A genetic method to infer ploidy and aberrant inheritance in triploid organisms.

Polyploidy occurs naturally across eukaryotic lineages and has been harnessed in the domestication of many crops and vertebrates. In aquaculture, triploidy can be induced as a biocontainment strategy, as it creates a reproductive barrier preventing farm-to-wild introgression, which is currently a major conservation issue for the industry. However, recent work suggests that triploidisation protocols may, on occasion, produce 'failed triploids' displaying diploidy, aneuploidy and aberrant inheritance. The potentially negative consequences for conservation and animal welfare motivate the need for methods to evaluate the success of ploidy-manipulation protocols early in the production process. We developed a semi-automated version of the MAC-PR (microsatellite DNA allele counting - peak ratios) method to resolve the allelic configuration of large numbers of individuals across a panel of microsatellite markers that can be used to infer ploidy, pedigree and inheritance aberrations. We demonstrate an application of the approach using material from a series of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) breeding experiments where ploidy was manipulated using a hydrostatic pressure treatment. We validated the approach to infer ploidy against blood smears, finding a > 99% agreement between these methods, and demonstrate its potential utility to infer ploidy as early as the embryonic stage. Furthermore, we present tools to assign diploid and triploid progeny to families and to detect aberrant inheritance, which may be useful for breeding programmes that utilise ploidy manipulation techniques. The approach adds to the ploidy verification toolbox. The increased precision in detecting ploidy and inheritance aberrations will facilitate the ability of triploidisation programmes to prevent farm-to-wild introgression.

Gene expression response under thermal stress in two Hawaiian corals is dominated by ploidy and genotype.

Transcriptome data are frequently used to investigate coral bleaching; however, the factors controlling gene expression in natural populations of these species are poorly understood. We studied two corals, Montipora capitata and Pocillopora acuta, that inhabit the sheltered Kane'ohe Bay, Hawai'i. M. capitata colonies in the bay are outbreeding diploids, whereas P. acuta is a mixture of clonal diploids and triploids. Populations were sampled from six reefs and subjected to either control (no stress), thermal stress, pH stress, or combined pH and thermal stress treatments. RNA-seq data were generated to test two competing hypotheses: (1) gene expression is largely independent of genotype, reflecting a shared treatment-driven response (TDE) or, (2) genotype dominates gene expression, regardless of treatment (GDE). Our results strongly support the GDE model, even under severe stress. We suggest that post-transcriptional processes (e.g., control of translation, protein turnover) modify the signal from the transcriptome, and may underlie the observed differences in coral bleaching sensitivity via the downstream proteome and metabolome.

Diandric triploid partial mole versus digynic nonmolar triploidy: is morphological assessment sufficient for the diagnostic distinction?

AIMS: Diagnostic separation of diandric triploid gestation, i.e. partial mole from digynic triploid gestation, is clinically relevant, as the former may progress to postmolar gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. The aim of the study was to investigate if the combination of abnormal histology combined with ploidy analysis-based triploidy is sufficient to accurately diagnose partial mole. METHODS AND RESULTS: A genotype-phenotype correlation study was undertaken to reappraise histological parameters among 20 diandric triploid gestations and 22 digynic triploid gestations of comparable patient age, gestational weeks, and clinical presentations. Two villous populations, irregular villous contours, pseudoinclusions, and syncytiotrophoblast knuckles, were common in both groups. Villous size ≥2.5 mm, cistern formation, trophoblastic hyperplasia, and syncytiotrophoblast lacunae were significantly more common in the partial hydatidiform mole. Cistern formation had the highest positive predictive value (PPV) (93%) and highest specificity (96%) for diandric triploid gestation, although the sensitivity was 70%. Cistern formation combined with villous size ≥2.5 mm or trophoblast hyperplasia or syncytiotrophoblast lacunae had 100% specificity and PPV, but a marginal sensitivity of 60%-65%. A moderate interobserver agreement (Kappa = 0.57, Gwet's AC1 = 0.59) was achieved among four observers who assigned diagnosis of diandric triploid gestation or digynic triploidy solely based on histology. CONCLUSIONS: None of histological parameters are unique to either diandric triploid gestation or digynic triploid gestation. Cistern formation is the most powerful discriminator, with 93% PPV and 70% sensitivity for diandric triploid gestation. While cistern formation combined with either trophoblastic hyperplasia or villous size ≥2.5 mm or syncytiotrophoblast lacunae has 100% PPV and specificity for diandric triploid gestation, the sensitivity is only 60% to 65%. Therefore, in the presence of triploidy, histological assessment is unable to precisely classify 35% to 40% of diandric triploid gestations or partial moles.

