A Survey of Availability and Affordability of Polypills for Cardiovascular Disease in Selected Countries.

Background: The recent inclusion of polypills-fixed-dose combinations of antihypertensive medicines and a statin with or without aspirin-in the World Health Organization's Essential Medicines List (EML) reiterates the potential of this approach to improve global treatment coverage for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Although there exists extensive evidence on the effectiveness, safety and acceptability of polypills, there has been no research to date assessing the real-world availability and affordability of polypills globally. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey, based on the WHO/Health Action International methodology, in 13 countries around the world. In the surveyed countries, we first ascertained whether any polypill was authorised for marketing and/or included in EMLs and clinical guidelines. In each country, we collected retail and price data for polypills from at least one public-sector facility and three private pharmacies using convenience sampling. Polypills were considered unaffordable if the lowest-paid worker spent more than a day's wage to purchase a monthly supply. Results: Polypills were approved for marketing in four of the 13 surveyed countries: Spain, India, Mauritius and Argentina. None of these countries included polypills in national guidelines, formularies, or EMLs. In the four countries, no surveyed public pharmacies stocked polypills. In the private sector, we identified seven unique polypill combinations, marketed by eight different companies. Private sector availability was 100% in Argentina and Spain. Most combinations (n = 5) identified were in India. Combinations found in India and Spain were affordable in the local context. A lowest-paid government worker would spend between 0.2 (India) and 2.8 (Mauritius) days' wages to pay the price for one month's supply of the polypills. Polypills were likely to be affordable if they were manufactured in the same country. Conclusion: Low availability and affordability of polypills in the public sector suggest that implementation remains poor globally. Context-specific multi-disciplinary health system research is required to understand factors affecting polypill implementation and to design and evaluate appropriate implementation strategies.

Direct cost of systemic arterial hypertension and its complications in the circulatory system from the perspective of the Brazilian public health system in 2019.

INTRODUCTION: Systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), a global public health problem and the primary risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, has a significant financial impact on health systems. In Brazil, the prevalence of SAH is 23.7%, which caused 203,000 deaths and 3.9 million DALYs in 2015. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the cost of SAH and circulatory system diseases attributable to SAH from the perspective of the Brazilian public health system in 2019. METHODS: A prevalence-based cost-of-illness was conducted using a top-down approach. The population attributable risk (PAR) was used to estimate the proportion of circulatory system diseases attributable to SAH. The direct medical costs were obtained from official Ministry of Health of Brazil records and literature parameters, including the three levels of care (primary, secondary, and tertiary). Deterministic univariate analyses were also conducted. RESULTS: The total cost of SAH and the proportion of circulatory system diseases attributable to SAH was Int$ 581,135,374.73, varying between Int$ 501,553,022.21 and Int$ 776,183,338.06. In terms only of SAH costs at all healthcare levels (Int$ 493,776,445.89), 97.3% were incurred in primary care, especially for antihypertensive drugs provided free of charge by the Brazilian public health system (Int$ 363,888,540.14). Stroke accounted for the highest cost attributable to SAH and the third highest PAR, representing 47% of the total cost of circulatory diseases attributable to SAH. Prevalence was the parameter that most affected sensitivity analyses, accounting for 36% of all the cost variation. CONCLUSION: Our results show that the main Brazilian strategy to combat SAH was implemented in primary care, namely access to free antihypertensive drugs and multiprofessional teams, acting jointly to promote care and prevent and control SAH.

New 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association High Blood Pressure Guideline.

