EVALUATION OF A COMBINATION OF TILETAMINE-ZOLAZEPAM, MEDETOMIDINE, AND AZAPERONE WITH NASAL OXYGEN SUPPLEMENTATION FOR THE IMMOBILIZATION OF CAPTIVE CHACOAN PECCARIES (CATAGONUS WAGNERI) IN THE CHACO REGION OF PARAGUAY.

A combination of tiletamine-zolazepam, medetomidine, and azaperone was used to immobilize captive Chacoan peccaries (Catagonus wagneri) for health assessments and biological sample collection at the Centro Chaqueño para la Conservación e Investigación (CCCI) in the Paraguayan Chaco during July in 2017 and 2018. In total, 83 peccaries kept in 0.25-1.50 hectare enclosures were immobilized via dart-administered anesthetic. Mean animal weight was 33.89±3.74 kg (standard deviation; n=77). The mean intramuscular (IM) anesthetic drug and dosages were 0.03±0.00 mg/kg of medetomidine, 0.91±0.10 mg/kg of Zoletil 50 (tiletamine-zolazepam), and 0.30±0.03 mg/kg azaperone. The mean time to recumbency after darting was 6.07±2.65 min. The mean time to reach the anesthetic plane postdarting was 10.00±2.00 min. Muscle relaxation was adequate to allow minor veterinary procedures. A mean dosage of 0.15±0.02 mg/kg of atipamezole was given IM to reverse the medetomidine. Recoveries were smooth and animals were standing by 59.17±30.18 min postreversal. Full recovery and release back to enclosures occurred 90±30 min postreversal. A single dose of this drug combination provided adequate anesthesia for 88% of adult Chacoan peccaries; 12% needed a supplemental dose of tiletamine-zolazepam because of failure to receive the full dose from the anesthetic dart. Sex and age did not impact the dosage required to achieve immobilization. Confinement during recovery from anesthesia is required with this protocol. Aside from mild hypoxemia, no adverse effects from anesthesia were observed. However, oxygen supplementation as a part of this protocol is recommended to support circulatory and respiratory capacity.

Azaperone and xylazine: A pharmacological combination to facilitate captive deer management for red brocket deer (Mazama americana).

The care and management of deer in captivity is challenging, especially in the case of red brocket deer (Mazama americana), whose routine management using physical restraint is difficult. Our study evaluated the effects of azaperone and xylazine combination for immobilizing red brocket deer and allow for the standard capture and handling protocols (e.g., biological material, horn cutting, and trimming) to be conducted safely. Six adult, captive, red brocket deer received an intramuscular injection of either 1 mg/kg azaperone and 0.5 mg/kg xylazine (AX0.5) or 1 mg/kg azaperone and 1 mg/kg xylazine (AX1.0). Sedation latency, sternal recumbency, safe handling, and quality of the sedation were evaluated to provide an overview of how the immobilizing drugs affected managing the species in captivity. Additionally, heart rate, respiratory rate, mean arterial pressure, rectal temperature, pH, PaO2, PaCO2, SaO2, HCO3-, BE, Na+, K+ and serum lactate were also measured. The latency period of the animals in the AX0.5 group was greater than that of the animals in the AX1.0 group (7 ± 6.6 min vs. 5 ± 2.0 min), as was the time for them to assume sternal recumbency (12 ± 9.7 min vs. 6 ± 3.1 min). However, the time after the initial dose at which the animals could safely be handled (14 ± 4.5 min vs. 12 ± 5.2 min), and the time until the end of the safe handling period (75 ± 12.3 min vs. 85 ± 6.8 min) were similar for both groups. Animals in both groups showed physiological stability during all evaluations, but hypoxemia was observed in one animal in each group. We conclude that both drug combinations are safe and effective at sedating red brocket deer in captivity and suggest that the procedure be performed with oxygen supplementation to reduce the potential for hypoxia.