Behavioral transcriptomic effects of triploidy and probiotic therapy (Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Lactococcus mixture) on juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha).

Aquaculturists use polyploid fish to maximize production albeit with some unintended consequences including compromised behaviors and physiological function. Given benefits of probiotic therapies (e.g., improved immune response, growth, and metabolism), we explored probiotic supplementation (mixture of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Lactococcus), to overcome drawbacks. We first examined fish gut bacterial community composition using 16S metabarcoding (via principal coordinate analyses and PERMANOVA) and determined probiotics significantly impacted gut bacteria composition (p = 0.001). Secondly, we examined how a genomic disruptor (triploidy) and diet supplements (probiotics) impact gene transcription and behavioral profiles of hatchery-reared Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Juveniles from four treatment groups (diploid-regular feed, diploid-probiotic feed, triploid-regular feed, and triploid-probiotic feed; n = 360) underwent behavioral assays to test activity, exploration, neophobia, predator evasion, aggression/sociality, behavioral sensitivity, and flexibility. In these fish, transcriptional profiles for genes associated with neural functions (neurogenesis/synaptic plasticity) and biomarkers for stress response and development (growth/appetite) were (i) examined across treatments and (ii) used to describe behavioral phenotypes via principal component analyses and general linear mixed models. Triploids exhibited a more active behavioral profile (p = 0.002), and those on a regular diet had greater Neuropeptide Y transcription (p = 0.02). A growth gene (early growth response protein 1, p = 0.02) and long-term neural development genes (neurogenic differentiation factor, p = 0.003 and synaptysomal-associated protein 25-a, p = 0.005) impacted activity and reactionary profiles, respectively. Overall, our probiotic treatment did not compensate for triploidy. Our research highlights novel applications of behavioral transcriptomics for identifying candidate genes and dynamic, mechanistic associations with complex behavioral repertoires.

Expectant Management of a Triploid Partial Molar Pregnancy at 26 Weeks' Gestation: A Case Report.

Introduction Triploid partial molar pregnancies are not viable, and confer maternal risks including preeclampsia, hemorrhage, gestational trophoblastic neoplasia, and trophoblastic embolization. We report a case managed expectantly until 26 weeks' gestation in a patient requesting continuation of pregnancy. Case Presentation This G2P1 presented with fetal anomalies indicative of triploid partial molar pregnancy. The pregnancy was complicated by anemia, hyperthyroidism, supraventricular tachycardia, and threatened preterm labor. Her care involved maternal fetal medicine collaborating with internal medicine, palliative care, anesthesia and critical care. Labor was augmented at 26 weeks' gestation, resulting in vaginal delivery. Postpartum course was notably complicated by acute respiratory distress in the immediate postpartum period, which self-resolved. Postpartum hemorrhage and retained products of conception were additional complications. Conclusion This unique case highlights the role of multidisciplinary collaboration and shared decision making in challenging circumstances.

Usefulness of early morphological ultrasound in association with cell-free DNA testing in case of atypical serum markers in first trimester of pregnancy: A retrospective study over 5 years.

