Acompanhamento do comportamento do HIV através de exames laboratoriais em portadora do vírus: relato de caso / Monitoring of HIV behavior through laboratory tests in a virus carrier: case report

O vírus da imunodeficiência humana é o agente etiológico da AIDS, doença crônica que destrói o sistema imunológico e é caracterizada pela baixa contagem de células TCD4, alta contagem de partículas virais no sangue e manifestações clínicas da doença. O diagnóstico se dá com o aparecimento de infecções oportunistas, que levam a contagem de TCD4 a níveis menores que 200 céls/mm³. Os exames laboratoriais para o diagnóstico do HIV foram os principais avanços para o início do tratamento, reduzindo a transmissão. Detecção de anticorpos, detecção de antígenos e amplificação do genoma do vírus são alguns dos exames laboratoriais utilizados para diagnóstico. Os dois principais biomarcadores são os exames de contagem de células TCD4, que verifica o sistema imune, e a quantificação de carga viral, que informa a quantidade de partículas virais, mostrando a progressão da infecção. Quanto maior a carga viral, maior o dano ao sistema imune. Uma carga viral indetectável é inferior a 50 cópias/mL, mas valores menores ou iguais a 200 cópias/mL também impedem a transmissão. Uma declaração de consenso afirma que Indetectável é igual a Intransmissível. Portanto, quando indetectável, a transmissão inexiste. O presente estudo relata e discute o caso clínico de uma paciente diagnosticada com HIV/AIDS aos 28 anos, que sobreviveu, apesar do diagnóstico tardio, e sob presença de doença oportunista com um grave grau de diminuição de células TCD4 (22 cél/mm³). Por meio do diagnóstico, introdução e adesão correta da terapia antirretroviral e monitorização de exames laboratoriais, conseguiu evitar a morte e ter uma vida semelhante à de um HIV negativo. Ultrapassou a expectativa de vida que na descoberta era de 10 anos, com uma qualidade de vida considerável, não sendo transmissora do vírus, diminuindo assim o estigma e preconceito. O biomédico é peça fundamental nesse contexto, considerando que deve fornecer informações precisas e fidedignas, tão necessárias ao acompanhamento de pessoas vivendo com HIV, para que autoridades e profissionais de saúde adotem medidas adequadas, tanto na prevenção, quanto no diagnóstico e monitoramento da doença.

The human immunodeficiency virus is the etiological agent of AIDS, a chronic disease that destroys the immune system and is characterized by low TCD4 cell count, high viral particle count in blood and clinical manifestations of the disease. The diagnosis is due to the appearance of opportunistic infections, which lead to TCD4 counts below 200 cells / mm³. Laboratory tests for the diagnosis of HIV were the main advances in starting treatment, reducing transmission. Antibody detection, antigen detection and virus genome amplification are some of the laboratory tests used for diagnosis. The two main biomarkers are the TCD4 cell count tests, which checks the immune system, and viral load quantification, which reports the number of viral particles, showing the progression of infection. The higher the viral load, the greater the damage to the immune system. An undetectable viral load is less than 50 copies / mL, but values less than or equal to 200 copies / mL also prevent transmission. A consensus statement states that Undetectable equals Non-Transmissible. Therefore, when undetectable, transmission does not exist. The present study reports and discusses the clinical case of a patient diagnosed with HIV / AIDS at age 28, who survived despite late diagnosis and under the presence of opportunistic disease with a severe degree of TCD4 cell reduction (22 cells / mm³). Through the diagnosis, introduction and correct adherence of antiretroviral therapy and monitoring of laboratory tests, she was able to avoid death and have a life similar to that of an HIV negative. Exceeded the life expectancy that in the discovery was 10 years, with a considerable quality of life, not transmitting the virus, thus reducing the stigma and prejudice. The biomedical is a key player in this context, considering that he must provide accurate and reliable information, which is so necessary for the monitoring of people living with HIV, so that authorities and health professionals adopt appropriate measures, both in prevention, diagnosis and monitoring of the disease.

Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of children with SARS-CoV-2 infection: a case series in Sinaloa.

Background: The SARS-CoV-2 virus may affect both adults and children. Although COVID-19 has a lower prevalence in infancy and has been described as mild, the clinical characteristics may vary, and there is a possibility of complications. The objectives of this study were to describe the clinical and epidemiological aspects of confirmed COVID-19 pediatric cases in the state of Sinaloa, Mexico, during the first 3 months of the pandemic, and children admitted with COVID-19 to a secondary hospital. Methods: This case series includes all patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by PCR (polymerase chain reaction) test, identified in the state epidemiological surveillance system (SISVER) between March 1 and May 31, 2020. Confirmed patients admitted to the Sinaloa Pediatric Hospital (HPS) in the same period are also described. Results: Fifty-one children with SARS-CoV-2 were included, of which ten were admitted to the HPS. The median age was 10 years. The more frequent symptoms were fever (78%), cough (67%), and headache (57%). Most cases were mild or asymptomatic. Three patients with comorbidities died. Only four of ten patients identified in HPS were admitted with the diagnosis of possible COVID-19. Conclusions: SARS-CoV-2 infection in children was mostly mild or asymptomatic, and the clinical presentation varied. There is a possibility of complications, especially in children with comorbidities.

Introducción: El SARS-CoV-2 puede afectar tanto a adultos como a niños. Aunque la COVID-19 presenta menor prevalencia en la infancia y se ha descrito como leve, las características clínicas pueden ser variables y existe la posibilidad de complicaciones. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron describir las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de los casos pediátricos confirmados en el Estado de Sinaloa, México, durante los primeros 3 meses de la pandemia, y de los niños con COVID-19 internados en un hospital de segundo nivel. Métodos: Esta serie de casos incluyó pacientes con infección por SARS-CoV-2 confirmados por prueba de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR), identificados en el Sistema de Vigilancia Epidemiológica de Enfermedades Respiratorias (SISVER) del 1 de marzo al 31 de mayo de 2020. Se describen también las características de todos los niños confirmados en el Hospital Pediátrico de Sinaloa (HPS) en las mismas fechas. Resultados: Se incluyeron 51 niños con infección por SARS-CoV-2, de los cuales 10 fueron internados en el HPS. La mediana de edad fue de 10 años. Los síntomas más frecuentes fueron fiebre (78%), tos (67%) y cefalea (57%). La mayoría de los casos fueron leves o asintomáticos. Tres pacientes con comorbilidad fallecieron. Solo cuatro de diez pacientes identificados en el HPS ingresaron bajo sospecha de COVID-19. Conclusiones: La infección por SARS-CoV-2 en los niños fue, en su mayoría, asintomática o leve, y la presentación fue variable. Existe la posibilidad de que se produzcan complicaciones, principalmente en niños con comorbilidad.

Diagnostic accuracy of symptoms as a diagnostic tool for SARS-CoV 2 infection: a cross-sectional study in a cohort of 2,173 patients.