Analgesic and sedative evaluation of two protocols in swine underwent orchiectomy / Avaliação analgésica e sedativa de dois protocolos em suínos submetidos à orquiectomia

Introduction: Sedation and analgesia are essential in chemical restraint in pigs for various procedures. Analgesia allows theanimal to be free of the deleterious effects of pain, which are related to stress and weight loss. In this sense, the aim of this studywas evaluate two sedation protocols in pigs undergoing elective orchiectomy.Materials, Methods and Results: There were used 22 pigs with three months old, with an average weight of 19.05 ± 2.46 kg.The food was withheld for 12 h and water for 6 h. After fasting period, they were mask-induced with isofl urane, for surgicalpreparation and than they were recovered from anesthesia. After 30 min, the animals were allocated in two groups: ketamine/midazolam /Tramadol (CMT, n = 11) who received 5 mg kg-1 of ketamine, 1 mg kg,-1 of midazolam and 4 mg kg-1 of tramadol,and azaperone/tramadol (AT, n = 11) which received 6 mg kg-1 of azaperone and 4 mg kg-1 of tramadol, both treatments administered intramuscularly. The parameters evaluated were: heart rate (HR) through the stethoscope, respiratory frequency (f) by themovement of the rib cage, systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean blood pressure (MBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) trougha catheter in femoral artery, rectal temperature (RT) with a digital thermometer, arterial blood gas analysis, with an blood gasanalyzer, and blood count and biochemical profi le. The moments of evaluation were: baseline, and 10, 20, 30 and 40 min aftertreatments, corresponding to M0, M1, M2, M3 and M4, respectively. Score of sedation, muscle relaxation, response to stimuli,time to sternal recumbency, time to deambulation, time to full recovery and quality of recovery were also evaluated. The meansbetween groups in the same time were analyzed by Student’s t test and the means between times, in the same group by analysisof variance followed by Student Newmann Keuls test (P  0.05). Non parametrical data were analyzed with Mann Whitney rank...

Analgesic and sedative evaluation of two protocols in swine underwent orchiectomy / Avaliação analgésica e sedativa de dois protocolos em suínos submetidos à orquiectomia

Introduction: Sedation and analgesia are essential in chemical restraint in pigs for various procedures. Analgesia allows theanimal to be free of the deleterious effects of pain, which are related to stress and weight loss. In this sense, the aim of this studywas evaluate two sedation protocols in pigs undergoing elective orchiectomy.Materials, Methods and Results: There were used 22 pigs with three months old, with an average weight of 19.05 ± 2.46 kg.The food was withheld for 12 h and water for 6 h. After fasting period, they were mask-induced with isofl urane, for surgicalpreparation and than they were recovered from anesthesia. After 30 min, the animals were allocated in two groups: ketamine/midazolam /Tramadol (CMT, n = 11) who received 5 mg kg-1 of ketamine, 1 mg kg,-1 of midazolam and 4 mg kg-1 of tramadol,and azaperone/tramadol (AT, n = 11) which received 6 mg kg-1 of azaperone and 4 mg kg-1 of tramadol, both treatments administered intramuscularly. The parameters evaluated were: heart rate (HR) through the stethoscope, respiratory frequency (f) by themovement of the rib cage, systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean blood pressure (MBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) trougha catheter in femoral artery, rectal temperature (RT) with a digital thermometer, arterial blood gas analysis, with an blood gasanalyzer, and blood count and biochemical profi le. The moments of evaluation were: baseline, and 10, 20, 30 and 40 min aftertreatments, corresponding to M0, M1, M2, M3 and M4, respectively. Score of sedation, muscle relaxation, response to stimuli,time to sternal recumbency, time to deambulation, time to full recovery and quality of recovery were also evaluated. The meansbetween groups in the same time were analyzed by Students t test and the means between times, in the same group by analysisof variance followed by Student Newmann Keuls test (P  0.05). Non parametrical data were analyzed with Mann Whitney rank...(AU)

Comparação dos efeitos sedativos e/ou antinociceptivos dos tranquilizantes acepromazina, levomepromazina e azaperone em equinos / Comparison of the sedative and/or antinociceptive effects of acepromazine, levomepromazine and azaperone in horses