BACKGROUND: Early morphologic ultrasound, generally carried out in case of atypical first trimester serum markers (PAPP-A and/or free hCGß <0.30 MoM), has not been re-evaluated since the possibility of performing a cell-free fetal DNA analysis in this indication. Our objective was to evaluate the usefulness of early morphological ultrasound in case of atypical profile of serum markers performed in association with Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing (NIPT). METHODS: This was a single-center retrospective study in a tertiary maternity. Between January 2017 and December 2021, women with an atypical first trimester serum markers and low/intermediate risk for trisomy 21 (<1/50) were included. The clinical data, results of first trimester serum markers, NIPT, early morphological ultrasound and subsequent ultrasounds and other investigations (amniocentesis, pregnancy outcomes) were analyzed. RESULTS: After exclusion of women with high-risk of trisomy 21 and lost to follow-up, 163 women were included. In 72 % of cases (117/163), women had a low risk of trisomy 21, and 39 % (59/163) had an early morphological ultrasound. Early morphological ultrasound was useful to detect severe IUGR leading to the suspicion of triploidy (3/163, 1.8 %). In all other situations, it did not allow earlier management. After analysis of the 3 triploidy cases, a collapsed profile for both serum markers was demonstrated (<0.25 MoM). CONCLUSIONS: Systematic early morphological ultrasound in case of an atypical serum marker profile seems useless considering the performance of NIPT. An ultrasound restricted to women with both markers below 0.25 MoM would allow the early detection of triploidy.

Maternal age and the risk of fetal aneuploidy: A nationwide cohort study of more than 500 000 singleton pregnancies in Denmark from 2008 to 2017.

INTRODUCTION: In this register-based study of pregnancies in Denmark, we assessed the associations between maternal age and the risk of fetal aneuploidies (trisomy 21, trisomy 18, trisomy 13, triploidy, monosomy X and other sex chromosome aberrations). Additionally, we aimed to disentangle the maternal age-related effect on fetal aneuploidies by cases with translocation trisomies and mosaicisms. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We followed a nationwide cohort of 542 375 singleton-pregnant women attending first trimester screening in Denmark between 2008 and 2017 until delivery, miscarriage or termination of pregnancy. We used six maternal age categories and retrieved information on genetically confirmed aneuploidies of the fetus and infant from the national cytogenetic register. RESULTS: We confirmed the known associations between advanced maternal age and higher risk of trisomy 21, 18, 13 and other sex chromosome aberrations, especially in women aged ≥35 years, whereas we found no age-related associations with triploidy or monosomy X. Cases with translocation trisomies and mosaicisms did not influence the overall reported association between maternal age and aneuploidies. CONCLUSION: This study provides insight into the accurate risk of fetal aneuploidies that pregnant women of advanced ages encounter.

Incarceration of a gravid uterus with massive placental enlargement and fetal triploidy at 19 weeks of gestation - A case report on the simultaneous presence of two rare conditions.

This article reports a rare case of uterine incarceration in pregnancy concurrent with nonmolar fetal triploidy and massive placental enlargement in a 35-year-old primigravida. The patient presented with abdominal discomfort and peripheral edema at 19 weeks of gestation. Diagnostic assessments revealed a retroflexed uterus with a massively enlarged placenta and a severely growth-restricted fetus. Uterine repositioning was successfully achieved after rectal filling. However, spontaneous fetal demise led to vaginal delivery. The fetal autopsy confirmed female triploidy. Histopathology of the placenta showed no features of a partial mole. This case highlights the challenges in diagnosing uterine incarceration in pregnancy, the need for early intervention and the complexity of managing multiple concurrent pathologies.

Hydatidiform Mole-Between Chromosomal Abnormality, Uniparental Disomy and Monogenic Variants: A Narrative Review.