BACKGROUND: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic continues to be a priority health problem; According to the World Health Organization data from October 13, 2020, 37,704,153 confirmed COVID-19 cases have been reported, including 1,079,029 deaths, since the outbreak. The identification of potential symptoms has been reported to be a useful tool for clinical decision-making in emergency departments to avoid overload and improve the quality of care. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performances of symptoms as a diagnostic tool for SARS -CoV-2 infection. METHODS: An observational, cross-sectional, prospective and analytical study was carried out, during the period of time from April 14 to July 21, 2020. Data (demographic variables, medical history, respiratory and non-respiratory symptoms) were collected by emergency physicians. The diagnosis of COVID-19 was made using SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR. The diagnostic accuracy of these characteristics for COVID-19 was evaluated by calculating the positive and negative likelihood ratios. A Mantel-Haenszel and multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the association of symptoms with COVID-19. RESULTS: A prevalence of 53.72% of SARS-CoV-2 infection was observed. The symptom with the highest sensitivity was cough 71%, and a specificity of 52.68%. The symptomatological scale, constructed from 6 symptoms, obtained a sensitivity of 83.45% and a specificity of 32.86%, taking ≥2 symptoms as a cut-off point. The symptoms with the greatest association with SARS-CoV-2 were: anosmia odds ratio (OR) 3.2 (95% CI; 2.52-4.17), fever OR 2.98 (95% CI; 2.47-3.58), dyspnea OR 2.9 (95% CI; 2.39-3.51]) and cough OR 2.73 (95% CI: 2.27-3.28). CONCLUSION: The combination of ≥2 symptoms / signs (fever, cough, anosmia, dyspnea and oxygen saturation < 93%, and headache) results in a highly sensitivity model for a quick and accurate diagnosis of COVID-19, and should be used in the absence of ancillary diagnostic studies. Symptomatology, alone and in combination, may be an appropriate strategy to use in the emergency department to guide the behaviors to respond to the disease. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Institutional registration R-2020-3601-145, Federal Commission for the Protection against Sanitary Risks 17 CI-09-015-034, National Bioethics Commission: 09 CEI-023-2017082 .

Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of children with SARS-CoV-2 infection: a case series in Sinaloa / Características clínicas y epidemiológicas de la infección por SARS-CoV-2 en niños: serie de casos en Sinaloa

Abstract Background: The SARS-CoV-2 virus may affect both adults and children. Although COVID-19 has a lower prevalence in infancy and has been described as mild, the clinical characteristics may vary, and there is a possibility of complications. The objectives of this study were to describe the clinical and epidemiological aspects of confirmed COVID-19 pediatric cases in the state of Sinaloa, Mexico, during the first 3 months of the pandemic, and children admitted with COVID-19 to a secondary hospital. Methods: This case series includes all patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by PCR (polymerase chain reaction) test, identified in the state epidemiological surveillance system (SISVER) between March 1 and May 31, 2020. Confirmed patients admitted to the Sinaloa Pediatric Hospital (HPS) in the same period are also described. Results: Fifty-one children with SARS-CoV-2 were included, of which ten were admitted to the HPS. The median age was 10 years. The more frequent symptoms were fever (78%), cough (67%), and headache (57%). Most cases were mild or asymptomatic. Three patients with comorbidities died. Only four of ten patients identified in HPS were admitted with the diagnosis of possible COVID-19. Conclusions: SARS-CoV-2 infection in children was mostly mild or asymptomatic, and the clinical presentation varied. There is a possibility of complications, especially in children with comorbidities.

Resumen Introducción: El SARS-CoV-2 puede afectar tanto a adultos como a niños. Aunque la COVID-19 presenta menor prevalencia en la infancia y se ha descrito como leve, las características clínicas pueden ser variables y existe la posibilidad de complicaciones. Los objetivos de este estudio fueron describir las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de los casos pediátricos confirmados en el Estado de Sinaloa, México, durante los primeros 3 meses de la pandemia, y de los niños con COVID-19 internados en un hospital de segundo nivel. Métodos: Esta serie de casos incluyó pacientes con infección por SARS-CoV-2 confirmados por prueba de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR), identificados en el Sistema de Vigilancia Epidemiológica de Enfermedades Respiratorias (SISVER) del 1 de marzo al 31 de mayo de 2020. Se describen también las características de todos los niños confirmados en el Hospital Pediátrico de Sinaloa (HPS) en las mismas fechas. Resultados: Se incluyeron 51 niños con infección por SARS-CoV-2, de los cuales 10 fueron internados en el HPS. La mediana de edad fue de 10 años. Los síntomas más frecuentes fueron fiebre (78%), tos (67%) y cefalea (57%). La mayoría de los casos fueron leves o asintomáticos. Tres pacientes con comorbilidad fallecieron. Solo cuatro de diez pacientes identificados en el HPS ingresaron bajo sospecha de COVID-19. Conclusiones: La infección por SARS-CoV-2 en los niños fue, en su mayoría, asintomática o leve, y la presentación fue variable. Existe la posibilidad de que se produzcan complicaciones, principalmente en niños con comorbilidad.