The new American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association 2017 Hypertension Guidelines lower the threshold to define hypertension, thus increasing its prevalence. The impact on populations and health systems is poorly understood. We included data from 990 subjects aged 20 to 64 years from the SALMEX cohort (Salt in Mexico; Mexico City) and determined the prevalence of hypertension and requirement for pharmacological treatment according to both Joint National Committee on the Prevention, Detection, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure 7 and American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association 2017 guidelines. The data obtained were extrapolated to sex- and age-adjusted Mexico City population, and annual costs of medical follow-up were calculated. The new definition increased the prevalence of hypertension among SALMEX cohort from 16.2% to 37.4% (18%-39.3% after adjusting to Mexico City population). The proportion of subjects that require pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatment increased from 17.7% to 19.0% and from 17.7% to 37.4%, respectively (19.4%-21.8% for pharmacological and 19.4%-39.3% for nonpharmacological treatment, after adjusting to Mexico City population). Annual costs of medical follow-up for subjects with hypertension in Mexico City would increase an estimated $59 278 928. The requirement to initiate pharmacological treatment was similar when assessed by Framingham risk score with lipids or with body mass index compared with the Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease score, with correlation κ indexes of 0.981 and 0.972, respectively. On the basis of these results, Framingham body mass index represents an attractive and potentially cost-effective alternative to assess cardiovascular risk. In conclusion, the adoption of the new guidelines in Mexican population has implications not only on its prevalence but also on medical follow-up costs. A pharmacoeconomic model is required to assess the actual financial impact.

Polypill: an affordable strategy for cardiovascular disease prevention in low-medium-income countries.

The simplification of fixed dose medications by using a single 'polypill' is an attractive strategy to improve adherence to medications which has shown benefit to cardiovascular risk factor control and cardiovascular disease prevention or delay in the progression of these diseases. We review the evidence obtained from a series of clinical trials demonstrating an improvement in adherence to the polypill compared to the use of each compound separately, and found similar or better control of the classical cardiovascular risk factors and a similar safety profile. These results suggest that the use of the polypill could have a beneficial impact in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, the polypill has the potential to improve cost effectiveness and is simple to use. However, before recommending the implementation of the polypill in programs aimed at primary and secondary cardiovascular prevention, we are awaiting the results of several current clinical trials aimed at measuring the impact on the frequency of major cardiovascular outcomes, particularly in low-medium-income countries.

Retrospective interrupted time series examining hypertension and diabetes medicines usage following changes in patient cost sharing in the 'Farmácia Popular' programme in Brazil.

OBJECTIVES: 'Farmácia Popular' (FP) programme was launched in 2004, expanded in 2006 and changed the cost sharing for oral hypoglycaemic (OH) and antihypertensive (AH) medicines in 2009 and in 2011. This paper describes patterns of usage and continuity of coverage for OH and AH medicines following changes in patient cost sharing in the FP. STUDY DESIGN: Interrupted time series study using retrospective administrative data. METHODS: Monthly programme participation (PP) and proportion of days covered (PDC) were the two outcome measures. The open cohort included all patients with two or more dispensings for a given study medicine in 2008-2012. The interventions were an increase in patient cost sharing in 2009 and zero patient cost sharing for key medicines in 2011. RESULTS: A total of 3.6 and 9.5 million patients receiving treatment for diabetes and hypertension, respectively, qualified for the study. Before the interventions, PP was growing by 7.3% per month; median PDC varied by medicine from 50% to 75%. After patient cost sharing increased in 2009, PP reduced by 56.5% and PDC decreased for most medicines (median 60.3%). After the 2011 free medicine programme, PP surged by 121 000 new dispensings per month and PDC increased for all covered medicines (80.7%). CONCLUSION: Cost sharing was found to be a barrier to continuity of treatment in Brazil's private sector FP programme. Making essential medicines free to patients appear to increase participation and continuity of treatment to clinically beneficial levels (PDC >80%).

Farmácia Popular Program: pharmaceutical market analysis of antihypertensive acting on the renin-angiotensin system medicines.

This paper aims to analyse changes in the retail pharmaceutical market following policy changes in the Farmácia Popular Program (FP), a medicines subsidy program in Brazil. The retrospective longitudinal analyses focus on therapeutic class of agents acting on the renin-angiotensin system. Data obtained from QuintilesIMS (formerly IMS Health) included private retail pharmacy sales volume (pharmaceutical units) and sales values from 2002 to 2013. Analyses evaluated changes in market share following key FP policy changes. The therapeutic class was selected due to its relevance to hypertension treatment. Market share was analysed by therapeutic sub-classes and by individual company. Losartan as a single product accounted for the highest market share among angiotensin II antagonists. National companies had higher sales volume during the study period, while multinational companies had higher sales value. Changes in pharmaceutical market share coincided with the inclusion of specific products in the list of medicines covered by FP and with increases in or exemption from patient copayment.