A hydatidiform mole (HM) or molar pregnancy is the most common benign form of gestational trophoblastic disease characterized by a proliferation of the trophoblastic epithelium and villous edema. Hydatidiform moles are classified into two forms: complete and partial hydatidiform moles. These two types of HM present morphologic, histopathologic and cytogenetic differences. Usually, hydatidiform moles are a unique event, but some women present a recurrent form of complete hydatidiform moles that can be sporadic or familial. The appearance of hydatidiform moles is correlated with some genetic events (like uniparental disomy, triploidy or diandry) specific to meiosis and is the first step of embryo development. The familial forms are determined by variants in some genes, with NLRP7 and KHDC3L being the most important ones. The identification of different types of hydatidiform moles and their subsequent mechanisms is important to calculate the recurrence risk and estimate the method of progression to a malign form. This review synthesizes the heterogeneous mechanisms and their implications in genetic counseling.

Comparative Benchmarking of Optical Genome Mapping and Chromosomal Microarray Reveals High Technological Concordance in CNV Identification and Additional Structural Variant Refinement.

The recommended practice for individuals suspected of a genetic etiology for disorders including unexplained developmental delay/intellectual disability (DD/ID), autism spectrum disorders (ASD), and multiple congenital anomalies (MCA) involves a genetic testing workflow including chromosomal microarray (CMA), Fragile-X testing, karyotype analysis, and/or sequencing-based gene panels. Since genomic imbalances are often found to be causative, CMA is recommended as first tier testing for many indications. Optical genome mapping (OGM) is an emerging next generation cytogenomic technique that can detect not only copy number variants (CNVs), triploidy and absence of heterozygosity (AOH) like CMA, but can also define the location of duplications, and detect other structural variants (SVs), including balanced rearrangements and repeat expansions/contractions. This study compares OGM to CMA for clinically reported genomic variants, some of these samples also have structural characterization by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). OGM was performed on IRB approved, de-identified specimens from 55 individuals with genomic abnormalities previously identified by CMA (61 clinically reported abnormalities). SVs identified by OGM were filtered by a control database to remove polymorphic variants and against an established gene list to prioritize clinically relevant findings before comparing with CMA and FISH results. OGM results showed 100% concordance with CMA findings for pathogenic variants and 98% concordant for all pathogenic/likely pathogenic/variants of uncertain significance (VUS), while also providing additional insight into the genomic structure of abnormalities that CMA was unable to provide. OGM demonstrates equivalent performance to CMA for CNV and AOH detection, enhanced by its ability to determine the structure of the genome. This work adds to an increasing body of evidence on the analytical validity and ability to detect clinically relevant abnormalities identified by CMA. Moreover, OGM identifies translocations, structures of duplications and complex CNVs intractable by CMA, yielding additional clinical utility.

Hydatidiform mole.

Hydatidiform mole is the most common form of gestational trophoblastic disease. It is an abnormally formed placental tissue with characteristic changes in karyotype, arising in fertilization disorders. The presence of abundant paternal genetic information plays a key role in the pathogenesis of complete and partial hydatidiform moles. These lesions are characterized by a relatively wide spectrum of morphological changes that may not be fully expressed, especially in the early stages of pregnancy. In addition, some changes can be observed in non-molar gravidities, which, unlike hydatidiform moles, lack any risk of malignant transformation. Although conventional histological examination still plays a key role in the diagnosis, it should be supplemented by other methods that reliably differentiate individual lesions. Accurate diagnosis of molar gravidities is important not only for determining the correct therapeutic approach, but the obtained data may also contribute to further research of these pathological entities.

Comparative cytogenetics of anembryonic pregnancies and missed abortions in human.

