Infant Colic Represents Gut Inflammation and Dysbiosis.

OBJECTIVE: To dissect potential confounding effects of breast milk and formula feeding on crying + fussing, fecal calprotectin, and gut microbiota in babies with colic. We hypothesized that infant colic is associated with gut inflammation linked to intestinal dysbiosis. STUDY DESIGN: A nested case-control design of 3 of our studies was used to analyze clinical and laboratory data at presentation, comparing babies with colic with controls. All investigators other than the biostatistician were blinded during data analysis. Subjects were recruited based on their age and crying + fussy time. We screened 65 infants, 37 with colic, as defined by Barr diary (crying + fussing time >3 hours daily), who were compared with 28 noncolicky infants. RESULTS: Fecal calprotectin was elevated in babies with colic. For each mode of infant feeding (breast milk, formula, or breast + formula), infants' fecal calprotectin was higher in babies with colic. Infants with colic had similar levels of fecal alpha diversity (richness) when compared with controls, and alpha diversity was lower in breast-fed babies. Beta diversity at the phylum level revealed significant differences in microbial population. A phylum difference resulted from reduced Actinobacteria (95% of which are Bifidobacilli) in babies with colic. Species significantly associated with colic were Acinetobacter and Lactobacillus iners. CONCLUSIONS: Colic is linked with gut inflammation (as determined by fecal calprotectin) and dysbiosis, independent of mode of feeding, with fewer Bifidobacilli. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01279265 and NCT01849991.

Estudo retrospectivo de 50 casos de cólica em queinos atendidos no hospital veterinário da FCAV - UNESP, no período de Setembro de 2004 a Julho de 2005 / Retrospective study of 50 equine colic cases presented to the veterinary hospital of FCAV - UNESP between 2004 and 2005

Revisaram-se os dados de cinquenta equinos com cólica submetidos à laparotomia exploratória, atendidos no Hospital Veterinário da FCAV/Unesp, campus de Jaboticabal, entre setembro de 2004 e julho de 2005. Animais das raças Brasileira de Hipismo (28%), Paint Horse (16%) e Quarto de Milha (12%) foram os mais acometidos. Fêmeas mostraram-se mais propensas à cólica (46%) que machos não castrados (28%) e castrados (26%). Animais com média de idade entre 2 e 10 anos foram prevalentes (64%). Em geral, as três causas mais comuns de cólica foram deslocamento (22%), compactação do cólon maior (16%) e hérnia inguinoescrotal (12%). Dos cinquenta animais com cólica submetidos à laparotomia, 27 (54%) sobreviveram e 23 (46%) foram a óbito ou sacrificados. Dentre os 27 sobreviventes, 21 (78%) apresentavam lesões no intestino grosso (IG) e 6 (22%) no intestino delgado (ID). Entretanto, dos 23 animais que foram a óbito ou sacrificados, 15 (65,21%) apresentavam lesões no ID e 8 (34,78%) no IG. O tempo médio de evolução do distúrbio até que os animais recebessem atendimento especializado foi de 20,13 horas para os animais com lesões no IG e de 13,29 horas para os equinos com lesões no ID. A demora no atendimento reduz as chances de recuperação dos animais e contribui para o expressivo número de procedimentos cirúrgicos realizados.(AU)

The medical records of 50 equine gastrointestinal colic cases submitted to laparatomy presented to the Veterinary Hospital of FCAV-UNESP between 2004 and 2005 were reviewed. The breeds with higher predisposition to colic were Brasileira de Hipismo (28%), Paint Horse (16%) and Quarter Horse (12%). Females (46%) were more prone to colic than stallions (28%) and geldings (26%). Overall, the 3 most common causes of colic were large colon displacement (22%), large colon impaction (16%), and inguinal hernia. Animals with average age between two and ten years were the most affected (64%). From the 50 animals with colic submitted to laparatomy, 27 (54%) survived and 23 (46%) were sacrificed or died. Among the 27 survivors, 21 (78%) had lesions on the large intestine (LI) and six (22%) on the small intestine (SI). However, from the 23 animals that died or were euthanized, 15 (65.21%) showed damage on SI and eight (34.78%) on LI. The mean time between the first symptoms and the carrying out of specialized treatment was 20.13 hours to the animals with damage on LI and 13.29 hours to the equines with damage on SI. In conclusion, the delay on the admission reduces the animals chances of recovery and contributes to the expressive number of surgical procedures performed.(AU)