Headache associated with COVID-19: Frequency, characteristics and association with anosmia and ageusia.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the frequency and characteristics of headache in patients with COVID-19 and whether there is an association between headache and anosmia and ageusia. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study. Consecutive patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19, confirmed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique, were assessed by neurologists. RESULTS: Seventy-three patients were included in the study, 63% were male; the median age was 58 years (IQR: 47-66). Forty-seven patients (64.4%) reported headaches, which had most frequently begun on the first day of symptoms, were bilateral (94%), presenting severe intensity (53%) and a migraine phenotype (51%). Twelve patients (16.4%) presented with headache triggered by coughing. Eleven (15%) patients reported a continuous headache. Twenty-eight patients (38.4%) presented with anosmia and 29 (39.7%) with ageusia. Patients who reported hyposmia/anosmia and/or hypogeusia/ageusia experienced headache more frequently than those without these symptoms (OR: 5.39; 95% CI:1.66-17.45; logistic regression). Patients with anosmia and ageusia presented headache associated with phonophobia more often compared to those with headache without these complaints (Chi-square test; p < 0.05). Headache associated with COVID-19 presented a migraine phenotype more frequently in those experiencing previous migraine (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Headaches associated with COVID-19 are frequent, are generally severe, diffuse, present a migraine phenotype and are associated with anosmia and ageusia.

Neurological manifestations in coronavirus disease 2019.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is currently hitting the world in the form of a pandemic. Given that some reports suggest that this infection can also occur with neurologic manifestations, this narrative review addresses the basic and clinical aspects concerning the nervous system involvement associated with this disease. More than one third of patients hospitalized for COVID-19 can present with both central and peripheral neurological manifestations. The former include dizziness and headache, while the latter include taste and smell disturbances. Other reported neurological manifestations are cerebrovascular disease and epileptic seizures. According to published reports, neurological disorders are not uncommon in COVID-19 and can sometimes represent the first manifestation of the disease; therefore, neurologists should consider this diagnostic possibility in their daily practice. Since maybe not all COVID-19 neurological manifestations are due to SARS-CoV-2 direct effects, it is important to monitor the rest of the clinical parameters such as, for example, oxygen saturation. Similarly, follow-up of patients is advisable, since whether neurological complications may develop lately is thus far unknown.

La enfermedad del coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), infección causada por el coronavirus 2 del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave (SARS-CoV-2), actualmente afecta al mundo en forma de una pandemia. Debido a que algunos reportes apuntan a que esta infección puede cursar también con manifestaciones neurológicas, en esta revisión narrativa se abordan los aspectos básicos y clínicos concernientes a la afectación del sistema nervioso por esta enfermedad. Más de un tercio de los pacientes hospitalizados por COVID-19 pueden presentar manifestaciones neurológicas, tanto centrales como periféricas. Entre las primeras se encuentran el mareo y la cefalea; y entre las segundas, las alteraciones del gusto y el olfato. Otras manifestaciones neurológicas reportadas son la enfermedad vascular cerebral y las crisis epilépticas. Según los informes publicados, los padecimientos neurológicos no son infrecuentes en COVID-19 y en ocasiones pueden representar la primera manifestación de la enfermedad, de modo que los neurólogos deberán considerar esta posibilidad diagnóstica en su práctica cotidiana. Dado que no todas las manifestaciones neurológicas de COVID-19 pudieran deberse a efectos directos de SARS-CoV-2, es importante monitorear el resto de los parámetros clínicos, por ejemplo, la oxigenación. De igual forma, es recomendable el seguimiento de los pacientes, ya que hasta el momento se ignora si las complicaciones neurológicas pueden desarrollarse tardíamente.

