A Survey of American Psychiatrists Concerning Medication Prior Authorization Requirements.

This study examined opinions of American psychiatrists regarding prior authorization (PA) requirements for third-party payer coverage of medications and quantified perceived impact of these requirements on clinical practice. One thousand selected psychiatrist members of the American Psychiatric Association were invited to participate in a survey. Response rate was 33.1%. Respondents predominantly believed the obligation to obtain PA reduces job satisfaction and negatively impacts patient care. A total of 59.9% of respondents reported employing either diagnosis modification or falsification of previous medication trials at least occasionally in order to obtain PA. A total of 66.6% refrained at least occasionally from prescribing preferred medications due to PA requirement or expectation of one. On multivariate analysis, risk factors for refraining at higher frequency included seeing 300 or more patients in the previous 3 months, engaging more frequently in diagnosis modification, and reporting increased perception that obtaining PA reduces time for patient care.

Streamlining and Reimagining Prior Authorization Under Value-Based Contracts: A Call to Action From the Value in Healthcare Initiative's Prior Authorization Learning Collaborative.

Utilization management strategies, including prior authorization, are commonly used to facilitate safe and guideline-adherent provision of new, individualized, and potentially costly cardiovascular therapies. However, as currently deployed, these approaches encumber multiple stakeholders. Patients are discouraged by barriers to appropriate access; clinicians are frustrated by the time, money, and resources required for prior authorizations, the frequent rejections, and the perception of being excluded from the decision-making process; and payers are weary of the intensive effort to design and administer increasingly complex prior authorization systems to balance value and appropriate use of these treatments. These issues highlight an opportunity to collectively reimagine utilization management as a transparent and collaborative system. This would benefit the entire healthcare ecosystem, especially in light of the shift to value-based payment. This article describes the efforts and vision of the multistakeholder Prior Authorization Learning Collaborative of the Value in Healthcare Initiative, a partnership between the American Heart Association and the Robert J. Margolis, MD, Center for Health Policy at Duke University. We outline how healthcare organizations can take greater utilization management responsibility under value-based contracting, especially under different state policies and local contexts. Even with reduced payer-mandated prior authorization in these arrangements, payers and healthcare organizations will have a continued shared need for utilization management. We present options for streamlining these programs, such as gold carding and electronic and automated prior authorization processes. Throughout the article, we weave in examples from cardiovascular care when possible. Although reimagining prior authorization requires collective action by all stakeholders, it may significantly reduce administrative burden for clinicians and payers while improving outcomes for patients.

A Modifiable Barrier to Hepatitis C Virus Elimination in Rhode Island: The Prior Authorization Process for Direct-Acting Antiviral Agents.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is disproportionately prevalent among different groups of marginalized populations in Rhode Island (RI). Although direct-acting antiviral (DAA) agents are safe and cure HCV, RI payers limit access to these life-saving medications using prior authorizations (PAs). We assessed RI DAA-specific PA criteria. The authors reviewed payers' websites and/or called payers to obtain, describe, and analyze DAA PA forms, and approval and appeal processes. While some information was consistently required, we observed substantial differences among payers' requirements. All PA forms require at least one piece of data that is clinically superfluous for DAA prescription. These include post-treatment laboratory results, prescriber requirements, documentation of co-treatment of substance use disorders, and repeat diagnostic tests. Post-approval barriers also exist; DAA PAs are time-limited, and DAAs can only be obtained from preferred pharmacies. The PA process requires many steps, differing across RI payers, taking 45-120 minutes per patient. To achieve HCV elimination, DAA PA forms and processes should be standardized, streamlined, and ultimately removed.

Prior authorization and its impact on access to obstetric ultrasound.

Prior authorization is a process requiring health care providers to obtain advance approval from a payer before a patient undergoes a procedure for the study to be covered. Prior authorization was introduced to decrease overutilization of ultrasound procedures. However, it has led to unanticipated consequences such as impeding access to obstetric imaging, increased administrative overhead without reimbursement, and contribution to physician frustration and burnout. Payers often use intermediary radiology benefit management companies without providing specialty-specific review in a timely manner as is requisite when practicing high-risk obstetrics. This article proposes a number of potential solutions to this problem: (1) consider alternative means to monitor overutilization; (2) create and evaluate data regarding providers in the highest utilization; (3) continue to support and grow the educational efforts of speciality societies to publish clinical guidelines; and (4) emphasize the importance of practicing evidence-based medicine. Understanding that not all health plans may be willing or able to collaborate with health care providers, we encourage physicians to advocate for policies and legislation to limit the implementation of prior authorization within their own states.

AMCP Partnership Forum: Optimizing Prior Authorization for Appropriate Medication Selection.