Estudo retrospectivo de 50 casos de cólica em queinos atendidos no hospital veterinário da FCAV - UNESP, no período de Setembro de 2004 a Julho de 2005 / Retrospective study of 50 equine colic cases presented to the veterinary hospital of FCAV - UNESP between 2004 and 2005

Revisaram-se os dados de cinquenta equinos com cólica submetidos à laparotomia exploratória, atendidos no Hospital Veterinário da FCAV/Unesp, campus de Jaboticabal, entre setembro de 2004 e julho de 2005. Animais das raças Brasileira de Hipismo (28%), Paint Horse (16%) e Quarto de Milha (12%) foram os mais acometidos. Fêmeas mostraram-se mais propensas à cólica (46%) que machos não castrados (28%) e castrados (26%). Animais com média de idade entre 2 e 10 anos foram prevalentes (64%). Em geral, as três causas mais comuns de cólica foram deslocamento (22%), compactação do cólon maior (16%) e hérnia inguinoescrotal (12%). Dos cinquenta animais com cólica submetidos à laparotomia, 27 (54%) sobreviveram e 23 (46%) foram a óbito ou sacrificados. Dentre os 27 sobreviventes, 21 (78%) apresentavam lesões no intestino grosso (IG) e 6 (22%) no intestino delgado (ID). Entretanto, dos 23 animais que foram a óbito ou sacrificados, 15 (65,21%) apresentavam lesões no ID e 8 (34,78%) no IG. O tempo médio de evolução do distúrbio até que os animais recebessem atendimento especializado foi de 20,13 horas para os animais com lesões no IG e de 13,29 horas para os equinos com lesões no ID. A demora no atendimento reduz as chances de recuperação dos animais e contribui para o expressivo número de procedimentos cirúrgicos realizados.

The medical records of 50 equine gastrointestinal colic cases submitted to laparatomy presented to the Veterinary Hospital of FCAV-UNESP between 2004 and 2005 were reviewed. The breeds with higher predisposition to colic were Brasileira de Hipismo (28%), Paint Horse (16%) and Quarter Horse (12%). Females (46%) were more prone to colic than stallions (28%) and geldings (26%). Overall, the 3 most common causes of colic were large colon displacement (22%), large colon impaction (16%), and inguinal hernia. Animals with average age between two and ten years were the most affected (64%). From the 50 animals with colic submitted to laparatomy, 27 (54%) survived and 23 (46%) were sacrificed or died. Among the 27 survivors, 21 (78%) had lesions on the large intestine (LI) and six (22%) on the small intestine (SI). However, from the 23 animals that died or were euthanized, 15 (65.21%) showed damage on SI and eight (34.78%) on LI. The mean time between the first symptoms and the carrying out of specialized treatment was 20.13 hours to the animals with damage on LI and 13.29 hours to the equines with damage on SI. In conclusion, the delay on the admission reduces the animals’ chances of recovery and contributes to the expressive number of surgical procedures performed.

Alterações morfológicas de tecido laminar do casco e parâmetros clínicos e laboratoriais de equinos com síndrome cólica letal / Morphologic alterations of the hoof lamellar tissue, and clinic and laboratorial analyses of horses with lethal colic syndrome

As afecções gastrintestinais dos cavalos são agravadas por complicações como a laminite, cuja etiopatogenia está relacionada à degradação da membrana basal do tecido laminar por metaloproteinases (MMPs). A ativação das MMPs pode ocorrer devido à liberação local de citocinas inflamatórias ou enzimas provenientes de leucócitos infiltrados no tecido laminar. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as alterações morfológicas do tecido laminar de equinos com síndrome cólica letal e sua provável associação com parâmetros clínicos e laboratoriais. Observou-se intensa destruição da arquitetura laminar, principalmente nos animais com alterações físicas e laboratoriais mais acentuadas, como tempo de preenchimento capilar prolongado (TPC), membranas mucosas congestas, taquicardia, hemoconcentração e redução nas contagens de plaquetas e leucócitos. Os resultados sinalizam o provável momento do desenvolvimento de lesões do tecido laminar em equinos com síndrome cólica, no qual é possível adotar medidas preventivas contra a laminite.

