Oral Iron Absorption Test: A Simple Test with Relevance in the Clinical Setting.

BACKGROUND: Iron deficiency anemia is a widespread problem. Although oral and intravenous therapy are available, iron malabsorption is a distinct possibility. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the applicability of the oral iron absorption test (OIAT) as a simple and effective means of determining the degree of oral iron absorption. METHODS: The study comprised 81 patients diagnosed with iron deficiency anemia who were referred to a hematology outpatient clinic. Participants were given two ferrous sulphate tablets. Iron levels in the blood were evaluated at intervals from 30 to 180 minutes after iron administration. RESULTS: We divided patients into three distinct groups. The first group consisted of patients with little iron absorption with a maximum iron increment (Cmax) in the blood of 0-49 ug/dl. The second group had a moderate maximum absorption of 50-100 ug/dl, while a third group had considerable absorption of with maximum iron increase of over 100 ug/dl. CONCLUSIONS: The oral iron absorption test, although not clearly standardized, is easy to conduct in any outpatient clinic. This test can readily and clearly determine absorption or nonabsorption of iron. This test can have major implications on the need of oral or intravenous iron therapy and can also determine the need for further gastrointestinal evaluation of the small intestine, where iron absorption takes place and the success of therapy on subsequent iron absorption.

Factors associated with hepcidin-25 levels in maintenance hemodialysis patients.

This study aimed to investigate the factors that are independently associated with hepcidin-25 and its relationship with doses of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) and intravenous iron in stable maintenance hemodialysis patients (smHD) stratified by ESAs administration. In 103 adult smHD (ESAs therapy (N = 64) and ESAs-free (N = 39)), median values of biologically active hepcidin-25 (chemiluminescent direct ELISA assay) and ferritin levels were significantly higher whereas red blood cell count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit values were lower in ESAs therapy compared to ESAs-free group (P < .001, for all). Our results suggest that ESAs-independent smHD exhibit supposedly normal hepcidin-25 levels and preserved iron homeostasis, with a lower degree of anemia. The results of our multivariable model indicate that hepcidin-25 levels are independently and positively associated with iron stores and inflammation, and inversely with active erythropoiesis, regardless of ESAs administration. Maintenance ESAs and the intravenous iron dose were not related to hepcidin-25 levels.

Usefulness of daily folic acid supplementation during methotrexate treatment of Japanese patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVES: We investigated the effect of daily folic acid supplementation on methotrexate (MTX) toxicity and efficacy in Japanese patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: We followed 19 patients treated with MTX who switched from taking weekly 5 mg folic acid supplementation (weekly regimen) to 1.25 mg daily (daily regimen). White blood cell (WBC) and platelet (PLT) counts, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were collected for 24 weeks following the change. RESULTS: We observed no significant changes in WBC or PLT counts. AST and ALT levels, which had exceeded the upper limits of their normal ranges at the beginning of the study, were improved significantly at weeks 4 and 8, no subsequent deterioration in liver function was found. Further, no significant changes in ESR and CRP levels were observed. CONCLUSION: Our data indicate that supplementing 1.25 mg of folic acid daily rather than 5 mg weekly reduces toxicity caused by MTX without affecting its efficacy.