Prior authorization (PA) and step therapy (ST) are utilization management tools that have been in use by managed care organizations for decades. These processes require that health care providers obtain advanced approval to qualify a specific product for coverage from a health plan before it is delivered to the patient. These tools are intended to ensure that patients have access to evidence-based medications while payers remain good stewards of limited health care resources. PA and ST are growing in use to support appropriate use of medications and manage associated costs but may pose challenges related to administrative burden and access to care. In June 2019, the Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy (AMCP) conducted a multistakeholder forum to identify processes for optimizing PA and ST utilization management programs. Health care leaders representing academia, health plans, integrated delivery systems, pharmacy benefit managers, employers, federal government agencies, national health care provider organizations, and patient advocacy organizations participated in the forum. Participants explored current operations of these programs, evaluated stakeholder perspectives on opportunities to improve these programs, and provided recommendations for next steps. They also reviewed current federal and state legislative and regulatory activities to reform PA and ST processes and offered guidance to support program improvements. The goal of the forum was to gather stakeholder input to inform the development of recommendations to improve efficiencies around PA and ST processes; provide recommendations to address administrative burdens; increase the visibility of the clinical and economic value of PA and ST utilization management programs; collect, review, and disseminate data-driven, real-world experiences of PA programs that support clinical and economic value; collect and disseminate best practices around PA appeals and denial processes; and improve channels of communications between health insurance providers, health care professionals, and patients to minimize care delays and improve clarity of coverage authorization requirements. DISCLOSURES: This AMCP Partnership Forum was sponsored by Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals, Merck, the National Pharmaceutical Council, and Takeda. These proceedings were prepared as a summary of what occurred at the forum to represent common themes; they are not necessarily endorsed by all attendees nor should they be construed as reflecting group consensus.

TRICARE For Children: Between Medicaid And Marketplace Plans For Comprehensiveness And Cost Sharing.

TRICARE provides health care benefits to nearly two million children of active duty, retired, National Guard, and reserve service members. Child health advocates and congressional reports have raised questions regarding the adequacy of these benefits, compared with other sources of children's health insurance. To help address these questions, we compared TRICARE benefits with benefits from Medicaid and Marketplace plans because they represent alternative sources of coverage for many of the families enrolled in TRICARE. Overall, we found that TRICARE benefits fell in the middle-between Medicaid plans' more comprehensive benefits with no cost sharing and Marketplace plans' more restrictive benefits with higher cost sharing.

Prior Authorization Policies and Preferred Drug Lists in Medicaid Plans: Stakeholder Perspectives on the Implications for Youth with ADHD.

This qualitative study describes how Medicaid policies create challenges for the delivery and receipt of mental health treatment for low-income youth in Georgia. We conducted focus groups with caregivers of Medicaid-enrolled children with ADHD and semi-structured interviews with providers and administrators at four safety net clinics that provided mental health care to these youth. Stakeholders reported that prior authorization policies for psychosocial services, restrictiveness of preferred drug lists, and changes in preferred drug lists in Medicaid plans created barriers to treatment continuity and quality for youth with ADHD and led to more administrative burden for safety-net clinics serving these youth.

Prior Authorization and Utilization Management Concepts in Managed Care Pharmacy.

Formularies that Include prior authorization and utilization management are widely used by managed care organizations (MCOs), Including health plans and pharmacy benefit management companies. Utilization management criteria are essential to optimizing patient outcomes and reducing waste, error, unnecessary drug use, and cost. The Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy (AMCP) Professional Practice Committee has developed the following 9 specific concepts for effective prior authorization practices by MCOs: (1) patient safety and appropriate medication use, (2) clinical decision making, (3) evidence-based review criteria, (4) automated decision support, (5) transparency and advanced notice, (6) emergency access, (7) provider collaboration, (8) need for timeliness and avoiding disruptions in therapy, and (9) cost-effectiveness and value. AMCP supports these concepts to allow for further collaboration between prescribers and payers in order to ensure that patients receive appropriate and timely access to drugs, devices, and other therapeutic agents. DISCLOSURES: No funding was received for the conceptualizing, writing, and/or editing of this manuscript. The Professional Practice Committee is composed of volunteers selected from current Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy members in good standing. Concepts presented in this document were developed by request of the Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy and are not intended to represent the views of committee members' employers or affiliated organizations.

Economic Outcomes Associated with Safety Interventions by a Pharmacist-Adjudicated Prior Authorization Consult Service.