The gastrointestinal diseases of horses are aggravated by complications such as laminitis. The laminitis etiopathogeny are connected with lamellar basement membrane degradation by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Inflammatory cytokines and leukocytes enzymes can active MMPs. The object of this study was to evaluate morphological changes on lamellar tissue of horses with colic syndrome and its association with clinical and laboratorial parameters. It was observed intensive destruction of lamellar architecture, mainly on animals with severe physical and laboratorial alterations, such as delayed capillary refill time, congested mucous membrane, tachycardia, hemoconcentration and low count of platelet and leukocytes. The results sign to the most likely moment of development of lamellar tissue injuries in horses with colic syndrome, which can be adopted preventive measures against laminitis.

Alterações morfológicas de tecido laminar do casco e parâmetros clínicos e laboratoriais de equinos com síndrome cólica letal / Morphologic alterations of the hoof lamellar tissue, and clinic and laboratorial analyses of horses with lethal colic syndrome

As afecções gastrintestinais dos cavalos são agravadas por complicações como a laminite, cuja etiopatogenia está relacionada à degradação da membrana basal do tecido laminar por metaloproteinases (MMPs). A ativação das MMPs pode ocorrer devido à liberação local de citocinas inflamatórias ou enzimas provenientes de leucócitos infiltrados no tecido laminar. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as alterações morfológicas do tecido laminar de equinos com síndrome cólica letal e sua provável associação com parâmetros clínicos e laboratoriais. Observou-se intensa destruição da arquitetura laminar, principalmente nos animais com alterações físicas e laboratoriais mais acentuadas, como tempo de preenchimento capilar prolongado (TPC), membranas mucosas congestas, taquicardia, hemoconcentração e redução nas contagens de plaquetas e leucócitos. Os resultados sinalizam o provável momento do desenvolvimento de lesões do tecido laminar em equinos com síndrome cólica, no qual é possível adotar medidas preventivas contra a laminite.(AU)

The gastrointestinal diseases of horses are aggravated by complications such as laminitis. The laminitis etiopathogeny are connected with lamellar basement membrane degradation by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Inflammatory cytokines and leukocytes enzymes can active MMPs. The object of this study was to evaluate morphological changes on lamellar tissue of horses with colic syndrome and its association with clinical and laboratorial parameters. It was observed intensive destruction of lamellar architecture, mainly on animals with severe physical and laboratorial alterations, such as delayed capillary refill time, congested mucous membrane, tachycardia, hemoconcentration and low count of platelet and leukocytes. The results sign to the most likely moment of development of lamellar tissue injuries in horses with colic syndrome, which can be adopted preventive measures against laminitis.(AU)

Infants with colic have a normal sleep structure at 2 and 7 months of age.

OBJECTIVE: To compare nighttime sleep structure between infants with colic and a control group. STUDY DESIGN: Sleep and cry times of 15 infants with colic and 16 infants in a control group were recorded with the use of a daily diary at the ages of 5 weeks and 6 months. The diary was kept at home for a 1-week period. Overnight polygraphic sleep recordings in a sleep laboratory were performed when the infants were 2 months of age and were repeated for 11 infants with colic and 14 infants in a control group at 7 months of age. RESULTS: Daily sleep time was shorter in infants with colic compared with the control group at 5 weeks of age (P =.001). Polygraphic data showed a similar sleep structure between the study groups at 2 and 7 months of age. Infants with colic had somewhat more obstructive apneas during rapid eye movement sleep at the age of 2 months (P =.04), and they had fewer awakenings at the age of 7 months than the control group (P =.003). CONCLUSION: Infants with colic had normal sleep polygraphic finding at 2 and 7 months of age including sleep structure, movements, and breathing. Despite the shorter reported daily sleep times, the polygraphic data did not suggest infantile colic to be associated with a sleep disorder.