Farmácia Popular Program: pharmaceutical market analysis of antihypertensive acting on the renin-angiotensin system medicines / Programa Farmácia Popular: análise do mercado farmacêutico de anti-hipertensivos do sistema renina-angiotensina

Abstract This paper aims to analyse changes in the retail pharmaceutical market following policy changes in the Farmácia Popular Program (FP), a medicines subsidy program in Brazil. The retrospective longitudinal analyses focus on therapeutic class of agents acting on the renin-angiotensin system. Data obtained from QuintilesIMS (formerly IMS Health) included private retail pharmacy sales volume (pharmaceutical units) and sales values from 2002 to 2013. Analyses evaluated changes in market share following key FP policy changes. The therapeutic class was selected due to its relevance to hypertension treatment. Market share was analysed by therapeutic sub-classes and by individual company. Losartan as a single product accounted for the highest market share among angiotensin II antagonists. National companies had higher sales volume during the study period, while multinational companies had higher sales value. Changes in pharmaceutical market share coincided with the inclusion of specific products in the list of medicines covered by FP and with increases in or exemption from patient copayment.

Resumo Este artigo visa analisar as mudanças no mercado de varejo farmacêutico, seguindo as alterações de diretiva no Programa Farmácia Popular (FP), que realiza subvenção de medicamentos no Brasil, em parceria pública privada. Foi realizada análise longitudinal retrospectiva dos medicamentos da classe terapêutica dos agentes que atuam sobre o sistema renina-angiotensina. Os dados obtidos do QuintilesIMS incluíram o varejo farmacêutico em termos do volume e valores de vendas de 2002 a 2013. Análises realizadas consideraram intervenções e reformas ocorridas no FP e seu impacto no mercado farmacêutico da classe terapêutica selecionada, devido a sua relevância para o tratamento da hipertensão. Também se examinou o comportamento do mercado tomando por base as empresas farmacêuticas produtoras. Losartan monodroga representou a maior fatia de mercado entre os antagonistas de angiotensina II. Empresas nacionais obtiveram maior volume de vendas durante o período de estudo, enquanto as empresas multinacionais exibiram maior valor de vendas. Mudanças no mercado farmacêutico coincidiram com a inclusão de produtos específicos na lista de medicamentos abrangidos pelo FP e com aumentos ou isenção de copagamento pelos pacientes.

Patient acceptability of and readiness-to-pay for pharmacy-based health membership plans to improve hypertension outcomes in Lima, Peru.

INTRODUCTION: Pharmacies have been used to improve population health in Peru and other countries globally, operating as a non-traditional health access point. A pharmacy-based model holds potential to improve patient management of hypertension, a leading risk factor for non-communicable diseases in low- and middle-income countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate patient acceptability of hypertension services and health membership plans, if offered through private pharmacies in the future. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 347 hypertensive individuals who purchased anti-hypertensive medications in a private pharmacy during the study period (July-October 2012). The study included a brief survey assessing patients' acceptability of and readiness-to-pay for pharmacy-based hypertension management services. Chi-square tests for differences in proportions were used to evaluate whether any demographic characteristics (e.g., binary variables for age, time since diagnosis, and type of medication usually purchased) could identify groups of hypertensive individuals that might be more or less likely to use pharmacy-based services. Multiple logistic regression was used to estimate associations between readiness-to-pay for pharmacy-based health membership plans and patient-level characteristics. RESULTS: Over 80% of individuals indicated they would be interested in pharmacy-based hypertension services, particularly discounts on anti-hypertensive medications and free blood pressure screenings. Compared to individuals 65 years of age or older, individuals under 65 years were more interested in receiving at least one pharmacy-based service. Another 80% indicated they would be interested in purchasing a monthly health plan through a pharmacy that provided access to hypertension services each month. The vast majority of individuals interested in pharmacy-based services indicated they would pay ≤$3.69 US/month to participate in a monthly health membership plan. CONCLUSIONS: Hypertensive patients would be interested in using and ready to pay for pharmacy-based hypertension services.

