Intergenerational transmission between quilombola mothers and daughters: reproductive autonomy and intervening factors / Transmisión intergeracional entre madres e hijas quilombolas: autonomía reproductiva y factores intervinientes / Transmissão intergeracional entre mães e filhas quilombolas: autonomia reprodutiva e fatores intervenientes

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze reproductive autonomy in quilombola women and the intervening factors of intergenerational transmission between mothers and daughters. Method: a cross-sectional and analytical study developed with 160 women, mothers and daughters from quilombola communities in the municipality of Vitória da Conquista, Bahia. The National Health Survey questionnaire was used to verify sociodemographic characteristics and intervening factors; and the Reproductive Autonomy Scale was also employed. The Chi-square, Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon tests were applied. The data were analyzed by means of simple and multiple linear regression. Results: the group of mothers presented higher frequency of women that are married or live with a partner (66.2%), who worked (51.2%) and who had higher incomes (358.00 ± 663.00). The daughters presented more years of study (10.50 ± 5.00). Reproductive autonomy and intergenerational transmission between mothers and daughters mainly occur in the Absence of coercion (ICC=0.70; p=0368) and Communication (ICC=0.69; p=0694) domains. The mother's age (ß-adjusted=-0.027; p=0.039) and the daughter's skin color/race (ß-adjusted=0.423; p=0.049) were intervening factors in intergenerational transmission related to Decision-making, associated with the mother's age and with the daughter's self-recognition as black-skinned. Conclusion: the daughters do not follow the same choice as their mothers, which can be understood due to greater accessibility to reproductive planning services and increased schooling levels. Intergenerational transmission among quilombolas presents important specificities for reproductive decisions and enables a better understanding of the information and qualification of the health professionals' assistance in the care provided to these women.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar la autonomía reproductiva en mujeres quilombolas y los factores intergeneracionales de transmisión entre madres e hijas. Método: estudio transversal y analítico desarrollado con 160 mujeres, madres e hijas de comunidades quilombolas de la ciudad de Vitória da Conquista, Bahía. Se utilizó el cuestionario de la Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde para verificar las características sociodemográficas y los factores intervinientes; y la Escala de Autonomía Reproductiva. Se aplicaron las pruebas de Chi-cuadrado, Mann-Whitney y Wilcoxon. Los datos se analizaron mediante regresión lineal simple y múltiple. Resultados: el grupo de madres presentó mayor frecuencia de mujeres casadas o con pareja (66,2%), que trabajaban (51,2%) y tenían mayores ingresos (358,00 ± 663,00). Las hijas presentaron más años de escolaridad (10,50 ± 5,00). La autonomía reproductiva y la transmisión intergeneracional entre madres e hijas ocurren especialmente en los dominios Ausencia de Coerción (CCI=0,70; p=0368) y Comunicación (CCI=0,69; p=0694). La edad de la madre (ß-ajustada=-0.027; p=0.039) y la etnia / raza de la hija (ß-ajustada=0.423; p=0.049) fueron factores que intervinieron en la transmisión intergeneracional relacionada con la Toma de Decisiones, asociada a una menor edad de la madre y al autorreconocimiento de la hija como negra. Conclusión: las hijas no siguen la misma opción que sus madres, lo que puede explicarse debido a la mayor accesibilidad a los servicios de planificación reproductiva y mayores niveles de educación. La transmisión intergeneracional entre quilombolas presenta importantes especificidades para las decisiones reproductivas y permite una mejor comprensión de la información y la calificación de la asistencia de los profesionales de la salud en el cuidado de estas mujeres.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a autonomia reprodutiva em mulheres quilombolas e os fatores intervenientes da transmissão intergeracional entre mães e filhas. Método: estudo transversal e analítico desenvolvido com 160 mulheres, mães e filhas de comunidades quilombolas do município de Vitória da Conquista, Bahia. Utilizou-se o questionário da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde para verificar características sociodemográficas e fatores intervenientes; e a Escala de Autonomia Reprodutiva. Foram aplicados testes qui-quadrado, Mann-Whitney e Wilcoxon. Os dados foram analisados através de regressão linear simples e múltipla. Resultados: o grupo das mães apresentou maior frequência de mulheres casadas ou com companheiro (66,2%), que trabalhavam (51,2%) e maior renda (358,00 ± 663,00). As filhas apresentaram mais anos de estudo (10,50 ± 5,00). A autonomia reprodutiva e a transmissão intergeracional entre mães e filhas ocorrem, sobretudo, nos domínios Ausência de Coerção (CCI=0,70; p=0368) e Comunicação (CCI=0,69; p=0694). A idade da mãe (ß-ajustado=-0,027; p=0,039) e cor/raça da filha (ß-ajustado=0,423; p=0,049) foram fatores intervenientes na transmissão intergeracional relacionada a Tomada de Decisão, associados a menor idade da mãe e ao autorreconhecimento da filha como negra. Conclusão: as filhas não acompanham a mesma escolha das mães, o que pode ser entendido por uma maior acessibilidade aos serviços de planejamento reprodutivo e aumento nos níveis de escolaridade. A transmissão intergeracional entre quilombolas apresenta especificidades importantes para decisões reprodutivas e possibilita melhor entendimento das informações e qualificação da assistência dos profissionais de saúde no cuidado com essas mulheres.

