Tobit analysis of canned fish consumption in Erzurum province, Turkey / Análise Tobit do consumo de peixe enlatado na província de Erzurum, Turquia

This study aims to determine the attitudes and behaviors of consumers towards canned fish consumption and to analyze the factors affecting the consumption of canned fish in the Erzurum province, Turkey. Data were collected from 384 households through one-on-one interviews in Erzurum province. The proportional sampling method was used for sampling. In addition, the Tobit model was used to determine the factors affecting the consumption of canned fish. In the model, the demographic characteristics of the consumers and their consumption quantities were included as explanatory variables. The average household size was 4.46 individuals, and canned fish consumption was 161.69 g·year-1per capita. Canned fish accounted for 11.50% of household fish consumption. The proportion of families consuming canned fish was 25.78%. As household fish consumption increases by 1 kg per year, canned fish consumption decreases by 1.29%. Moreover, when the price of canned fish increases by USD 1, canned fish consumption increases by 1.37%. When monthly fish expenditure increases by USD 1, consumption of canned fish increases by 0.48%. The fact that the head of the household is a civil servant increases the consumption of canned fish by 5.23%, and the consumption of canned fish is 11.8% higher in families who consider canned fish nutritious. As a result, canned fish enterprises should influence consumers to consume more canned fish, especially in the summer.(AU)

Este estudo tem como objetivo determinar as atitudes e comportamentos dos consumidores face ao consumo de conservas de peixe e analisar os fatores que afetam seu consumo na província de Erzurum, Turquia. Os dados foram coletados de 384 famílias por meio de entrevistas individuais na província de Erzurum, utilizando o método de amostragem proporcional. Além disso, foi utilizado o modelo Tobit para determinar os fatores que afetam o consumo de peixe enlatado. No modelo, as características demográficas dos consumidores e suas quantidades de consumo foram incluídas como variáveis explicativas. O tamanho médio do domicílio foi de 4,46 indivíduos, e o consumo de peixe enlatado foi de 161,69 g·ano-1 per capita. O pescado enlatado representou 11,50% do consumo doméstico de pescado. A proporção das famílias que consomem peixe enlatado foi de 25,78%. O consumo de peixe aumentou em 1 kg por ano, e o consumo de enlatados de peixe diminuiu 1,29%. Além disso, quando o preço do peixe enlatado aumentou em US$ 1, o consumo aumentou 1,37%. Quando o gasto mensal com peixes aumentou em US$ 1, o consumo de enlatados pescados aumentou 0,48%. O fato de o chefe da família ser um funcionário público aumentou o consumo em 5,23%, e o consumo foi 11,8% maior nas famílias que as consideram nutritivas. Como resultado, as empresas de conservas de pescado devem influenciar os consumidores a consumirem mais conservas de pescado, principalmente no verão.(AU)

Effect of dietary inclusion of dried apple pomace on faecal butyrate concentration and modulation of gut microbiota in dogs.

This research aimed to evaluate the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients, metabolisable energy (ME) and palatability of the diet, as well as products of intestinal fermentation and faecal microbiota of dogs fed with dried apple. For this purpose, three experiments were performed. In Experiment I, digestibility and ME of four diets containing 0%, 3%, 6% and 9% dried apple were evaluated, in addition to the faecal characteristics of the dogs. The diets were offered to eight adult dogs, distributed in double Latin square (4 × 4), totalling eight repetitions per treatment. In Experiment II, products of intestinal fermentation and faecal microbiota from 16 adult dogs fed diets containing 0% and 9% dried apple for 30 d (n = 8) were evaluated. Finally, Experiment III compared the dietary preference of 0 vs. 9% dried apple using 15 adult dogs. The inclusion of dried apple in the diet (p < 0.05) showed a linear reduction in the ATTD of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), and acid hydrolysed ether extract (EEA), and a linear increase in the ATTD of total dietary fibre (TDF). Consumption of 9% of dried apple increased faecal butyrate and reduced propionate and ammonia (p < 0.05). With this diet, there was also an increase (p < 0.05) in the faecal concentration of Faecalibacterium, Erysipelatoclostridium, Blautia, and Bacteroides. No differences were found in the palatability of the diets. The inclusion of up to 9% of dried apple in the diet reduces the digestibility of nutrients and does not influence the dogs' food preference; however, it improves some indicators of dogs' intestinal functionality.

Effect of treatment with sunflower oil and in combination with pomegranate and plum sauce on the chemical, microbiological and sensory properties of marinated Carp fillets (Cyprinus carpio) / Efeito do tratamento com óleo de girassol e em combinação com molho de romã e ameixa nas propiedades químicas, microbiológicas e sensoriais de filetes de carpa marinados (Cyprinus carpio)