Miscarriage is an important problem in human reproduction, affecting 10-15 % of clinically recognized pregnancies. The cases of embryonic death can be divided into missed abortion (MA), for which the ultrasound sign of the embryo death is the absence of cardiac activity, and anembryonic pregnancy (AP) without an embryo in the gestational sac. The aim of this study was to compare the frequency of chromosomal abnormalities in extraembryonic tissues detected by conventional cytogenetic analysis of spontaneous abortions depending on the presence or absence of an embryo. This is a retrospective study of 1551 spontaneous abortions analyzed using GTG-banding from 1990 to 2022 (266 cases of AP and 1285 cases of MA). A comparative analysis of the frequency of chromosomal abnormalities and the distribution of karyotype frequencies depending on the presence of an embryo in the gestational sac was carried out. Statistical analysis was performed using a chi-square test with a p <0.05 significance level. The total frequency of chromosomal abnormalities in the study was 53.6 % (832/1551). The proportion of abnormal karyotypes in the AP and MA groups did not differ significantly and amounted to 57.1 % (152/266) and 52.9 % (680/1285) for AP and MA, respectively (p = 0.209). Sex chromosome aneuploidies and triploidies were significantly less common in the AP group than in the MA group (2.3 % (6/266) vs 6.8 % (88/1285), p = 0.005 and 4.9 % (13/266) vs 8.9 % (114/1285), p = 0.031, respectively). Tetraploidies were registered more frequently in AP compared to MA (12.4 % (33/266) vs. 8.2 % (106/1285), p = 0.031). The sex ratio among abortions with a normal karyotype was 0.54 and 0.74 for AP and MA, respectively. Thus, although the frequencies of some types of chromosomal pathology differ between AP and MA, the total frequency of chromosomal abnormalities in AP is not increased compared to MA, which indicates the need to search for the causes of AP at other levels of the genome organization, including microstructural chromosomal rearrangements, monogenic mutations, imprinting disorders, and epigenetic abnormalities.

Phenotypic Variation in Phytochemical Defense of Trembling Aspen in Western North America: Genetics, Development, and Geography.

Trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) is arguably the most important deciduous tree species in the Intermountain West of North America. There, as elsewhere in its range, aspen exhibits remarkable genetic variation in observable traits such as morphology and phenology. In contrast to Great Lakes populations, however, relatively little is known about phytochemical variation in western aspen. This survey of phytochemistry in western aspen was undertaken to assess how chemical expression varies among genotypes, cytotypes (diploid vs. triploid), and populations, and in response to development and mammalian browsing. We measured levels of foliar nitrogen, salicinoid phenolic glycosides (SPGs) and condensed tannins (CTs), as those constituents influence organismal interactions and ecosystem processes. Results revealed striking genotypic variation and considerable population variation, but minimal cytotype variation, in phytochemistry of western aspen. Levels of SPGs and nitrogen declined, whereas levels of CTs increased, with tree age. Browsed ramets had much higher levels of SPGs, and lower levels of CTs, than unbrowsed ramets of the same genotype. We then evaluated how composite chemical profiles of western aspen differ from those of Great Lakes aspen (assessed in earlier research). Interestingly, mature western aspen trees maintain much higher levels of SPGs, and lower levels of CTs, than Great Lakes aspen. Phenotypic variation in chemical composition of aspen - a foundation species - in the Intermountain West likely has important consequences for organismal interactions and forest ecosystem dynamics. Moreover, those consequences likely play out over spatial and temporal scales somewhat differently than have been documented for Great Lakes aspen.

[Discordant Down syndrome risk calculation with low maternal serum markers: About five cases of digynic triploidies]. / Risque de trisomie 21 discordant en cas de marqueurs sériques très bas : à propos de cinq cas de triploïdie digynique.

OBJECTIVE: We compare the risk of Down syndrome among five patients carrying a foetus with digynic triploidy and suggest a course of action for these particular serological profiles. METHODS: The concentrations of the different markers used are transformed into multiples of the median by using each of the three software types present on the French market which then determine the risk of Down syndrome. RESULTS: For comparable biochemical and ultrasound profiles, the risk of Down syndrome turns out to be vastly different depending on the type of software employed. The relevance of an immediate diagnostic procedure, of a cell free DNA test or of a basic ultrasound follow-up then arises, leading to a potentially variable care pathway for the patient. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms that for this type of biochemical profile, the laboratory's advisory service is fundamental, that a control ultrasound is essential and that an invasive procedure must be used almost invariably due to the extremely substantial risk factors.

An updated Atlas of Helophorus chromosomes.