Migración internacional y fecundidad: el caso de la migración boliviana, paraguaya y peruana en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires en el período reciente / International migration and fertility: the case of the bolivian, paraguayan and peruvian migration in the City of Buenos Aires in the recent period

Este trabajo analiza la fecundidad de mujeres migrantes nacidas en Bolivia, Paraguay y Perú, residentes en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires durante la primera década del siglo XXI. A través de un análisis de período (2001 y 2010) y de cohorte de mujeres que han concluido su ciclo reproductivo (1951-1955 y 1961-1965), se examinan indicadores de nivel, estructura por edad e intensidad de este componente. Se establece una comparación con la fecundidad de la población nativa argentina y de los respectivos países de origen de las migrantes, tomando como referencia conceptual cuatro modelos que intentan explicar la interacción entre la migración internacional y la fecundidad. En congruencia con los antecedentes en la materia, los resultados muestran que la fecundidad de las migrantes es mayor que la de las mujeres autóctonas y posee una estructura precoz en relación con estas. Asimismo,la fecundidad de los distintos colectivos analizados es menor y posee una estructura por edad más envejecida en comparación con la población femenina de origen. (AU)

Improving adolescent sexual and reproductive health in Latin America: reflections from an International Congress.

In February 2014, an international congress on Promoting Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health (ASRH) took place in Cuenca, Ecuador. Its objective was to share evidence on effective ASRH intervention projects and programs in Latin America, and to link this evidence to ASRH policy and program development. Over 800 people participated in the three-day event and sixty-six presentations were presented.This paper summarizes the key points of the Congress and of the Community Embedded Reproductive Health Care for Adolescents (CERCA) project. It aims at guiding future ASRH research and policy in Latin America. 1. Context matters. Individual behaviors are strongly influenced by the social context in which they occur, through determinants at the individual, relational, family, community and societal levels. Gender norms/attitudes and ease of communication are two key determinants. 2. Innovative action. There is limited and patchy evidence of effective approaches to reach adolescents with the health interventions they need at scale. Yet, there exist several promising and innovative examples of providing comprehensive sexuality education through conventional approaches and using new media, improving access to health services, and reaching adolescents as well as families and community members using community-based interventions were presented at the Congress. 3. Better measurement. Evaluation designs and indicators chosen to measure the effect and impact of interventions are not always sensitive to subtle and incremental changes. This can create a gap between measured effectiveness and the impact perceived by the targeted populations. Thus, one conclusion is that we need more evidence to better determine the factors impeding progress in ASRH in Latin American, to innovate and respond flexibly to changing social dynamics and cultural practices, and to better measure the impact of existing intervention strategies. Yet, this Congress offered a starting point from which to build a multi-agency and multi-country effort to generate specific evidence on ASRH with the aim of guiding policy and program decision-making. In a region that contains substantial barriers of access to ASRH education and services, and some of the highest adolescent pregnancy rates in the world, the participants agreed that there is no time to lose.

Reproductive pattern of Cuban women living in the municipality of Plaza de la Revolución, Havana, Cuba.