Hematinic deficiencies, hyperhomocysteinemia, and gastric parietal cell antibody positivity in atrophic glossitis patients with macrocytosis.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Macrocytosis is defined as having the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) â‰§ 100 fL. This study evaluated whether 41 atrophic glossitis (AG) patients with macrocytosis had significantly higher frequencies of anemia, hematinic deficiencies, hyperhomocysteinemia, and serum gastric parietal cell antibody (GPCA) positivity than 532 healthy control subjects or 1064 AG patients. METHODS: Complete blood count, serum iron, vitamin B12, folic acid, homocysteine, and GPCA levels in 41 AG patients with macrocytosis, 1064 AG patients, and 532 healthy control subjects were measured and compared. RESULTS: We found that 73.2%, 22.0%, 73.2%, 4.9%, 80.5%, and 56.1% of 41 AG patients with macrocytosis were diagnosed as having blood hemoglobin, iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid deficiencies, hyperhomocysteinemia, and serum GPCA positivity, respectively. Moreover, 41 AG patients with macrocytosis had significantly higher frequencies of blood hemoglobin and serum vitamin B12 deficiencies, hyperhomocysteinemia, and serum GPCA positivity than 532 healthy control subjects or 1064 AG patients (all P-values < 0.001). In addition, 41 AG patients with macrocytosis also had significantly higher frequencies of serum iron and folic acid deficiencies than 532 healthy control subjects (both P-values < 0.001). Pernicious anemia was found in 22 AG patients with macrocytosis. CONCLUSION: There are significantly higher frequencies of anemia and serum iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid deficiencies, hyperhomocysteinemia, and serum GPCA positivity in AG patients with macrocytosis than in healthy control subjects. AG patients with macrocytosis also have significantly higher frequencies of blood hemoglobin and serum vitamin B12 deficiencies, hyperhomocysteinemia, and serum GPCA positivity than AG patients.

Detection of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in a single dried blood spot.

The use of dried blood spots (DBS) for anti-doping purposes would facilitate an increase in the number of blood samples because it eliminates the need for specialized personnel and involves minimal invasiveness, reduced costs, stability, and easy transportation and storage. Here, the electrophoretic methodology established by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) to detect erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) has been adapted to evaluate their applicability to DBS. A qualitative procedure to detect recombinant erythropoietin (rEPO), novel erythropoiesis-stimulating protein (NESP), and continuous erythropoietin receptor activator (CERA) in a single DBS was optimized and validated. For rEPO and NESP, confirmation was performed in finger-prick DBS from a pilot study and an administration patients study, respectively. For CERA, detection capabilities were evaluated in DBS prepared with modeled-blood spiked with known concentrations of the protein. Main validation parameters concerning DBS sampling such as stability, hematocrit influence, and blood type (capillary vs. venous) described minor variations. Onsite drying appeared not to be essential before transport. Intra- and inter-day variation range was 2.9%-23.5%. Linearity was maintained (r ≥ 0.9) and ESAs were robustly recovered (CV ≤ 20.2%). The validated method permitted the detection of treated subjects after 48 hours and 17 days of rEPO and NESP administration, respectively. The reproduction of a CERA pharmacokinetics showed good possibilities for the method with a detection window that could reach 16 days after its actual administration. Thus, results provided here reinforce the suitability of DBS blood sampling for the analysis of ESA misuse in sports drug testing.

Semi-mechanistic Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic model of three pegylated rHuEPO and ior®EPOCIM in New Zealand rabbits.

Marketed formulations of erythropoietin (EPO) ior®EPOCIM, MIRCERA® and two newly developed pegylated-EPO analogues (PEG-EPO 32 and 40 kDa) formulations were intravenously administered to New Zealand rabbits. A semi-mechanistic Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model describing in a simultaneous and integrated form the time course of reticulocytes, red blood cells and hemoglobin was built to account for the time course of hematopoiesis stimulation after erythropoietin administration. Data analysis was performed based on the population approach with the software NONMEM version 7.3. Erythropoietin disposition of each of the administered formulations was best described with a two compartment model and linear elimination. Different formulations show different clearance and apparent volume of distribution of the central compartment but share estimates of inter-compartmental clearance and apparent peripheral volume of distribution. A semi-mechanistic model including cell proliferation, maturation, and homeostatic regulation provided a good description of the data regardless the type of erythropoietin formulation administered. The system-, and drug-related parameters showed consistency and differed across formulations, respectively. A single IV administration of PEG-EPO 32 and 40 kDa formulations in New Zealand rabbits achieves a median change of 27% and 22% on RET levels, and of 47% and 63% on RBC and HGB levels, respectively compared to MIRCERA®. The administration of new branched PEG-chains formulations improves PK and PD properties of EPO, in terms of increasing elimination half-lives and pharmacological activity on RET, RBC and HGB compared to commercially available formulations (ior®EPOCIM and MIRCERA®).