Compromiso neurológico en infección por COVID-19 en pacientes pediátricos / Neurologic compromise in pediatric COVID-19 infection

Resumen: La enfermedad por coronavirus ha extendido su compromiso más allá del sistema respiratorio con reportes crecientes de compromiso en diferentes sistemas, uno de ellos, el Sistema Nervioso. El potencial neuroinvasivo de este agente patógeno se explicaría por su neurotropismo dada la presencia de receptores de ACE2 a nivel de encéfalo y médula espinal, además del importante com promiso inflamatorio sistémico. El compromiso neurológico debido a la infección se ha dividido en Sistema Nervioso Central, destacando síntomas inespecíficos y leves como mareos y cefalea, así como cuadros graves con encefalitis y patología cerebrovascular, y Sistema Nervioso Periférico en donde la mayor relevancia guarda relación con la anosmia, ageusia y miositis. A nivel pediátrico el compromiso parece ser menor que en adultos, pero existe un reporte creciente en la literatura respecto a estos hallazgos. Es de gran importancia de contar con un adecuado registro y anamnesis que permita identificar precozmente el compromiso neurológico.

Abstract: Coronavirus disease has extended its involvement beyond the respiratory system, with increasing reports of involving different systems, such as Nervous System. The neuroinvasive potential of this pathogen would be explained by its neurotropism given the presence of ACE2 receptors in the brain and spinal cord, in addition to the important systemic inflammatory involvement. The neu rological involvement due to infection is divided between the central nervous system, highlighting non-specific and mild symptoms such as dizziness and headache, as well as severe symptoms with encephalitis and cerebrovascular pathology, and the peripheral nervous system, which mainly pre sents anosmia, ageusia, and myositis. Clinical symptomatology in pediatric patients seems to be less than in adults, but there is a growing report in the literature regarding these findings. There fore, it is very important to have an adequate registry and anamnesis that allow early identification of neurological involvement.

Neurological manifestations in coronavirus disease 2019 / Manifestaciones neurológicas en la enfermedad del coronavirus 2019

Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is currently hitting the world in the form of a pandemic. Given that some reports suggest that this infection can also occur with neurologic manifestations, this narrative review addresses the basic and clinical aspects concerning the nervous system involvement associated with this disease. More than one third of patients hospitalized for COVID-19 can present with both central and peripheral neurological manifestations. The former includes dizziness and headache, while the latter includes taste and smell disturbances. Other reported neurological manifestations are cerebrovascular disease and epileptic seizures. According to published reports, neurological disorders are not uncommon in COVID-19 and can sometimes represent the first manifestation of the disease; therefore, neurologists should consider this diagnostic possibility in their daily practice. Since maybe not all COVID-19 neurological manifestations are due to SARS-CoV-2 direct effects, it is important to monitor the rest of the clinical parameters such as, for example, oxygen saturation. Similarly, follow-up of patients is advisable, since whether neurological complications may develop lately is thus far unknown.

Resumen La enfermedad del coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), infección causada por el coronavirus 2 del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave (SARS-CoV-2), actualmente afecta al mundo en forma de una pandemia. Debido a que algunos reportes apuntan a que esta infección puede cursar también con manifestaciones neurológicas, en esta revisión narrativa se abordan los aspectos básicos y clínicos concernientes a la afectación del sistema nervioso por esta enfermedad. Más de un tercio de los pacientes hospitalizados por COVID-19 pueden presentar manifestaciones neurológicas, tanto centrales como periféricas. Entre las primeras se encuentran el mareo y la cefalea; y entre las segundas, las alteraciones del gusto y el olfato. Otras manifestaciones neurológicas reportadas son la enfermedad vascular cerebral y las crisis epilépticas. Según los informes publicados, los padecimientos neurológicos no son infrecuentes en COVID-19 y en ocasiones pueden representar la primera manifestación de la enfermedad, de modo que los neurólogos deberán considerar esta posibilidad diagnóstica en su práctica cotidiana. Dado que no todas las manifestaciones neurológicas de COVID-19 pudieran deberse a efectos directos de SARS-CoV-2, es importante monitorear el resto de los parámetros clínicos, por ejemplo, la oxigenación. De igual forma, es recomendable el seguimiento de los pacientes, ya que hasta el momento se ignora si las complicaciones neurológicas pueden desarrollarse tardíamente.