An account is given of my development of techniques to obtain well-spread Giemsa-stained banded chromosome preparations. Apparent G-banding could be obtained following very slight trypsin treatment of freshly prepared slides, but this banding was very fine (close-grained) and possibly not a reflection of chromosome structure. However, treatment of developing embryos in vitro with 5-fluorouridine produced a similar chromomere banding, which is therefore regarded as genuine. Steady accumulation of Helophorus Fabricius, 1775 karyotypes has resulted in the production of an Atlas covering 62 of the 170 species known to occur in the Palaearctic. Chromosome polymorphisms involving pericentric inversions and addition of extra C-banding regions have been found, as well as small B-chromosomes in a few species. In general, karyotypes have proved very useful in establishing the limits of individual species. Parthenogenesis involving triploidy has been found in two species. Karyotypes of experimentally produced hybrids have revealed irregularities in chromosome condensation.

Parental genomes segregate into distinct blastomeres during multipolar zygotic divisions leading to mixoploid and chimeric blastocysts.

BACKGROUND: During normal zygotic division, two haploid parental genomes replicate, unite and segregate into two biparental diploid blastomeres. RESULTS: Contrary to this fundamental biological tenet, we demonstrate here that parental genomes can segregate to distinct blastomeres during the zygotic division resulting in haploid or uniparental diploid and polyploid cells, a phenomenon coined heterogoneic division. By mapping the genomic landscape of 82 blastomeres from 25 bovine zygotes, we show that multipolar zygotic division is a tell-tale of whole-genome segregation errors. Based on the haplotypes and live-imaging of zygotic divisions, we demonstrate that various combinations of androgenetic, gynogenetic, diploid, and polyploid blastomeres arise via distinct parental genome segregation errors including the formation of additional paternal, private parental, or tripolar spindles, or by extrusion of paternal genomes. Hence, we provide evidence that private parental spindles, if failing to congress before anaphase, can lead to whole-genome segregation errors. In addition, anuclear blastomeres are common, indicating that cytokinesis can be uncoupled from karyokinesis. Dissociation of blastocyst-stage embryos further demonstrates that whole-genome segregation errors might lead to mixoploid or chimeric development in both human and cow. Yet, following multipolar zygotic division, fewer embryos reach the blastocyst stage and diploidization occurs frequently indicating that alternatively, blastomeres with genome-wide errors resulting from whole-genome segregation errors can be selected against or contribute to embryonic arrest. CONCLUSIONS: Heterogoneic zygotic division provides an overarching paradigm for the development of mixoploid and chimeric individuals and moles and can be an important cause of embryonic and fetal arrest following natural conception or IVF.

Mitochondrial and microsatellite data show close genetic relationships between Dibothriocephalus latus from South America (Argentina) and Europe (the Alpine lakes region).

The most frequent causative agent of diphyllobothriosis, a fish-borne parasitic zoonosis, is the broad fish tapeworm Dibothriocephalus latus distributed mainly throughout the Holarctic region. The larval stages of the tapeworm were also detected in native and introduced freshwater fish in several lakes in South America, particularly in the north-western Patagonia in Argentina. The main objective of the present study was to determine the genetic structure of D. latus from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), brown trout (Salmo trutta), and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) from Gutiérrez Lake and Alicura Reservoir in Argentina using the sequences of three mitochondrial genes (cox1, cob, and nad3) and six polymorphic microsatellite loci. The results were compared with the corresponding molecular data of D. latus from Europe (Switzerland and Italy; the Alpine lakes region) and Asia (Siberia, Russia). Only one concatenated haplotype identical with the con-Ha1 specific for D. latus from the Alpine lakes region was detected in all individuals from Argentina. Three different alleles were detected in five out of six analysed microsatellite loci, indicating the presence of three sets of chromosomes. The same structure of microsatellite loci was recently observed in D. latus from Switzerland and Italy, in which triploidy was previously confirmed by cytogenetic study. The data on the mitochondrial genes, the allelic structure of microsatellite loci, and the principal coordinate analysis showed close genetic relationships between D. latus from Argentina and the Alpine lakes region, thus supporting the hypothesis of the European origin of the broad fish tapeworm from South America.