Oral lichen planus - Differential diagnoses, serum autoantibodies, hematinic deficiencies, and management.

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory oral mucosal disease that occurs more frequently in middle-aged and elderly female patients. Previous studies indicate that OLP is a T-cell dysfunction-induced localized autoimmune disease. Clinically, six types of OLP, namely reticular, papular, plaque-like, atrophic/erosive, ulcerative, and bullous types, can be identified. OLP more commonly affects buccal mucosa, tongue, and gingiva. It always has a bilateral and symmetric distribution of the oral lesions. Plaque-like and atrophic/erosive OLP may be misdiagnosed as oral leukoplakia and oral erythroleukoplakia, respectively. Our previous study found serum autoantibodies in 195 (60.9%) of the 320 OLP patients. Specific serum anti-nuclear, anti-smooth muscle, anti-mitochondrial, gastric parietal cell, thyroglobulin, and thyroid microsomal autoantibodies are present in 28.1%, 8.4%, 1.6%, 26.3%, 21.3%, and 24.4% of 320 OLP patients, respectively. Furthermore, we also discovered that 21.9%, 13.6%, 7.1%, 0.3%, and 14.8% of 352 OLP patients have hemoglobin, iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid deficiencies, and abnormally high serum homocysteine level, respectively. Therefore, it is very important to examine the serum autoantibody, hematinic and homocysteine levels in OLP patients before starting the treatments for OLP patients. Because OLP is an immunologically-mediated disease, corticosteroids are the drugs of choice for treatment of OLP.

A controlled study of the effects of ferric carboxymaltose on bone and haematinic biomarkers in chronic kidney disease and pregnancy.

Background: Intravenous (IV) iron can modulate fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) concentrations and cause transient but significant hypophosphataemia. However, it is unknown what other markers might be involved, especially in different patient groups. This study aimed to determine changes in bone and haematinic biomarkers following IV ferric carboxymaltose (FCM) and to identify risk factors for hypophosphataemia in pregnant subjects and those with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Methods: Changes in bone [serum FGF23, fractional excretion of phosphate urinary fractional excretion of phosphate (FEPi), serum phosphate and serum vitamin D derivatives] and haematinic [plasma hepcidin, serum ferritin and transferrin saturation (TSAT)] biomarkers after 1 g of IV FCM were followed in iron-deficient pregnant and CKD patients and compared with controls (estimated glomerular filtration rate > 60 mL/min/1.73 m2). Data were collected at baseline and up to 42 days after infusion. Risk factors for post-FCM hypophosphataemia were also assessed. Results: Sixty-five subjects completed the study (control, n = 20; pregnant, n = 20; CKD, n = 25). A uniform but variable increase across groups was seen in intact FGF23 (peak Day 2), whereas c-terminal FGF23 varied markedly. Trough serum phosphate timed with the peak FEPi at Day 7, recovering by Day 21 in the pregnant group and Day 42 in other groups. Independent predictors of a low phosphate nadir included baseline phosphate, FEPi and weight-adjusted FCM dose. All groups showed an early and marked increase in plasma hepcidin (peak Day 2), serum ferritin and TSAT (peak Day 7 for both). Conclusions: Changes in bone and haematinic biomarkers differ between patient groups following IV FCM. For patients with lower serum phosphate concentrations, limiting the dose and measuring levels 7 days after administration may mitigate clinically significant hypophosphataemia.

Liquid chromatography - high resolution mass spectrometry-based metabolomic approach for the detection of Continuous Erythropoiesis Receptor Activator effects in horse doping control.

Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agents (ESAs) were developed for therapeutic purposes to stimulate red blood cell (RBC) production. Consequently, tissue oxygenation is enhanced as athlete's endurance and ESAs misuse now benefits doping. Our hypothesis is that most of ESAs should have similar mechanisms and thus have the same effects on metabolism. Studying the metabolome variations could allow suspecting the use of any ESAs with a single method by targeting their effects. In this objective, a metabolomic study was carried out on 3 thoroughbred horses with a single administration of 4.2µg/kg of Mircera®, also called Continuous Erythropoiesis Receptor Activator (CERA). Blood and urine samples were collected from D-17 to D+74 and haematological parameters were followed throughout the study as plasmatic CERA concentration (ELISA). Urine and plasma metabolic fingerprints were recorded by Liquid Chromatography coupled to High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC-HRMS) in positive and negative mode. After preprocessing steps, normalized data were analyzed by multivariate statistics to build OPLS models. Hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit showed a significant increase after CERA administration unlike reticulocytes. CERA concentration showed a high intensity peak and then a slow decrease until becoming undetectable after D+31. Models built with multivariate statistics allow a discrimination between pre and post-administration plasma and urine samples until 74days after administration, i.e. 43days longer than ELISA method. By reducing and studying variables (ions), some potential candidate biomarkers were found.

Watch out for a revival of peginesatide in sports.

The erythropoietin-mimetic peptide (EMP) peginesatide belongs to the group of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) that are prohibited when misused in sports. Peginesatide is a synthetic pegylated homodimer of two cyclic 21-amino acid chains. It was approved for the treatment of anaemic patients with chronic kidney disease in the USA in 2012, but recalled in 2013 due to prevalent cases of acute severe anaphylactoid reactions and associated fatalities (0.02%). The drug was considered obsolete for athletes and part of the anti-doping scene lost sight of it. However, recent research indicates that the adverse events were not caused by the drug substance, but by the drug product formulated in multi-use vials. These vials contained comparably high levels of subvisible particles. Phenol was identified as a critical component of the drug formulation, which caused the release of histamine from mast cells. Tricky athletes might consider peginesatide a pharmacologically safe ESA in an appropriate formulation. In addition, other EMPs may get a second wind for therapy including misuse in sports. Therefore, it is very important to proceed in developing electrophoretic, immunological, and mass spectroscopic methods for detecting peginesatide and other EMPs in human urine and blood samples. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Simultaneous detection of xenon and krypton in equine plasma by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for doping control.

Xenon can activate the hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). As such, it has been allegedly used in human sports for increasing erythropoiesis. Krypton, another noble gas with reported narcosis effect, can also be expected to be a potential and less expensive erythropoiesis stimulating agent. This has raised concern about the misuse of noble gases as doping agents in equine sports. The aim of the present study is to establish a method for the simultaneous detection of xenon and krypton in equine plasma for the purpose of doping control. Xenon- or krypton-fortified equine plasma samples were prepared according to reported protocols. The target noble gases were simultaneously detected by gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry using headspace injection. Three xenon isotopes at m/z 129, 131, and 132, and four krypton isotopes at m/z 82, 83, 84, and 86 were targeted in selected reaction monitoring mode (with the precursor ions and product ions at identical mass settings), allowing unambiguous identification of the target analytes. Limits of detection for xenon and krypton were about 19 pmol/mL and 98 pmol/mL, respectively. Precision for both analytes was less than 15%. The method has good specificity as background analyte signals were not observed in negative equine plasma samples (n = 73). Loss of analytes under different storage temperatures has also been evaluated. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Hematinic deficiencies and anemia statuses in recurrent aphthous stomatitis patients with or without atrophic glossitis.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Some of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) patients had concomitant atrophic glossitis (AG). This study assessed whether RAS patients with AG (AG+/RAS patients) or without AG (AG-/RAS patients) had anemia and hematinic deficiencies and to evaluate whether RAS combined with AG or RAS itself was a significant factor causing anemia and hematinic deficiencies in AG+/RAS or AG-/RAS patients, respectively. METHODS: The mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean blood hemoglobin (Hb), iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid levels were measured and compared between any two of three groups of 160 AG+/RAS patients, 195 AG-/RAS patients, and 355 healthy control subjects. RESULTS: Both AG+/RAS and AG-/RAS patients had significantly lower mean Hb, iron, and vitamin B12 levels as well as significantly greater frequencies of Hb, iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid deficiencies than healthy control subjects. Moreover, AG+/RAS patients had significantly lower mean Hb and serum iron level (for women only) and significantly greater frequencies of Hb and iron deficiencies than AG-/RAS patients. Of 69 anemia AG+/RAS patients, 30 (43.5%) had normocytic anemia and 23 (33.3%) had iron deficiency anemia. Of 38 anemia AG-/RAS patients, 26 (68.4%) had normocytic anemia and 5 (13.2%) had iron deficiency anemia. CONCLUSION: We conclude that some of AG+/RAS or AG-/RAS patients do have anemia and hematinic deficiencies and AG+/RAS patients do have severer anemia statuses and iron deficiency than AG-/RAS patients. RAS combined with AG or RAS itself does play a significant role in causing anemia and hematinic deficiencies in AG+/RAS or AG-/RAS patients, respectively.

