoscale morphology. The effect of the structure on the physical-chemical surface properties was carefully analyzed. Then, we studied how these parameters affect the adhesion of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Our findings demonstrated that the nano-topography and the surface energy were significantly influenced by the coating structure. Bacterial adhesion at micro-rough (2.6 µm) surfaces was independent of the surface composition and structure, contrary to the observation in sub-micron (0.5 µm) rough surfaces, where the crystalline oxides (TiO2>ZrO2) surfaces exhibited higher numbers of attached bacteria. Particularly, crystalline TiO2, which presented a predominant acidic nature, was more attractive for the adhesion of the negatively charged bacteria. The information provided by this study, where surface modifications are introduced by means of the deposition of amorphous or crystalline oxide coatings, offers a route for the rational design of implant surfaces to control or inhibit bacterial adhesion.

Surface Damage on Dental Implants with Release of Loose Particles after Insertion into Bone.

BACKGROUND: Modern dental implants present surface features of distinct dimensions that can be damaged during the insertion procedure into bone. PURPOSE: The aims of this study were (1) to quantify by means of roughness parameters the surface damage caused by the insertion procedure of dental implants and (2) to investigate the presence of loose particles at the interface. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three groups of dental implants representing different surface topographies were inserted in fresh cow rib bone blocks. The surface roughness was characterized by interferometry on the same area before and after the insertion. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)-back-scattered electron detector (BSD) analysis was used to identify loose particles at the interface. RESULTS: The amplitude and hybrid roughness parameters of all three groups were lower after insertion. The surface presenting predominance of peaks (Ssk [skewness] > 0) associated to higher structures (height parameters) presented higher damage associated to more pronounced reduction of material volume. SEM-BSD images revealed loose titanium and aluminum particles at the interface mainly at the crestal cortical bone level. CONCLUSIONS: Shearing forces during the insertion procedure alters the surface of dental implants. Loose metal particles can be generated at bone-implant interface especially around surfaces composed mainly by peaks and with increased height parameters.

Early Osseointegration Events on Neoss® ProActive and Bimodal Implants: A Comparison of Different Surfaces in an Animal Model.

BACKGROUND: Cell interactions, adherence, and osseointegration at the bone-implant interface can be directly influenced by the surface properties of the titanium implant. PURPOSE: To characterize osseointegration of Neoss® implants with conventional (control group) and hydrophilic (test group) surface treatments. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six Labrador dogs received Neoss implants with conventional and hydrophilic surfaces. The bone-implant interfaces were evaluated 1 and 4 weeks after implantation, and osseointegration was evaluated using histological, histomorphometric, fluorescence, and resonance frequency analyses. The surfaces were also subjected to topographic and hydrophilicity analyses. RESULTS: The topographic analyses revealed increased surface roughness in the test group compared with the control group (surface area roughness 0.42 and 0.78 µm, respectively, for control and test group surfaces; p ≤ .05). The wettability values were higher in the test group (contact angles 67.2° and 27.2° for the control and test group surfaces, respectively; p ≤ .05). Implants in the test group also exhibited better stability, more bone-implant contact, and increased bone area compared with implants in the control group. CONCLUSION: Neoss implants in the test group improved bone formation in the early stages of osseointegration compared with implants in the control group.

Effect of bleaching agents and soft drink on titanium surface topography.

The effects of carbamide peroxide, hydrogen peroxide and cola soft drink on the topographic modifications of commercially-pure titanium (CP-Ti) and Ti-6Al-4V were investigated. Ti discs were divided into 18 groups (n = 4) based on the solution treatment and Ti type. Specimens were immersed in 3 mL of each solution for 4 h per day (for the remaining 20 h, discs were left dry or immersed in artificial saliva) for 15 days. For control, specimens were immersed in only artificial saliva. Ti surfaces were examined using scanning electron (SEM) and atomic force (AFM) microscopes and their surface roughness (in µm) and surface chemical modifications were investigated. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). Groups immersed in 35% hydrogen peroxide showed the highest roughness (Ra) (171.65 ± 4.04 for CP-Ti and 145.91 ± 14.71 for Ti-6Al-4V) (p < 0.05), followed by groups treated with carbamide peroxide 16% (110.91 ± 0.8 for CP-Ti and 49.28 ± 0.36 for Ti-6Al-4V) and 35% (65.67 ± 1.6 for CP-Ti and 53.87 ± 1.98 for Ti-6Al-4V); treatment with artificial saliva did not affect the results. These values were statistically superior to those observed prior to the treatment and to those of the control group (31.0 ± 0.99 for CP-Ti and 29.95 ± 0.58 for Ti-6Al-4V). Cola soft drink did not alter the surface roughness of either Ti type (p > 0.05). SEM and AFM revealed dramatic changes in the specimens surfaces immersed in the 35% hydrogen peroxide, mainly for CP-Ti. No detectable chemical modifications on the Ti surface were observed. Bleaching agents promoted significant changes in Ti topography, which could affect the longevity of implants treatments.