BACKGROUND: The establishment of a formulary management system ensures that health care professionals work together in an integrated patient care process to promote clinically sound, safe, and cost-effective medication therapy. Pharmacists have a foundational role within this system. A pharmacist-adjudicated prior authorization drug request (PADR) consult service has the potential to optimize drug therapy by decreasing medication misuse, minimizing adverse drug events (ADEs), and preventing medication errors. OBJECTIVES: To (a) determine cost avoidance associated with pharmacist-adjudicated PADR safety interventions within the Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System and (b) evaluate cost savings associated with pharmacist-adjudicated PADRs not approved due to a safety intervention, evaluate cost avoidance and direct cost savings based on clinical specialty of pharmacist adjudicating PADR, and characterize severity of avoided ADEs. METHODS: Pharmacist-adjudicated PADRs not approved between July 1, 2016, and June 30, 2017, because of safety interventions were retrospectively reviewed. Cost avoidance was determined by multiplying the probability of ADE occurrence in the absence of PADR safety intervention by the estimated cost avoided based on the type of intervention. Direct cost savings was calculated by totaling the cost of requested medications not approved for each PADR and subtracting the cost of recommended alternative therapies and cost of pharmacist PADR review. All potential ADEs avoided were reviewed by a panel of 3 clinical pharmacists to validate ADE classification and ADE probability and severity scores. Descriptive statistics were used for all analyses. RESULTS: Of the 910 PADRs that were not approved during the study period, 96 met inclusion criteria. Pharmacist-adjudicated PADR safety interventions resulted in a total cost avoidance of $24,485.34 (mean = $255.06) and a direct cost savings of $288,695.63 (mean = $3,007.25). The practice settings of anticoagulation and infectious diseases PADRs resulted in the largest contribution to cost avoidance and direct cost savings, respectively. Prevented ADEs were classified as major for 64.6% of the PADRs. CONCLUSIONS: Pharmacist-adjudicated PADR safety reviews resulted in substantial economic benefit and prevention of major ADEs. This analysis supports the pharmacist's role in a formulary management system to optimize medication therapy. DISCLOSURES: This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for profit sectors. The authors have nothing to disclose.

Improvement of gram-negative susceptibility to fluoroquinolones after implementation of a pre-authorization policy for fluoroquinolone use: A decade-long experience.

OBJECTIVE: Due to concerns over increasing fluoroquinolone (FQ) resistance among gram-negative organisms, our stewardship program implemented a preauthorization use policy. The goal of this study was to assess the relationship between hospital FQ use and antibiotic resistance. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort. SETTING: Large academic medical center. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of FQ susceptibility of hospital isolates for 5 common gram-negative bacteria: Acinetobacter spp., Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Primary endpoint was the change of FQ susceptibility. A Poisson regression model was used to calculate the rate of change between the preintervention period (1998-2005) and the postimplementation period (2006-2016). RESULTS: Large rates of decline of FQ susceptibility began in 1998, particularly among P. aeruginosa, Acinetobacter spp., and E. cloacae. Our FQ restriction policy improved FQ use from 173 days of therapy (DOT) per 1,000 patient days to <60 DOT per 1,000 patient days. Fluoroquinolone susceptibility increased for Acinetobacter spp. (rate ratio [RR], 1.038; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.005-1.072), E. cloacae (RR, 1.028; 95% CI, 1.013-1.044), and P. aeruginosa (RR, 1.013; 95% CI, 1.006-1.020). No significant change in susceptibility was detected for K. pneumoniae (RR, 1.002; 95% CI, 0.996-1.008), and the susceptibility for E. coli continued to decline, although the decline was not as steep (RR, 0.981; 95% CI, 0.975-0.987). CONCLUSIONS: A stewardship-driven FQ restriction program stopped overall declining FQ susceptibility rates for all species except E. coli. For 3 species (ie, Acinetobacter spp, E. cloacae, and P. aeruginosa), susceptibility rates improved after implementation, and this improvement has been sustained over a 10-year period.

Prior Authorization as a Potential Support of Patient-Centered Care.

We discuss the role of prior authorization (PA) in supporting patient-centered care (PCC) by directing health system resources and thus the ability to better meet the needs of individual patients. We begin with an account of PCC as a standard that should be aimed for in patient care. In order to achieve widespread PCC, appropriate resource management is essential in a healthcare system. This brings us to PA, and we present an idealized view of PA in order to argue how at its best, it can contribute to the provision of PCC. PA is a means of cost saving and as such it has mixed success. The example of the US demonstrates how implementation of PA has increased health inequalities whereas best practice has the potential to reduce them. In contrast, systems of universal coverage, like those in Europe, may use the cost savings of PA to better address individuals' care and PCC. The conclusion we offer therefore is an optimistic one, pointing towards areas of supportive overlap between PCC and PA where usually the incongruities are most evident.