O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar o efeito sedativo e antinociceptivo de três bloqueadores dopaminérgicos usados em medicina veterinária. Utilizou-se 10 éguas Puro Sangue Inglês. A sedação foi avaliada determinando-se a atividade locomotora espontânea (ALE) e altura da cabeça (AC) em baia comportamental automatizada. A injeção iv de acepromazina (0,05; 0,08 e 0,11 mg/kg) e azaperone (0,25; 0,5 e 1,0 mg/kg) não induziu mudanças significantes na ALE. A injeção im de levomepromazina causou um aumento em ALE nas dosagens de 0,75 e 1,0 mg/kg. Com relação a AC, observou-se diferença significativa (P<0,05) em todas as dosagens e drogas. Antinocicepção foi avaliada pela mensuração dos tempos para ocorrer a latência do reflexo de retirada do membro (LRRM) e a latência do reflexo do frêmito cutâneo (LRFC) com o auxílio de uma lâmpada de projeção de calor (estímulo doloroso) direcionado, respectivamente para a falange proximal do membro torácico e região da cernelha. A acepromazina (0,08 mg/kg) e a levomepromazina (0,75 mg/kg) não induziram mudanças significantes em LRRM e LRFC, o azaperone (0,5 mg/kg) causou aumento significativo da LRRM e LRFC. Os dados foram analisados por análise de variância (ANOVA) e teste de Tukey (P<0,05). A acepromazina e o azaperone mostraram efeito sedativo relevante. No que se refere ao efeito antinociceptivo, apenas o azaperone mostrou-se eficiente.

The aim of this study was to investigate the sedative and antinociceptive effects of three dopaminergic blockers often used in veterinary medicine. The study was conducted on 10 Thoroughbred mares. Sedation was evaluated by determining the spontaneous locomotor activity (SLA) in automated individual behavior stalls and by measuring head ptosis (HP). The intravenous injection of acepromazine (0.05; 0.08 and 0.11 mg/kg) and azaperone (0.25; 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg) did not induce significant changes on SLA. In contrast, intramuscular injection of levomepromazine caused an increase in SLA at the dosages of 0.75 and 1.0 mg/kg, but not at 0.5 mg/kg. Significant head ptosis occurred with all dosages and drugs. Antinociception was determined utilizing a heat projection lamp to record the hoof withdrawal reflex latency (HWRL) and skin twitch reflex latency (STRL). Acepromazine (0.08 mg/kg) and levomepromazine (0.75 mg/kg) did not induce significant changes on both HWRL and STRL, but azaperone (0.5 mg/kg) produced a significant increase in both HWRL and STRL . The data were evaluated by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey test (P<0.05). The results indicate the antinociceptive effect of azaperone, and the tranquilizer effect of acepromazine and levomepromazine, in horses.

Comparação dos efeitos sedativos e/ou antinociceptivos dos tranquilizantes acepromazina, levomepromazina e azaperone em equinos / Comparison of the sedative and/or antinociceptive effects of acepromazine, levomepromazine and azaperone in horses

O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar o efeito sedativo e antinociceptivo de três bloqueadores dopaminérgicos usados em medicina veterinária. Utilizou-se 10 éguas Puro Sangue Inglês. A sedação foi avaliada determinando-se a atividade locomotora espontânea (ALE) e altura da cabeça (AC) em baia comportamental automatizada. A injeção iv de acepromazina (0,05; 0,08 e 0,11 mg/kg) e azaperone (0,25; 0,5 e 1,0 mg/kg) não induziu mudanças significantes na ALE. A injeção im de levomepromazina causou um aumento em ALE nas dosagens de 0,75 e 1,0 mg/kg. Com relação a AC, observou-se diferença significativa (P<0,05) em todas as dosagens e drogas. Antinocicepção foi avaliada pela mensuração dos tempos para ocorrer a latência do reflexo de retirada do membro (LRRM) e a latência do reflexo do frêmito cutâneo (LRFC) com o auxílio de uma lâmpada de projeção de calor (estímulo doloroso) direcionado, respectivamente para a falange proximal do membro torácico e região da cernelha. A acepromazina (0,08 mg/kg) e a levomepromazina (0,75 mg/kg) não induziram mudanças significantes em LRRM e LRFC, o azaperone (0,5 mg/kg) causou aumento significativo da LRRM e LRFC. Os dados foram analisados por análise de variância (ANOVA) e teste de Tukey (P<0,05). A acepromazina e o azaperone mostraram efeito sedativo relevante. No que se refere ao efeito antinociceptivo, apenas o azaperone mostrou-se eficiente.(AU)