Maximizing cost-effectiveness by adjusting treatment strategy according to glaucoma severity.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to determine the most cost-effective strategy for the treatment of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) in Brazil, from the payer's perspective (Brazilian Public Health System) in the setting of the Glaucoma Referral Centers. METHODS: Study design was a cost-effectiveness analysis of different treatment strategies for POAG. We developed 3 Markov models (one for each glaucoma stage: early, moderate and advanced), using a hypothetical cohort of POAG patients, from the perspective of the Brazilian Public Health System (SUS) and a horizon of the average life expectancy of the Brazilian population. Different strategies were tested according to disease severity. For early glaucoma, we compared observation, laser and medications. For moderate glaucoma, medications, laser and surgery. For advanced glaucoma, medications and surgery. Main outcome measures were ICER (incremental cost-effectiveness ratio), medical direct costs and QALY (quality-adjusted life year). RESULTS: In early glaucoma, both laser and medical treatment were cost-effective (ICERs of initial laser and initial medical treatment over observation only, were R$ 2,811.39/QALY and R$ 3,450.47/QALY). Compared to observation strategy, the two alternatives have provided significant gains in quality of life. In moderate glaucoma population, medical treatment presented the highest costs among treatment strategies. Both laser and surgery were highly cost-effective in this group. For advanced glaucoma, both tested strategies were cost-effective. Starting age had a great impact on results in all studied groups. Initiating glaucoma therapy using laser or surgery were more cost-effective, the younger the patient. CONCLUSION: All tested treatment strategies for glaucoma provided real gains in quality of life and were cost-effective. However, according to the disease severity, not all strategies provided the same cost-effectiveness profile. Based on our findings, there should be a preferred strategy for each glaucoma stage, according to a cost-effectiveness ratio ranking.

Costo-efectividad del tratamiento antihipertensivo en pacientes de 2 áreas de salud del municipio de Santiago de Cuba en 2013 / Cost-effectiveness of the antihypertensive treatment in patients of 2 health areas from Santiago de Cuba municipality in 2013

En 2013 se realizó un estudio de evaluación para determinar la eficiencia económica del tratamiento antihipertensivo en pacientes mayores de 15 años de uno u otro sexo, pertenecientes a 2 áreas de salud del municipio de Santiago de Cuba desde las perspectivas social e institucional. Mediante un muestreo no probabilístico se escogió una muestra de 700 integrantes y se estimaron los costos directos, indirectos y totales para cada alternativa terapéutica. La medida de efectividad se basó en las razones de costo - efectividad y efectividad incremental. Desde las mencionadas perspectivas, el costo promedio de la asistencia al paciente hipertenso en el Policlínico Universitario Julián Grimau García fue superior al del Dr Carlos J Finlay, debido a que en el primero resultó más costosa la atención secundaria de salud en comparación con el segundo. En el área de salud Julián Grimau García se logró ser más eficientes en el control de la hipertensión arterial, tanto en los costos promedios como incrementales. La mayor efectividad compensó el costo adicional, principalmente desde el punto de vista institucional(AU)

An evaluation study to determine the economic efficiency of the antihypertensive treatment in patients over 15 years from both sexes, belonging to 2 health areas of the municipality of Santiago de Cuba was carried out in 2013 from the social and institutional perspectives. By means of a non probabilistic sampling a sample of 700 members was chosen and the direct, indirect and totals costs for each therapeutic alternative were considered. The measure of effectiveness was based on the cost - effectiveness and increasing effectiveness reasons. From the mentioned perspectives, the average cost of the hypertensive patient assistance in Julián Grimau García University Polyclinic was higher than that of Dr Carlos J Finlay polyclinic, because in the first one the secondary health care was more expensive in comparison with the second. In the Julián Grimau García health area was possible to be more efficient in the control of hypertension, either in the average or increasing costs. The higher effectiveness compensated the additional cost, mainly from the institutional point of view(AU)

A randomized controlled trial of co-payment elimination: the CHORD trial.