Características clínicas y epidemiológicas del COVID-19 en la Unidad de Emergencia del Hospital Barros Luco: los primeros 164 pacientes

Background: The clinical manifestations, mortality rates, laboratory and imaging findings of SARS-CoV-2 infection are not yet fully elucidated. Aim: To describe the clinical manifestations, imaging and laboratory findings of 164 SARS-CoV-2 (+) patients consulting at an emergency room of a public general hospital in Santiago, Chile. Material and Methods: Review of medical records, imaging and laboratory results of 164 patients aged between 16 and 92 years (57.9% males) consulting at the emergency room between March 12 and April 27, 2020. Results: The most common presenting symptom was dry cough in 47% of patients, followed by headache in 42% and myalgias in 42%. Forty five percent referred contact with an infected patient or having travelled out of town. Thirty-three (20%) required hospital admission and 5% required admission to an intensive care unit. Conclusions: These patients were predominantly young, and their most common symptoms were dry cough, headache and myalgias.

Ageusia and anosmia, a common sign of COVID-19? A case series from four countries.

Over the course of the pandemic due to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), multiple new clinical manifestations, as the consequence of the tropism of the virus, have been recognized. That includes now the neurological manifestations and conditions, such as headache, encephalitis, as well as olfactory and taste disorders. We present a series of ten cases of RT-PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2-infected patients diagnosed with viral-associated olfactory and taste loss from four different countries.

[Neurologic compromise in pediatric COVID-19 infection]. / Compromiso neurológico en infección por COVID-19 en pacientes pediátricos.

Coronavirus disease has extended its involvement beyond the respiratory system, with increasing reports of involving different systems, such as Nervous System. The neuroinvasive potential of this pathogen would be explained by its neurotropism given the presence of ACE2 receptors in the brain and spinal cord, in addition to the important systemic inflammatory involvement. The neu rological involvement due to infection is divided between the central nervous system, highlighting non-specific and mild symptoms such as dizziness and headache, as well as severe symptoms with encephalitis and cerebrovascular pathology, and the peripheral nervous system, which mainly pre sents anosmia, ageusia, and myositis. Clinical symptomatology in pediatric patients seems to be less than in adults, but there is a growing report in the literature regarding these findings. There fore, it is very important to have an adequate registry and anamnesis that allow early identification of neurological involvement.

[Features of 164 SARS-CoV-2 (+) patients consulting at an emergency room]. / Características clínicas y epidemiológicas del COVID-19 en la Unidad de Emergencia del Hospital Barros Luco: los primeros 164 pacientes.

BACKGROUND: The clinical manifestations, mortality rates, laboratory and imaging findings of SARS-CoV-2 infection are not yet fully elucidated. AIM: To describe the clinical manifestations, imaging and laboratory findings of 164 SARS-CoV-2 (+) patients consulting at an emergency room of a public general hospital in Santiago, Chile. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Review of medical records, imaging and laboratory results of 164 patients aged between 16 and 92 years (57.9% males) consulting at the emergency room between March 12 and April 27, 2020. RESULTS: The most common presenting symptom was dry cough in 47% of patients, followed by headache in 42% and myalgias in 42%. Forty five percent referred contact with an infected patient or having travelled out of town. Thirty-three (20%) required hospital admission and 5% required admission to an intensive care unit. CONCLUSIONS: These patients were predominantly young, and their most common symptoms were dry cough, headache and myalgias.

Herpes simplex virus type 2 meningitis as a manifestation of Good's syndrome.

Good's syndrome is a primary immunodeficiency phenocopy characterized for thymoma and immunodeficiency. The most frequent clinical presentation is recurrent or opportunistic infections, hematological alterations, and chronic diarrhea. We treated a 66-year-old man who consulted for 5 days of headache and diplopia with right sixth cranial nerve palsy at examination. Patient reported chronic diarrhea and prolonged febrile syndrome accompanied by weight loss of 23 kg in the last year. Exhaustive evaluation revealed Herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 2 meningitis, eosinophilic colitis, and type A thymoma. Severe antibody deficiency (hypogammaglobulinemia) associated with thymoma confirmed the diagnosis of Good's syndrome.