This paper assesses the reproductive and abortion patterns of women living in Plaza de la Revolución, a municipality of Havana, Cuba, by studying the factors influencing birth and abortion rates. Socio-demographic data and female reproductive histories were collected in a survey of 1200 post-menopausal women living in the municipality. Average ages at menarche and at menopause were 12.71 and 48.39 years, respectively, thus yielding a potential long reproductive period of 35.68 years, indicating high fertility. Although the mean pregnancy rate was 3.81 pregnancies per woman, the live birth rate at time of delivery was only 1.89 due to the high rate of abortions: 40% of all pregnancies were voluntarily interrupted. Among the biological and socio-cultural variables that were found to influence the rate of live births were those related marriage pattern, especially age at first union. Demographic variables such as pregnancy order, maternal age and marital status were the main determinants of the abortion pattern, with abortion being used as a method of birth control in order to obtain the desired family size, and most women (75.2%) using contraceptives.

Elementos teóricos para el análisis del embarazo adolescente / A theoretical approach to teenage pregnancy / Elementos teóricos para a análise da gravidez adolescente

A partir de una amplia revisión de literatura, se analizan los principales supuestos teóricos utilizados en la investigación del embarazo adolescente y que lo hacen ver como un problema, de salud, socioeconómico y demográfico. En este artículo, dichos supuestos se contrastan y complementan con otras perspectivas y resultados de investigación, tanto de México como de América Latina, para con ello contribuir al debate teórico en el tema y ampliar la visión de este fenómeno.

Based on an extensive literature review, we analyze the main theoretical assumptions operating to construct adolescent pregnancy as a problem, be it health, socioeconomic and demographic. Those are contrasted and complemented with perspectives and research findings from Mexico and Latin America, in order to contribute to theoretical debates and broadening the vision in this phenomenon.

A partir de uma ampla revisão da literatura, analisam-se os principais supostos teóricos utilizados [ou as principais hipóteses teóricas utilizadas] na investigação da gravidez adolescente e que fazem com que seja vista como um problema, de saúde, socioeconômico e demográfico. Neste artigo, tais supostos [hipóteses] contrastam-se e complementam-se com outras perspectivas e resultados de investigação, tanto do México como da América Latina, para com isso contribuir com o debate teórico no tema e ampliar a visão deste fenômeno.

Honrar a Rosa Parks? Intentos de los sectores católicos conservadores a favor de los derechos en la América Latina contemporánea / Claiming Rosa Parks: conservative catholic bids for rights in contemporary Latin America / Honrar Rosa Parks? Tentativas dos setores católicos conservadores a favor dos direitos na América Latina contemporânea

Cuando en el año 2009 se otorgó en Argentina el Premio Rosa Parks a una senadora conservadora por su oposición abierta al uso de anticonceptivos, a la esterilización y al aborto, era evidente que algo extraño ocurría. En este artículo se documenta la apropiación de los discursos de "derechos humanos" por parte de los sectores católicos conservadores en América Latina, donde el éxito reciente de los movimientos sociales a favor de los derechos sexuales y reproductivos ha generado una reacción significativa. En particular, se indagan los esfuerzos por parte de académicos católicos especialistas en leyes para justificar lo que denominan "un enfoque distintivamente latinoamericano hacia los derechos humanos", dejando de lado décadas de activismo por los derechos humanos emprendido por otros sectores. Quienes se oponen a los derechos reproductivos y sexuales despliegan un discurso de derechos de forma selectiva y estratégica, utilizándolo como una cubierta secular para promover políticas pro-vida y pro-familia.

When the Rosa Parks Prize was awarded to a conservative Argentine senator in 2009 for her outspoken opposition to contraception, sterilisation, and abortion, it was clear that something odd was happening. This paper documents the appropriation of "human rights" discourses by conservative Catholics in Latin America, where the recent success of reproductive and sexual rights social movements has generated a significant backlash. It specifically traces an effort by Catholic legal scholars to justify what they term "a distinctively Latin American approach to human rights" while ignoring decades of human rights activism by others. Opponents of reproductive and sexual rights are deploying rights-talk selectively and strategically, I argue, using it as secular cover to advance pro-life and pro-family policies.