Movilización de progenitores hematopoyéticos a sangre periférica con plerixafor en pacientes malos movilizadores / Mobilization of peripheral blood stem cells with plerixafor in poor mobilizer patients

Fundamento y objetivo: El fracaso de movilización de progenitores hematopoyéticos a sangre periférica (células CD34+) desde el compartimento medular es una causa frecuente de no realización de trasplante autogénico de progenitores hematopoyéticos (TAPH) en pacientes con linfoma o mieloma. Plerixafor, un inhibidor reversible de la unión del factor derivado del estroma 1 con su receptor CXCR4, ha demostrado mayor movilización de progenitores hematopoyéticos cuando se administra junto con granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF, «factor estimulante de colonias granulocíticas»), respecto a la movilización con G-CSF solo, por lo que en la actualidad está indicado en pacientes con mieloma o linfoma y escasa capacidad de movilización. En los últimos años algunos estudios han señalado que una estrategia de administración anticipada de plerixafor durante la primera movilización, basada en el número de células CD34+ movilizadas a sangre periférica o en la celularidad obtenida en la primera aféresis, podría evitar fracasos de movilización y nuevas movilizaciones, así como el retraso del ulterior trasplante. El objetivo del presente consenso fue realizar una revisión de la bibliografía y establecer unas recomendaciones comunes para hospitales de Cataluña y Baleares para la utilización de una estrategia de administración anticipada de plerixafor. Métodos: Para la elaboración del documento de consenso se realizaron reuniones presenciales en las que se realizó una revisión de la bibliografía y de datos propios procedentes de los hospitales participantes. Para calificar el grado de la evidencia disponible y establecer las recomendaciones de uso anticipado de plerixafor se ha utilizado el sistema GRADE. Resultados y conclusiones: Tras la revisión de la bibliografía, el consenso de expertos definió que con un recuento inferior a 10 células CD34+/μl en sangre periférica (determinado en la mañana del día cuarto de la movilización con G-CSF solo o en el día de la recuperación hemoperiférica tras la movilización con quimioterapia seguida de G-CSF) se recomienda la administración anticipada de plerixafor (AU)