Zika Virus-Associated Cerebellitis with Complete Clinical Recovery.

Zika virus (ZIKV) was first detected in the Americas in Brazil in 2015, with a rapid spread to surrounding countries. In Panama, the outbreak began in November 2015 in an indigenous community located on the Caribbean side of the country. Zika virus is typically associated with a diffuse rash, fever, and conjunctivitis. It can rarely cause neurologic manifestations, most commonly microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Encephalitis and acute encephalomyelitis are known complications, but ZIKV-associated cerebellitis has yet to be reported in the literature. Herein, we report a case of cerebellitis in a patient infected with ZIKV. This patient developed severe frontal headache and vertigo on the third day of illness, and dysarthria and ataxia on the fifth day. After 1 week of hospitalization, the patient completely recovered. The laboratory serological diagnosis was complicated because of the detection of antibodies against dengue, suggesting a secondary flavivirus infection.

Occurrence and correlates of symptom persistence following acute dengue fever in Peru.

Dengue virus (DENV) infection causes an acute febrile illness generally considered to result in either complete recovery or death. Some reviews describe persistent symptoms after the febrile phase, although empirical data supporting this phenomenon is scarce. We evaluated symptom persistence in acute febrile DENV-infected and DENV-negative (controls) individuals from Peru. Self-reported solicited symptoms were evaluated at an acute and a follow-up visit, occurring 10-60 days after symptom onset. Rate of persistence of at least one symptom was 7.7% and 10.5% for DENV infected and control subjects, respectively (P < 0.01). The DENV-infected individuals had lower rates of persistent respiratory symptoms, gastrointestinal symptoms, headache, and fatigue, but higher rates of persistent rash compared with controls. Older age and female gender were positively associated with symptom persistence. As dengue cases continue to increase annually, even a relatively low frequency of persistent symptoms may represent a considerable worldwide morbidity burden.

Clinical and epidemiological features of 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza differ slightly according to seroprevalence status during the second wave in the general population in México.

BACKGROUND: Clinical features of pandemic H1N1 have been derived from lab-confirmed, hospitalized, or critically ill subjects. This report describes the clinical features of H1N1 and their prevalence from non-confirmed subjects according to seroprevalence status in México. The objective was to determine the prevalence of these clinical features from non-confirmed cases of pandemic H1N1 and to compare them according to seroprevalence status in northern Monterrey, México, during 2009, and to identify the predictive signs and symptoms; there have been no prior serologic studies in México. METHODS: During November-December 2009, 2,222 volunteers, ages 6-99 years, were categorized into 3 symptomatic groups: influenza-like illness, respiratory illness, and non-respiratory illness. Antibodies against influenza A/H1N1/2009 were determined by a virus-free enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Demographics and clinical presentation were assessed through face-to-face questionnaire, and the association with seroprevalence status was determined and compared. RESULTS: Overall seroprevalence was 39%. Of the seropositive subjects, 67% were symptomatic and 33% were asymptomatic. Seventy-one percent of seropositive symptomatic subjects reported respiratory illness, 17% reported non-respiratory symptoms, and 12% reported influenza-like illness. The most common symptoms were rhinorrhea/nasal congestion (93%) and headache (83%). No significant difference was found between the symptom profiles of the seropositive group, compared to the seronegative one, nor of the median duration of symptoms. The seropositive group had a significantly elevated proportion of influenza-like illness (12%), compared to the seronegative group (8%). The proportion of subjects who took days off and who sought medical attention was significantly higher in the seropositive group. No single symptom was associated as a predictor of seropositiveness. CONCLUSIONS: One third of the seropositive subjects were asymptomatic, and few had an influenza-like illness. No difference was found in the symptom profiles of the seropositive and seronegative groups. No single symptom predicted seropositiveness. Large scale population studies are needed, especially in México, to characterize clinical syndromes.