OBJECTIVES: Efforts to improve adherence by reducing co-payments through value-based insurance design are become more prevalent despite limited evidence of improved health outcomes. The objective of this study was to determine whether eliminating patient co-payments for blood pressure medications improves blood pressure control. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. METHODS: The Collaboration to Reduce Disparities in Hypertension (CHORD) was a randomized controlled trial with 12 months' follow-up conducted among patients from the Philadelphia and Pittsburgh Veterans Administration Medical Centers. We enrolled 479 patients with poorly controlled systolic blood pressure. Participants were randomly assigned to: a) receive reductions in co-payments from $8 to $0 per medication per month for each antihypertensive prescription filled, b) a computerized behavioral intervention (CBI), c) both co-pay reduction and CBI, or d) usual care. Our main outcome measure was change in systolic blood pressure from enrollment to 12 months post enrollment. We also measured adherence using the medication possession ratio in a subset of participants. RESULTS: There were no significant interactions between the co-payment interventions and the CBI interventions. There was no relative difference in the change in medication possession ratio between baseline and 12 months (0.05% and -.90% in control and incentive groups, respectively; P = .74) or in continuous medication gaps of 30, 60, or 90 days. Blood pressure decreased among all participants, but to a similar degree between the financial incentive and control groups. Systolic pressure within the incentive group dropped 13.2 mm Hg versus 15.2 mm Hg for the control group (difference = 2.0; 95% CI, -2.3 to 6.3; P = .36). The proportion of patients with blood pressure under control at 12 months was 29.5% in the incentive group versus 33.9 in the control group (odds ratio, 0.8; 95% CI, 0.5-1.3; P = .36). CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with poorly controlled blood pressure, financial incentives--as implemented in this trial--that reduced patient cost sharing for blood pressure medications did not improve medication adherence or blood pressure control.

A randomized controlled trial of negative co-payments: the CHORD trial.

OBJECTIVES: Value-based insurance designs are being widely used. We undertook this study to examine whether a financial incentive that lowered co-payments for blood pressure medications below $0 improved blood pressure control among patients with poorly controlled hypertension. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. METHODS: Participants from 3 Pennsylvania hospitals (n = 337) were randomly assigned to: a) be paid $8 per medication per month for filling blood pressure prescriptions, b) a computerized behavioral intervention (CBI), c) both payment and CBI, or d) usual care. The primary outcome was change in blood pressure between baseline and 12 months post enrollment. We also measured adherence using the medication possession ratio in a subset of participants. RESULTS: There were no significant interactions between the incentive and the CBI interventions. There were no significant changes in medication possession ratio in the treatment group. Blood pressure decreased among all participants, but to a similar degree between the financial incentive and control groups. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) dropped 13.7 mm Hg for the incentive group versus 10.0 mm Hg for the control group (difference = ­3.7; 95% CI, ­9.0 to 1.6; P = .17). The proportion of patients with blood pressure under control 12 months post enrollment was 35.6% of the incentive group versus 27.7% of the control group (odds ratio, 1.4; 95% CI, 0.8-2.5; P = .19). Diabetics in the incentive group had an average drop in SBP of 12.7 mm Hg between baseline and 12 months compared with 4.0 mm Hg in the control group (P = .02). Patients in the incentive group without diabetes experienced average SBP reductions of 15.0 mm Hg, compared with 16.3 mm Hg for control group nondiabetics (P = .71). CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with poorly controlled blood pressure, financial incentives­as implemented in this trial­did not improve blood pressure control or adherence except among patients with diabetes.