Scanning electron microscopy on Gotocotyla acanthura (Monogenea, Gotocotylidae) from Pomatomus saltatrix (Ostheichthyes, Pomatomidae) in Brazil / Microscopia eletrônica de varredura de Gotocotyla acanthura (Monogenea, Gotocotylidae) parasita de Pomatomus saltatrix (Ostheichthyes, Pomatomidae) no Brasil

Gotocotyla acanthura (Parona & Perugia, 1896) Meserve, 1938 collected from the gills of Pomatomus saltatrix from the coast of the state of Rio de Janeiro state was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The study demonstrated the presence of a buccal cavity, a genital atrium on the ventral surface and a muscular structure on the dorsal surface at the level of the body constriction. An elongated haptor with 80 to 120 pedunculated clamps symmetrically distributed in two rows, with rib-like thickenings and a curved lappet bearing a pair of hooks at the posterior extremity of the body were also observed. The cirrus could be seen protruding from the genital atrium, armed with pectinate spines along its length and presenting up to eight pointed spines around the genital atrium.

Gotocotyla acanthura (Parona & Perugia, 1896) Meserve, 1938, coletado das brânquias de Pomatomus saltatrix do litoral do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, foi estudado por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). O estudo demonstrou a presença de uma cavidade bucal, átrio genital na superfície ventral e uma estrutura muscular na superficie dorsal ao nível da constricção do corpo. Na extremidade posterior do corpo, foi observado o haptor alongado, apresentando 80 a 120 pinças pedunculadas, distribuídas em duas fileiras simétricas e uma porção terminal curvada provida de um par de ganchos. O cirro foi visualizado projetando-se do átrio genital, armado com espinhos pectinados ao longo do seu comprimento, apresentando até 8 espinhos pontiagudos ao redor do átrio.

Scanning electron microscopy on Gotocotyla acanthura (Monogenea, Gotocotylidae) from Pomatomus saltatrix (Ostheichthyes, Pomatomidae) in Brazil / Microscopia eletrônica de varredura de Gotocotyla acanthura (Monogenea, Gotocotylidae) parasita de Pomatomus saltatrix (Ostheichthyes, Pomatomidae) no Brasil

Gotocotyla acanthura (Parona & Perugia, 1896) Meserve, 1938 collected from the gills of Pomatomus saltatrix from the coast of the state of Rio de Janeiro state was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The study demonstrated the presence of a buccal cavity, a genital atrium on the ventral surface and a muscular structure on the dorsal surface at the level of the body constriction. An elongated haptor with 80 to 120 pedunculated clamps symmetrically distributed in two rows, with rib-like thickenings and a curved lappet bearing a pair of hooks at the posterior extremity of the body were also observed. The cirrus could be seen protruding from the genital atrium, armed with pectinate spines along its length and presenting up to eight pointed spines around the genital atrium.(AU)

Gotocotyla acanthura (Parona & Perugia, 1896) Meserve, 1938, coletado das brânquias de Pomatomus saltatrix do litoral do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, foi estudado por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). O estudo demonstrou a presença de uma cavidade bucal, átrio genital na superfície ventral e uma estrutura muscular na superficie dorsal ao nível da constricção do corpo. Na extremidade posterior do corpo, foi observado o haptor alongado, apresentando 80 a 120 pinças pedunculadas, distribuídas em duas fileiras simétricas e uma porção terminal curvada provida de um par de ganchos. O cirro foi visualizado projetando-se do átrio genital, armado com espinhos pectinados ao longo do seu comprimento, apresentando até 8 espinhos pontiagudos ao redor do átrio.(AU)

Influencia de las caracteristicas estructurales de los implantes en el proceso de oseointegracion: revision de la literatura / Influence of the structural characteristics of the implants in the osseointegration process: review of the literature

El éxito de la oseointegración de los implantes dentales endóseos depende de una técnica quirúrgica y protésica apropiada, el diseño del implante y las propiedades del material del implante. Debido a los múltiples sistemas de implantes dentales existentes en el mercado, con diferentes diseños y materiales, se dificulta la selección de un sistema de implante ideal para una situación clínica específica. Las aleaciones metálicas y los cuerpos cerámicos son los materiales más comunes utilizados para la fabricación de los implantes dentales endóseos. Existen diferentes tratamientos para modificar la topografía superficial del implante, como los recubrimientos de hidroxiapatita (HA), el arenado con partículas de óxido de aluminio (Al2O3), el rociado con plasma de titanio (T.P.S.) y el grabado ácido. La rugosidad superficial de estos recubrimientos le permiten al tejido óseo penetrar en las irregularidades superficiales y aumentar la interacción biomecánica del implante con el hueso y aumentar la cantidad de hueso alrededor del implante dental

The success of dental implant osseointegration depends on the right surgical-prosthodontic protocol, implant design and material properties. Because of the many implant systems availables in the market with different material and designs it is difficult to choose which system is suitable for a specific clinical situation. Alloys and ceramics are the most frequent material used to fabricate dental implants. There are different treatments to modify the implant surface topography, these includes hydroxyapatite-coatings, titanium plasma-sprayed, sandblasted, and acid-ethed.The surface roughness obtained by these surface treatments promotes the penetration and growth of osseous tissue in the irregularities of the surface.The bone growth in the surface irregularities obtained by these treatments improved the implant-bone interface, and the extension of the bone around the dental implant