Background and objective: Poor mobilization of peripheral blood stem cells (CD34+ cells) from bone marrow is a frequent reason for not reaching the autologous stem cell trasplantation (SCT) procedure in patients diagnosed with lymphoma or myeloma. Plerixafor, a reversible inhibitor of the binding of stromal cell-derived factor 1 to its cognate receptor CXCR4, has demonstrated a higher capacity for the mobilization of peripheral blood stem cells in combination with granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) compared with G-CSF alone. For this reason, plerixafor is now indicated for poor mobilizer myeloma or lymphoma patients. Some studies have recently indicated that a pre-emptive strategy of plerixafor use during first mobilization, according to the number of CD34+ mobilized cells in peripheral blood or to the harvested CD34+ cells after first apheresis, could avoid mobilization failures and re-mobilizations, as well as the delay of autologous SCT. The aim of this consensus was to perform a review of published studies on pre-emptive strategy and to establish common recommendations for hospitals in Catalonia and Balearics on the use of pre-emptive plerixafor. Methods: For the Consensus, physicians from participant hospitals met to review previous studies as well as previous own data about plerixafor use. The GRADE system was used to qualify the available evidence and to establish recommendations on the use of pre-emptive plerixafor. Results and conclusions: After a review of the literature, the expert consensus recommended the administration of pre-emptive plerixafor for multiple myeloma or lymphoma patients with a CD34+ cell count lower than 10 cells/μL in peripheral blood (measured in the morning of day 4 of mobilization with G-CSF or after haematopietic recovery in the case of mobilization with chemotherapy plus G-CSF) (AU)

Performance of a Predictive Model for Long-Term Hemoglobin Response to Darbepoetin and Iron Administration in a Large Cohort of Hemodialysis Patients.

Anemia management, based on erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESA) and iron supplementation, has become an increasingly challenging problem in hemodialysis patients. Maintaining hemodialysis patients within narrow hemoglobin targets, preventing cycling outside target, and reducing ESA dosing to prevent adverse outcomes requires considerable attention from caregivers. Anticipation of the long-term response (i.e. at 3 months) to the ESA/iron therapy would be of fundamental importance for planning a successful treatment strategy. To this end, we developed a predictive model designed to support decision-making regarding anemia management in hemodialysis (HD) patients treated in center. An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) algorithm for predicting hemoglobin concentrations three months into the future was developed and evaluated in a retrospective study on a sample population of 1558 HD patients treated with intravenous (IV) darbepoetin alfa, and IV iron (sucrose or gluconate). Model inputs were the last 90 days of patients' medical history and the subsequent 90 days of darbepoetin/iron prescription. Our model was able to predict individual variation of hemoglobin concentration 3 months in the future with a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 0.75 g/dL. Error analysis showed a narrow Gaussian distribution centered in 0 g/dL; a root cause analysis identified intercurrent and/or unpredictable events associated with hospitalization, blood transfusion, and laboratory error or misreported hemoglobin values as the main reasons for large discrepancy between predicted versus observed hemoglobin values. Our ANN predictive model offers a simple and reliable tool applicable in daily clinical practice for predicting the long-term response to ESA/iron therapy of HD patients.

Effective use of modeling and simulation in designing bioequivalence and comparability studies of large-molecule compounds: the case of erythropoietin.

OBJECTIVE: Bioequivalence and comparability studies are necessary for changing formulations of large-molecule drugs, such as antibody drugs and protein products, and in the development of their biosimilars. This study is the first application of modeling and simulation (M&S) in the design of bioequivalence and comparability studies of erythropoietin as an example of a large-molecule drug. METHODS: A novel population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PPK/PD) model was developed for erythropoietin. Based on this PPK/PD model, the probabilities of success of bioequivalence and comparability studies were simulated with various numbers of subjects and samples. RESULTS: The simulation indicated that the minimum numbers of subjects and samples required to satisfy the criteria for bioequivalence and comparability studies were as follows: fewest for the area under the serum concentration-time curve, more for the area under the efficacy-time curve, and most for the maximum serum concentration of erythropoietin. CONCLUSION: These results suggested that M&S could be successfully applied in the design of bioequivalence and comparability studies of large-molecule drugs.

Assessment of hemoglobin responsiveness to epoetin alfa in patients on hemodialysis using a population pharmacokinetic pharmacodynamic model.