Triploidy in a Live-Born Extremely Low Birth Weight Twin: Clinical Aspects.

Triploidy is a rare chromosomal aberration characterized by a karyotype with 69 chromosomes. Triploid fetuses usually are miscarried in early pregnancy. We present a case of a triploid twin and a genetically unaffected co-twin, conceived through in vitro fertilization. A discordant growth was registered at 20 weeks of gestation. Cesarean section was performed at 35 5/7 gestational week. The second twin was extremely growth restricted female (780 g) with oligohydramnios and severe respiratory distress, and died at 20 hours of age. The autopsy revealed unilobar left lung, bilobar right lung, and cysts of the terminal bronchioles. Quantitative fluorescent polymerase chain reaction detected triploidy compatible pattern. So, early intrauterine growth restriction may be a sign of triploidy, which must be proven by pre or postnatal genetic testing.

Ovarian transcriptome analysis of diploid and triploid rainbow trout revealed new pathways related to gonadal development and fertility.

Triploidisation represents several advantages (e.g. sterility) and therefore is routinely applied in aquaculture of several commercially important fish species, including rainbow trout. The comparative transcriptomic analysis of ovaries of triploid (3N) and diploid (2N) female rainbow trout revealed a total of 9 075 differentially expressed genes (DEGs; 4 105 genes upregulated in 2N and 4 970 genes upregulated in 3N ovaries, respectively). Identified clusters for DEGs upregulated in 3N and 2N ovaries were different, including carbohydrate and lipid metabolic process and transport, protein modification, signalling (related to folliculogenesis) and response to stimulus for DEGs upregulated in 2N, and developmental process, signalling (related to apoptosis, cellular senescence and adherence junctions) and regulation of RNA metabolic process for DEGs upregulated in 3N. The enrichment of processes involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in 2N ovaries indicated high metabolism of ovarian tissue and the energy reservoir generation indispensable during the earliest stages of development. Our results highlight the importance of oocyte hydration along with oestrogen, insulin, leptin, fibroblast growth factor, and Notch signalling and pathways related to the regulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels in proper oocyte meiotic maturation prior to ovulation in 2N ovaries. Conversely, triploidisation may lead to an increase in ovarian cellular senescence and apoptosis, which in turn can result in abnormal gonadal morphology and fibrosis. The downregulation of genes responsible for the precise regulation of meiosis and proper chromosome segregation during meiosis probably affects meiotic maturation via irregular meiotic division of chromosomes. The induction of triploidy of the rainbow trout genome resulted in enhanced expression of male-specific genes, genes responsible for re-establishing the transcriptional balance after genome reorganisation and genes involved in regulatory mechanisms, including gene silencing and DNA methylation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first genome-wide investigation providing in-depth comprehensive and comparative gene expression patterns in the ovary from 2N and 3N rainbow trout females helping in elucidating the molecular mechanisms leading to impaired gonadal development and sterility of female triploids.

Selective fetal termination for preeclampsia treatment in a dichorionic gestation with a triploid fetus: A case report.

Background: Triploidy is commonly associated with the development of early-onset preeclampsia. While previable preeclampsia is often a contraindication to prolonging pregnancy, there may be rare circumstances in which an alternative approach may be offered. Case: A nulliparous patient with a dichorionic twin gestation, recently diagnosed triploidy in one twin, and history of chronic hypertension presented at 18 weeks of gestation with signs and symptoms suggestive of preeclampsia. After symptomatic therapy and laboratory evaluations, selective fetal termination of the affected twin was elected and performed without complications. The patient subsequently delivered a healthy newborn at 37 weeks of gestation. Conclusion: Selective fetal termination may be considered a management option for previable preeclampsia in a dichorionic gestation with triploid fetus and was associated with a favorable outcome in this case.