Quando se outorgou o Prêmio Rosa Parks na Argentina a uma senadora conservadora, no ano de 2009, por sua oposição aberta ao uso de anticoncepcionais, à esterilização e ao aborto, era evidente que algo estranho acontecia. Nesta exposição documenta-se a apropriação dos discursos de "direitos humanos" por parte dos setores católicos conservadores na América Latina, onde o êxito recente dos movimentos sociais a favor dos direitos sexuais e reprodutivos gerou uma reação significativa. Em particular, indaga-se sobre os esforços por parte de acadêmicos católicos especialistas em leis para justificar o que denominam de "um enfoque distintivamente latino-americano para os direitos humanos", deixando de lado décadas de ativismo pelos direitos humanos empreendido por outros setores. Quem se opõe aos direitos reprodutivos e sexuais desdobra ou faz um desdobramento de um discurso de direitos de forma seletiva e estratégica, em minha opinião, utilizando-o como uma coberta/divisória secular para promover as políticas pró-vida pró-família.

Socioeconomic status, marital status and childlessness in men and women: an analysis of census data from six countries.

This study compares the effects of two distinct forms of human capital - income and education - on marital status and childlessness separately by sex in six different countries. Nearly 10 million individual records on individuals aged 16 to 50 were used from censuses from Brazil, Mexico, Panama, South Africa, USA and Venezuela dating from 2000 or later, to analyse the relationship between education, income and marital status and childlessness in men and women. Regarding income, the findings for both outcome variables are strongly consistent across all six countries. Highest-income males and lower-income females have the highest proportion of ever-married and the lowest proportion of childlessness (using a proxy for childlessness: own children in the household or not). There is no corresponding consistency of findings as regards education either between the sexes or among the countries. To conclude, a lower percentage of low-income men are selected by females, because for women male status and resources provided by men are important criteria in mate selection. Therefore a higher proportion of low-income men remain unmarried and childless. Thus selection seems to play a role in modern societies.

Construcción de la maternidad en el encuentro de la institución médico ginecológica con mujeres de clase media de la ciudad de Buenos Aires / Construção da maternidade no encontro da instituição médico-ginecológica com mulheres de classe média da cidade de Buenos Aires / Maternity construction in the meeting of the medical and gynecological institution with middle-class women of Buenos Aires

En este artículo se analiza cómo operan el discurso y la práctica de ginecólogos en la conformación de percepciones y prácticas de la maternidad en mujeres jóvenes de clase media porteña. A partir de un diseño descriptivo y exploratorio, se realizaron 50 entrevistas en profundidad a mujeres de clase media, de 25 a 35 años de edad, que se socializaron y viven actualmente en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, y 15 entrevistas a médicos ginecólogos que se desempeñan como tales en la misma ciudad. Se observa que tanto las mujeres como los médicos se ajustan a estereotipos tradicionales de género, no obstante lo cual existen intersticios normativos en sus prácticas y percepciones cuyo análisis se desarrollará aquí, con un abordaje metodológico cualitativo...

Neste artigo analisa-se como operam o discurso e a prática de ginecologistas na conformação de percepções e práticas da maternidade em mulheres jovens de classe média portenha. A partir de um desenho descritivo e exploratório, realizaram-se 50 entrevistas em profundidade com mulheres de classe média, de 25 a 35 anos de idade, que se socializaram e vivem atualmente na Cidade Autônoma de Buenos Aires, e 15 entrevistas com médicos ginecologistas que atuam como tais na mesma cidade. Observa-se que tanto as mulheres como os médicos enquadram-se em estereótipos tradicionais de gênero, não obstante o que existem interstícios normativos em suas práticas e percepções cuja análise se desenvolverá aqui, com uma abordagem metodológica qualitativa...

This article analyzes how gynecologists' discourse and practice organize perceptions and the experience of mothering among young middle class women in Buenos Aires. Using a descriptive, exploratory design, In-depth interviews were conducted with 50 middle class women, ages 25 to 35, raised and currently living in the City of Buenos Aires, and with 15 gynecologists who practice in town. Results indicate that both women and physicians adhere to traditional gender stereotypes, yet normative interstices are found in their practices and perceptions. The latter are analyzed using a qualitative approach...

Gender, culture and reproductive decision-making among recent Mexican migrants in California.