Consumo y costo de antihipertensivos en Cuba en el período 2003-2013 / Consumption and cost of antihypertensive drugs in Cuba in the 2003-2013 period

Objetivo: describir el patrón de utilización de medicamentos antihipertensivos y su costo entre 2003 y 2013.Método: la información sobre el consumo se obtuvo de la base COMEDICS perteneciente a BIOCUBAFARMA, que contiene las especialidades farmacéuticas facturadas al Sistema Nacional de Salud. El consumo se expresó en dosis diarias definidas (DDD) por 1 000 habitantes y día (DHD). Para el cálculo del costo se utilizó el precio de venta a la población en CUP, vigente en las farmacias comunitarias del país.Resultados: el consumo de antihipertensivos en Cuba muestra un marcado incremento en los últimos 10 años, pasó de 100,2 a 268,0 DHD (167,5 por ciento). Para el conjunto de los antihipertensivos, los costos pasaron de 42,9 a 136,3 millones de CUP, para un incremento de 93 millones (217 por ciento). Para el 2013 los IECA representaron el 53 por ciento del consumo total y el 71 por ciento de los costos. Los diuréticos fue el grupo que mostró una mejor relación entre el consumo y los costos; con 28 por ciento del consumo representaron sólo el 9 por ciento de los costos. La introducción del amlodipino, contrario a lo esperado, no generó una disminución del consumo de la nifedipina.Conclusiones: se produjo en el periodo un cambio del patrón de consumo, que se desplazó hacia medicamentos más costosos como el enalapril, el captopril y el amlodipino, con un aumento del costo del tratamiento de la hipertensión(AU)

Objectives: to describe the pattern of use and the cost of antihypertensive drugs in Cuba from 2003 to 2013.Method: information on drug utilization was obtained from the COMEDICS database of the BIOCUBAFARMA which records the number of packages charged to the National Health System. Consumption data were expressed in defined daily dose (DDD) per 1000 inhabitants per day (DHD). For estimation of costs, the sale price in Cuban pesos for the population in the community pharmacies of the country was used.Results: the consumption of antihypertensive drugs in Cuba has increased remarkably in the last 10 years, from 100.2 to 268.0 DHD (167,5 percent). Overall costs increased from 42,9 to 136,3 million CUP, accounting for 217 percent increase. In 2013, IECA accounted for 71 percent of the costs and 53 percent of the consumption. The diuretics were the group that showed a better relationship between the consumption and the costs, with 28 percent of the consumption, they just represented 9 percent of the costs. Contrary to expectations, the introduction of amlodipine did not generate a decrease in the consumption of the nifedipine. Conclusions: in the period, the consumption patterns changed and moved toward more expensive medications as enalapril, captopril and amlodipine, which means that the cost of hypertension treatment increased(AU)

Consumo y costo de antihipertensivos en Cuba en el período 2003-2013 / Consumption and cost of antihypertensive drugs in Cuba in the 2003-2013 period

Objetivo: describir el patrón de utilización de medicamentos antihipertensivos y su costo entre 2003 y 2013. Método: la información sobre el consumo se obtuvo de la base COMEDICS perteneciente a BIOCUBAFARMA, que contiene las especialidades farmacéuticas facturadas al Sistema Nacional de Salud. El consumo se expresó en dosis diarias definidas (DDD) por 1 000 habitantes y día (DHD). Para el cálculo del costo se utilizó el precio de venta a la población en CUP, vigente en las farmacias comunitarias del país. Resultados: el consumo de antihipertensivos en Cuba muestra un marcado incremento en los últimos 10 años, pasó de 100,2 a 268,0 DHD (167,5 por ciento). Para el conjunto de los antihipertensivos, los costos pasaron de 42,9 a 136,3 millones de CUP, para un incremento de 93 millones (217 por ciento). Para el 2013 los IECA representaron el 53 por ciento del consumo total y el 71 por ciento de los costos. Los diuréticos fue el grupo que mostró una mejor relación entre el consumo y los costos; con 28 por ciento del consumo representaron sólo el 9 por ciento de los costos. La introducción del amlodipino, contrario a lo esperado, no generó una disminución del consumo de la nifedipina. Conclusiones: se produjo en el periodo un cambio del patrón de consumo, que se desplazó hacia medicamentos más costosos como el enalapril, el captopril y el amlodipino, con un aumento del costo del tratamiento de la hipertensión(AU)