The effect of sunflower oil (SO), sunflower oil-pomegranate sauce (PS1) and sunflower oil-plum sauce (PS2) on shelf life of marinated carp fillets was investigated in terms of sensory evaluation, chemical (peroxide value (POV), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), free fatty acids (FFA), total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) and pH), and microbiological properties (Total viable count (TVC), Escherichia coli, Total coliform, Staphylococci/Micrococci, Salmonella spp.) during 30 days of storage. Proximate composition, which includes total crude protein%, fat%, moisture% and ash% of fresh carp fillets before marination process was analyzed and found 18.69±0.86, 4.08±0.19, 74.33±0.63 and 2.17±0.45, respectively. Sensory evaluation analysis showed that total appearance, odor-taste and texture scores decreased during storage. TVB-N significantly increased in all group after 1 month of storage (P 0.05). At the end of storage, the lowest TBA value (1.38 mg MA/kg carp fillet) was determined in the PS1 group. During storage, the highest POV value was observed in the control group (8.49 mEq O2/kg) compared to other groups. Initial TVC of 1.5 log CFU/g, 1.7 log CFU/g and 1.8 log CFU/g increased to 3.7 log CFU/g, 2.9 log CFU/g and 3.2 log CFU/g in SO, PS1 and PS2 groups, respectively. Results showed that the shelf life of marinated carp fillets treated with sunflower oil and in combination with pomegranate and plum sauce was more than 1 month.(AU)

O efeito do óleo de girassol (SO), molho de óleo de girassol-romã (PS1) e molho de óleo de girassol-ameixa (PS2) na vida útil de filetes de carpa marinados foi investigado em termos sensorial, químico (valor de peróxido (PV), ácido tiobarbitúrico) (TBA), ácidos graxos livres (AGL), nitrogênio básico volátil total (TVB-N) e pH) e propriedades microbiológicas (contagem viável total (TVC), Escherichia coli, coliforme total, estafilococos/Micrococos, Salmonella spp.). Durante 30 dias de armazenamento. A composição aproximada, que inclui % de proteína bruta total, % de gordura, % de umidade e % de cinzas de filés de carpa frescos antes do processo de marinação foi analisada e encontrada 18,69 ± 0,86, 4,08 ± 0,19, 74,33 ± 0,63 e 2,17 ± 0,45, respectivamente. A análise sensorial mostrou que os escores totais de aparência, odor e sabor diminuíram durante o armazenamento. TVB-N aumentou significativamente (P 0,05) em todos os grupos após 1 mês de armazenamento. No final do armazenamento, o menor valor de TBA (1,38 mg MA / kg de filé de carpa) foi determinado no grupo PS1. Durante o armazenamento, o maior valor de POV foi observado no grupo controle (8,49 mEq O2/kg) em comparação com outros grupos. O TVC inicial de 1,5 log CFU/g, 1,7 log UFC/g, 1,8 log CFU/g aumentou para 3,7 log CFU/g, 2,9 log CFU/g, 3,2 log CFU/g nos grupos SO, PS1 e PS2, respectivamente. Os resultados mostraram que a vida útil dos filés de carpa marinados tratados com óleo de girassol e em combinação com molho de romã e ameixa era superior a um mês.(AU)

Avaliação físico-química e caracterização sensorial por meio de Focus Group de carne de sol / Physical-chemical evaluation and sensory characterization of sun-dried meat by Focus Group

Focus Group é uma técnica sensorial qualitativa baseada no comportamento de um grupo de pessoas quanto aos atributos sensoriais. É conduzida por um moderador que garante a interação para discussão diante às percepções. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar carne de sol a partir de análises sensoriais, associando-as com resultados obtidos por análises físico-químicas. Para tanto, quatro amostras foram coletadas de comércio varejista na cidade de João Pessoa, PB, sendo caracterizadas quanto à composição centesimal, atividade de água, pH e capacidade de retenção de água (CRA). Os participantes foram recrutados conforme hábitos de consumo e as amostras foram preparadas a partir do dessalgue e cocção em forno elétrico, sendo mantidas em banho-maria até o momento da avaliação sensorial. Com as respostas obtidas, observou-se que além da aparência, o teor de umidade e a CRA são considerados parâmetros que influenciam diretamente nos atributos sensoriais. O estudo qualitativo exploratório - Focus Group, em associação aos parâmetros físico-químicos, representaram métodos confiáveis para a interpretação do perfil de consumo da carne de sol. Conclui-se que por meio de critérios específicos, os fatores de qualidade foram melhor interpretados, definindo as preferências de um consumidor cada dia mais exigente quanto às características de seu alimento.(AU)

Focus Group is a qualitative sensory technique, based on the behavior of a group of people, regarding the attributes of a product. It is conducted by a moderator who ensures an interaction for discussion in the face of perceptions. The aim of this study was to evaluated dried meat by sensory analysis associating the evaluation with results obtained by physicochemical analysis. Therefore, four samples were collected from the retail trade in the city of João Pessoa, PB, which were then characterized for chemical composition, water activity, pH and water holding capacity (WHC). Participants were recruited according to consumer habits and the samples were prepared by desalting and cooking in an electric oven, and kept in a water bath until the time for sensory analysis. With the answers obtained, in addition to appearance, the moisture content and the WHC are considered parameters that directly influence the sensory attributes. The qualitative exploratory study - Focus Group, in association with physical-chemical methods, represented methods used for the interpretation of the consumption profile of sun dread meat. Thus, conclude what is the use of specific criteria, the quality factors that were evaluated, defining the preferences of consumers who are increasingly demanding as to the characteristics of their food.(AU)