This study of the experiences of recent Mexican immigrants living in California explores the changing perceptions of sexual and societal norms, including gender roles and resulting reproductive decision-making, that appear to accompany the migration process. These norms are compared to those held by migrants' families of origin in Mexico. We analysed 44 semi-structured interviews conducted with a client-based population in order to identify reproductive perceptions and practices that appear to be influenced by recent migration. Using a grounded theory approach, 26 women and 18 men's narratives were analysed to understand the complexity of changing expectations and resulting reproductive health practises. The social marginalisation and isolation of immigrants' experiences, the challenges of new socio-economic factors and access to health services appear to reshape views on reproductive decisions. While traditional gender roles and large families remain a spoken ideal, in practice these reproductive patterns are changing. Our analysis suggests that the migration process does alter relationships, reproductive decisions and contraceptive use among recent Mexican immigrants. The public health goal should be to provide an array of accessible and affordable services, tailored to the needs of this increasingly larger population of recent Mexican migrants in California and throughout the USA.

[Fertility of indigenous women in Minas Gerais State, Brazil: an analysis using the 2000 census]. / Fecundidade das mulheres autodeclaradas indígenas residentes em Minas Gerais, Brasil: uma análise a partir do Censo Demográfico 2000.

Indigenous populations living in villages in Brazil have presented high total fertility rates (TFR) that have increased over time in some cases. Meanwhile, data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) or National Census Bureau show a decline in the TFR for the total self-declared indigenous population (combining urban, rural, and specific rural residence). The current study uses data from the 2000 Population Census to describe and compare the structure and level of period fertility for the cohort of self-declared indigenous women living in the State of Minas Gerais. We calculated age-specific fertility rates (ASFR), the period TFR for 2000, and the cohort TFR for women 50 years and older. According to the findings, self-declared indigenous women living in Minas Gerais experienced high fertility in the past, regardless of their place of residence. In conclusion, the 2000 Population Census is an important data source for studies on indigenous populations in Brazil, based on the high coverage and wealth of information.

Empowerment and physical violence throughout women's reproductive life in Mexico.

This article analyzes intimate partner violence (IPV) against women aged 15 to 21, 30 to 34, and 45 to 49, based on the 2003 National Survey on the Dynamics of Household Relationships (in Spanish, ENDIREH) in Mexico. The authors examined the degree of women's empowerment and autonomy in relation to their partners. Logit regression analyses showed that variables significantly associated with physical violence varied between the three age groups, suggesting that women followed specific trajectories throughout their reproductive lives. Some dimensions of empowerment reduced the risk of violence (women's ability to decide whether to work, when to have sexual relations, and the extent of their partners' participation in household chores). Other dimensions (women's decision making regarding reproductive matters) increased such risk. Thus, access to resources meant to empower women did not automatically decrease the risk of violence. The authors recommend specific interventions tailored to each age group, aimed at breaking the cycle of violence.

Aspectos culturales de la reproducción: el caso de los Suruí de Rondonia / Cultural aspects of reproduction

Este artículo pretende comunicar resultados de unestudio demográfico sobre los aspectos culturalesligados a la reproducción, realizado en indígenasSuruí, en Rondônia y Mato Grosso, Brasil. Objetivo:descubrir los aspectos culturales ligados a lafecundidad en relación con la conciencia demográficade estos pueblos. Metodología: se adoptó elenfoque etnográfico; visitamos la totalidad de lasunidades domiciliarias de las aldeas conocidascomo Linha 14 y Placa, en la Tierra Indígena “Setede Setembro” en 2004. Participaron 115 mujeres.Resultados: Hay dos prácticas de conyugalidad,la poliginia y el matrimonio interétnico. Revive lacostumbre de la reclusión ritual de las mujeresen su primera menstruación y la prohibición derelacionarse sexualmente durante la gestación,el posparto y hasta un año después de nacer elhijo. La producción de leche materna es altamentevalorada y los niños la obtienen hasta los dos años.Tener muchos niños y producir mucha leche es elideal. Lo más importante para los Suruí es la reproducciónde la sociedad para continuar como unidadétnicamente diferenciada. Discusión: analizamoslas permanencias y los cambios en la esfera dela reproducción. Comparamos con resultados deotros estudios relacionados con la etnología Suruíy con la actuación de los servicios de asistenciaen esta comunidad. Conclusión: los aspectosculturales son los elementos esenciales para laformulación de políticas de salud que valoricen alos suruí y le impriman especificidad étnica a losprogramas y proyectos.