Objectives: to describe the pattern of use and the cost of antihypertensive drugs in Cuba from 2003 to 2013. Method: information on drug utilization was obtained from the COMEDICS database of the BIOCUBAFARMA which records the number of packages charged to the National Health System. Consumption data were expressed in defined daily dose (DDD) per 1000 inhabitants per day (DHD). For estimation of costs, the sale price in Cuban pesos for the population in the community pharmacies of the country was used. Results: the consumption of antihypertensive drugs in Cuba has increased remarkably in the last 10 years, from 100.2 to 268.0 DHD (167,5 percent). Overall costs increased from 42,9 to 136,3 million CUP, accounting for 217 percent increase. In 2013, IECA accounted for 71 percent of the costs and 53 percent of the consumption. The diuretics were the group that showed a better relationship between the consumption and the costs, with 28 percent of the consumption, they just represented 9 percent of the costs. Contrary to expectations, the introduction of amlodipine did not generate a decrease in the consumption of the nifedipine. Conclusions: in the period, the consumption patterns changed and moved toward more expensive medications as enalapril, captopril and amlodipine, which means that the cost of hypertension treatment increased(AU)

Sodium nitroprusside: low price and safe drug to control BP during thrombolysis in AIS.

This study analyzes the use of sodium nitroprusside (SN) as an option to reduce blood pressure (BP) below 180/105 mmHg during the management of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) in patients submitted to intravenous thrombolysis.Method The sample was composed by 60 patients who had AIS and were submitted to intravenous rtPA, split in two groups: half in the control group (CG) with BP < 180/105 mmHg and half in SN group with BP > 180/105 mmHg. Outcome variables were any hemorrhagic transformation (HT); the presence of symptomatic HT, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) after 24 hours of treatment; the independence on discharge and death until three months after stroke onset.Results There were no statistical differences between both groups to any of the outcome variables analyzed.Conclusion The SN might be safe for BP control during thrombolysis to AIS.

Sodium nitroprusside: low price and safe drug to control BP during thrombolysis in AIS / Nitroprussiato de sódio: uma droga segura e de baixo custo para o controle de PA durante a trombólise em AVC isquêmico

This study analyzes the use of sodium nitroprusside (SN) as an option to reduce blood pressure (BP) below 180/105 mmHg during the management of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) in patients submitted to intravenous thrombolysis.Method The sample was composed by 60 patients who had AIS and were submitted to intravenous rtPA, split in two groups: half in the control group (CG) with BP < 180/105 mmHg and half in SN group with BP > 180/105 mmHg. Outcome variables were any hemorrhagic transformation (HT); the presence of symptomatic HT, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) after 24 hours of treatment; the independence on discharge and death until three months after stroke onset.Results There were no statistical differences between both groups to any of the outcome variables analyzed.Conclusion The SN might be safe for BP control during thrombolysis to AIS.

Este estudo analisa o uso de nitroprussiato de sódio (NS) como uma opção para reduzir a pressão arterial (PA) durante o tratamento do AVC isquêmico agudo (AVCi) em pacientes submetidos à trombólise intravenosa (rtPA).Método A amostra foi composta por 60 pacientes que tiveram AVCi e foram submetidos a rtPA, dividida em dois grupos: 30 pacientes no grupo controle (GC), com PA < 180/105 mmHg e 30 pacientes no grupo NS com PA > 180/105 mmHg. As variáveis analisadas foram qualquer transformação hemorrágica (TH); a presença de TH sintomática, NIHSS após 24 horas de tratamento; a independência na alta e morte até três meses após o AVCi.Resultados Não houve diferença estatística entre os dois grupos para qualquer das variáveis de desfecho analisadas.Conclusão O NS pode ser seguro para o controle da pressão arterial durante a trombólise no AVCi.