The aim of this study was to investigate the sedative and antinociceptive effects of three dopaminergic blockers often used in veterinary medicine. The study was conducted on 10 Thoroughbred mares. Sedation was evaluated by determining the spontaneous locomotor activity (SLA) in automated individual behavior stalls and by measuring head ptosis (HP). The intravenous injection of acepromazine (0.05; 0.08 and 0.11 mg/kg) and azaperone (0.25; 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg) did not induce significant changes on SLA. In contrast, intramuscular injection of levomepromazine caused an increase in SLA at the dosages of 0.75 and 1.0 mg/kg, but not at 0.5 mg/kg. Significant head ptosis occurred with all dosages and drugs. Antinociception was determined utilizing a heat projection lamp to record the hoof withdrawal reflex latency (HWRL) and skin twitch reflex latency (STRL). Acepromazine (0.08 mg/kg) and levomepromazine (0.75 mg/kg) did not induce significant changes on both HWRL and STRL, but azaperone (0.5 mg/kg) produced a significant increase in both HWRL and STRL . The data were evaluated by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey test (P<0.05). The results indicate the antinociceptive effect of azaperone, and the tranquilizer effect of acepromazine and levomepromazine, in horses.(AU)

Comparative study of the sedative and antinociceptive effects of levomepromazine, azaperone and midazolam in laboratory animals

Os efeitos sedativos e antinociceptivos da levomepromazina, azaperone e midazolam foram avaliados utilizando-se três testes de comportamento em ratos e camundongos. No teste da atividade locomotora espontânea em campo aberto observou-se que tanto o comportamento exploratório como a atividade locomotora espontânea foram significativamente diminuídos quando se utilizou levomepromazina e azaperone. O efeito causado pelo azaperone foi menos prolongado quando comparado ao da levomepromazina. O midazolam causou diminuição do comportamento exploratório sem alterar a atividade locomotora espontânea. Quando se avaliou o efeito antinociceptivo por meio da latência para o reflexo da retirada da cauda em ratos após estímulo doloroso, as drogas não apresentaram nenhum efeito antinociceptivo observável. No teste das contorções em camundongos, os fármacos foram capazes de abolir as contorções quando comparados ao efeito do grupo-controle. Levomepromazina, azaperone e midazolam nas doses utilizadas foram capazes de inibir o comportamento exploratório de ratos, comprovando seus efeitos sedativos. Com relação aos efeitos antinociceptivos para dor visceral, eles foram capazes de inibir as contorções.

Comparative study of the sedative and antinociceptive effects of levomepromazine, azaperone and midazolam in laboratory animals / Estudo comparativo dos efeitos sedativos e antinociceptivos de levomepromazina, azaperone e midazolam em animais de laboratório

The sedative and antinociceptive effects of levomepromazine, azaperone and midazolam were studied in rats and mice using three behavior evaluation methods. Both exploratory behavior and spontaneous locomotor activity were significantly diminished in a spontaneous locomotor activity test in open field when using levomepromazine and azaperone. However, the azaperone effects were short lived in comparison to levomepromazine effects. Midazolam caused reduction in exploratory activity with no effect in spontaneous locomotion. When assessing the antinociceptive effect in the tail flick reflex latency test after infliction of a pain stimulus in rats, tested drugs did not show any antinociceptive effect. The drugs studied were able to abolish the writhing reflex in mice when compared to control. Levomepromazine, azaperone and midazolam, at the doses were able to inhibit the exploratory behavior in rats, proving their sedative effect. Regarding the antinociceptive effects for visceral pain, these drugs were able to block contortions in mice.(AU)

Os efeitos sedativos e antinociceptivos da levomepromazina, azaperone e midazolam foram avaliados utilizando-se três testes de comportamento em ratos e camundongos. No teste da atividade locomotora espontânea em campo aberto observou-se que tanto o comportamento exploratório como a atividade locomotora espontânea foram significativamente diminuídos quando se utilizou levomepromazina e azaperone. O efeito causado pelo azaperone foi menos prolongado quando comparado ao da levomepromazina. O midazolam causou diminuição do comportamento exploratório sem alterar a atividade locomotora espontânea. Quando se avaliou o efeito antinociceptivo por meio da latência para o reflexo da retirada da cauda em ratos após estímulo doloroso, as drogas não apresentaram nenhum efeito antinociceptivo observável. No teste das contorções em camundongos, os fármacos foram capazes de abolir as contorções quando comparados ao efeito do grupo-controle. Levomepromazina, azaperone e midazolam nas doses utilizadas foram capazes de inibir o comportamento exploratório de ratos, comprovando seus efeitos sedativos. Com relação aos efeitos antinociceptivos para dor visceral, eles foram capazes de inibir as contorções.(AU)