[Proximal determinants of fertility: reproductive behavior among Chamibida indigenous women in Antioquia, Colombia]. / Determinantes próximos de la fecundidad: comportamiento reproductivo de las indígenas Chamibida de Antioquia, Colombia.

The aim of this study was to determine the reproductive timing used by Chamibida indigenous women in Antioquia, Colombia. This socio-demographic study used the reproductive history technique and was conducted in the year 2000. Two hundred and thirty-four homes on the Cristianía indigenous reservation were visited to obtain 253 reproductive histories (83.1% of the women ages 15 to 49). Reproductive behavior was characterized by sexual debut at age 17.8 years (mean), with short intergenesic intervals in 69.0% and an adjusted fertility rate of 5.12 children. This reproductive pattern differs from all other indigenous groups and subgroups in Antioquia. As an explanation, Chamibida women are familiar with and accept Western birth control methods, besides having more access to formal schooling. Current Colombian health system policies are far from appropriate, since they fail to take the indigenous groups' specificities into account.

Using health education theories to explain behavior change: a cross-country analysis. 2000-2001.

Scholars within the fields of public health, health education, health promotion, and health communication look to specific theories to explain health behavior change. The purpose of this article is to critically compare four health theories and key variables within them with regard to behavior change in the area of reproductive health. Using cross-country analyses of Ghana, Nepal, and Nicaragua (data sets provided by the Center for Communication Programs, Johns Hopkins University), the authors looked at the Health Belief Model, Theory of Reasoned Action, Extended Parallel Process Model, and Social Cognitive Theory for these two defined objectives. Results show that all four theories provide an excellent fit to the data, but that certain variables within them may have particular value for understanding specific aspects of behavior change. Recommendations for the selection of theories to use as guidelines in the design and evaluation of reproductive health programs are provided.

Demografia dos povos indígenas no Brasil / Demography of the indians peoples in Brazil

Esta obra de caráter interdisciplinar reúne estudos atuais sobre a demografia indígena no Brasil. O fato de ser interdisciplinar é enriquecedor, uma vez que admite a necessidade de diálogo e correlação entre os diferentes campos do saber, como a demografia, a antropologia e a epidemiologia, que tratam de um assunto para dizer no mínimo desconhecido da maioria da população leiga: onde estão e quem são os índios do Brasil? É a partir dessa tentativa de diálogo que os autores procuraram reunir nesta obra artigos que versam sobre diferentes temas como fecundidade, comportamento reprodutivo e mortalidade de populações indígenas.

Capitulo 6. Reflexões acerca do mundo cultural e do comportamento reprodutivo dos Kamaiurá ontem e hoje / Reflections concerning the cultural world and of the reproductive behavior of the Kamaiurá yesterday and today

Este capítulo encontra-se estruturado em duas partes. Na primeira está reproduzido o texto original de Camargo e Junqueira. Optou-se por mantê-lo na forma concebida à época em que foi escrito, inclusive no tocante à bibliografia utilizada. Na segunda parte, são apresentadas por Junqueira e Pagliaro breves análises com base em dados coletados em uma viagem recente (2003). Menos do que produzir uma análise detalhada, o intuito dessa revisita aos Kamaiurá foi o de fornecer um retrato recente, três décadas depois, de algumas mudanças culturais e demográficas.

Trends in reproductive behavior among young single women in Colombia and Peru: 1985-1999.

Using "calendar" data for single women aged 15-24 from successive Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) conducted in Colombia and Peru during the 1990s, we document trends, year by year, in sexual activity, the use of contraceptives, and subsequent reproductive outcomes. We provide evidence of the important and hitherto largely untapped potential of DHS calendar data to draw complete sexual and reproductive profiles when data from various surveys are integrated. Over the period 1985-1999, young single women in both Colombia and Peru became sexually active at younger ages. The use of contraceptives, especially the use of condoms, increased but did not fully offset the rise in sexual activity, and thus the incidence of premarital conceptions rose among young single women. In both countries, sharp declines occurred in the proportion of premaritally conceived births that were reported as being wanted.