A population pharmacokinetic pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model describing the effect of epoetin alfa on hemoglobin (Hb) response in hemodialysis patients was developed. Epoetin alfa pharmacokinetics was described using a linear 2-compartment model. PK parameter estimates were similar to previously reported values. A maturation-structured cytokinetic model consisting of 5 compartments linked in a catenary fashion by first-order cell transfer rates following a zero-order input process described the Hb time course. The PD model described 2 subpopulations, one whose Hb response reflected epoetin alfa dosing and a second whose response was unrelated to epoetin alfa dosing. Parameter estimates from the PK/PD model were physiologically reasonable and consistent with published reports. Numerical and visual predictive checks using data from 2 studies were performed. The PK and PD of epoetin alfa were well described by the model.

Effects of an accelerated intravenous iron regimen in hospitalized patients with advanced heart failure and iron deficiency.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To assess the short-term efficacy and safety of an accelerated intravenous iron regimen in hospitalized patients with heart failure and iron deficiency. DESIGN: Prospective, single-arm, open-label study. SETTING: Large tertiary care medical center. PATIENTS: Thirteen patients with New York Heart Association class III-IV heart failure, anemia (hemoglobin level ≤ 12.0 g/dl), and iron deficiency (ferritin level < 100 ng/ml, or ferritin level of 100-300 ng/ml with transferrin saturation < 20%) hospitalized between April 2011 and December 2013. INTERVENTION: All patients received sodium ferric gluconate 250 mg in 100 ml of normal saline intravenously over 2 hours twice/day until the iron deficit was corrected or the patient was discharged. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Changes in hematologic parameters were assessed at 1-4 weeks after therapy. Patients received a mean ± standard deviation (SD) total iron dose of 1269 ± 207 mg over 3.4 ± 1.0 days. After a mean ± SD follow-up of 13.1 ± 5.6 days, intravenous iron increased hemoglobin level by 1.2 g/dl (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.45-1.9, p=0.005), ferritin level by 364.2 ng/ml (95% CI 129.7-598.7, p=0.007), and transferrin saturation by 10.5% (95% CI 6.5-14.6%, p<0.001). Changes in hemoglobin level did not correlate with volume status, as determined by differences in body weight. No significant changes in blood pressure or heart rate were observed. Adverse events were few and minor in severity (e.g., nausea, constipation, and abdominal discomfort). CONCLUSION: An accelerated intravenous iron regimen improved hematologic parameters and was well tolerated in hospitalized patients with advanced heart failure. A randomized multicenter trial comparing this regimen with placebo is warranted.

Population pharmacokinetic meta-analysis to bridge ferumoxytol plasma pharmacokinetics across populations.

BACKGROUND: Ferumoxytol is approved for the treatment of iron-deficiency anaemia (IDA) in adult patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Ferumoxytol has recently been investigated for use in all-cause IDA. This analysis was employed to bridge ferumoxytol pharmacokinetics (PK) across populations of healthy subjects and patients with CKD on haemodialysis, and to then make informed inferences regarding the PK behaviour of ferumoxytol in the all-cause IDA population. METHODS: The data analysis was performed using NONMEM. Selected parameters were included for covariate testing. Investigations to determine if changes in volume of distribution during haemodialysis improved the model fit were also conducted. The final model was used to simulate PK in healthy volunteers (HVs) and CKD patients with and without haemodialysis. RESULTS: The final model was a two-compartment model with non-linear elimination. During haemodialysis, the central volume V1 was estimated to be reduced by 0.198 L/h. A positive relationship was identified between initial V1 and observed weight loss during haemodialysis. V1 increased by 0.614 % per kilogram of body weight, and females had an 18.3 % lower V1 than males. Differences between simulated profiles for different populations were marginal: maximum concentration (Cmax) of 209 vs. 204 ng/mL and area under the curve from time zero to infinity (AUCinf) of 5,980 vs. 5,920 ng·h/mL in HVs and CKD non-haemodialysis patients, respectively, for a single dose of 510 mg. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that ferumoxytol PK are comparable between HVs and CKD patients. Furthermore, the results are representative of the PK in other populations and can be used to bridge to subjects with general IDA.