Avaliação físico-química e caracterização sensorial por meio de Focus Group de carne de sol / Physical-chemical evaluation and sensory characterization of sun-dried meat by Focus Group

Focus Group é uma técnica sensorial qualitativa baseada no comportamento de um grupo de pessoas quanto aos atributos sensoriais. É conduzida por um moderador que garante a interação para discussão diante às percepções. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar carne de sol a partir de análises sensoriais, associando-as com resultados obtidos por análises físico-químicas. Para tanto, quatro amostras foram coletadas de comércio varejista na cidade de João Pessoa, PB, sendo caracterizadas quanto à composição centesimal, atividade de água, pH e capacidade de retenção de água (CRA). Os participantes foram recrutados conforme hábitos de consumo e as amostras foram preparadas a partir do dessalgue e cocção em forno elétrico, sendo mantidas em banho-maria até o momento da avaliação sensorial. Com as respostas obtidas, observou-se que além da aparência, o teor de umidade e a CRA são considerados parâmetros que influenciam diretamente nos atributos sensoriais. O estudo qualitativo exploratório - Focus Group, em associação aos parâmetros físico-químicos, representaram métodos confiáveis para a interpretação do perfil de consumo da carne de sol. Conclui-se que por meio de critérios específicos, os fatores de qualidade foram melhor interpretados, definindo as preferências de um consumidor cada dia mais exigente quanto às características de seu alimento.

Focus Group is a qualitative sensory technique, based on the behavior of a group of people, regarding the attributes of a product. It is conducted by a moderator who ensures an interaction for discussion in the face of perceptions. The aim of this study was to evaluated dried meat by sensory analysis associating the evaluation with results obtained by physicochemical analysis. Therefore, four samples were collected from the retail trade in the city of João Pessoa, PB, which were then characterized for chemical composition, water activity, pH and water holding capacity (WHC). Participants were recruited according to consumer habits and the samples were prepared by desalting and cooking in an electric oven, and kept in a water bath until the time for sensory analysis. With the answers obtained, in addition to appearance, the moisture content and the WHC are considered parameters that directly influence the sensory attributes. The qualitative exploratory study - Focus Group, in association with physical-chemical methods, represented methods used for the interpretation of the consumption profile of sun dread meat. Thus, conclude what is the use of specific criteria, the quality factors that were evaluated, defining the preferences of consumers who are increasingly demanding as to the characteristics of their food.

Evaluation of dried apple pomace on digestibility and palatability of diets for cat

The objective of this study was to evaluate increasing levels of dried apple pomace on cat diets and its effects on the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients and diet metabolizable energy (ME) and palatability. Fecal characteristics of cats were also evaluated. Four experimental diets were produced to contain 0, 30, 60, and 90 g kg−1 of dried apple pomace. Two experiments were carried out. In experiment 1, the diets were offered to twelve adult cats distributed in a completely randomized block design (n = 6). Two evaluation periods (blocks) of 11 days were used to analyze diet digestibility and fecal characteristics. In experiment 2, the palatability of diets containing 0 (control) vs. 90 g kg−1 of dried apple pomace was compared using 20 adult cats on two consecutive days (n = 40). Increasing dietary dried apple pomace levels (0-90 g kg−1) linearly reduced the ATTD of crude protein (834.0-798.0 g kg−1 of dry matter) and ME (4290.1-4161.0 kcal). There was a quadratic effect of the increasing dried apple pomace levels on the ATTD of the other nutrients, as well as on fecal dry matter (fDM) content and output. The dietary inclusion of 90 g kg−1 of dried apple pomace promoted a greater intake ratio (0.61) in relation to the control diet. The inclusion of up to 90 g kg−1 of dried apple pomace reduces diet digestibility, ME, and fDM of cats. However, it improves diet palatability. These results indicate that the dried apple pomace is a palatable fibrous component and its inclusion can be used to reduce the energy content of cat foods.(AU)

Hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos: uma revisão sobre metodologias de análise e níveis de contaminação em produtos cárneos defumados / Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a review on the methodologies of the analysis and the levels of contamination in smoked meat products

A defumação é um processo rotineiramente empregado nos alimentos como técnica de conservação, e uma maneira de proporcionar as características sensoriais específicas. Entretanto, o processo pode levar à formação de hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPAs), que são compostos com dois ou mais anéis aromáticos condensados, alguns deles considerados carcinogênicos, mutagênicos e teratogênicos. Estudos em diversos países indicam que a contaminação de produtos cárneos defumados por diferentes HPAs é elevada e frequente, e desta maneira pode apresentar risco à saúde humana. O Brasil tem sido um dos maiores consumidores de carne no mundo, com tendência de aumentar o consumo de alimentos processados, e não é conhecida a real exposição da população aos HPAs pela ingestão de produtos cárneos defumados. Não há dados nacionais recentes quanto à contaminação destes alimentos com estes produtos. Considerando este panorama, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo realizar a revisão das principais metodologias analíticas, dos aspectos regulatórios e dos níveis de HPAs detectados em produtos cárneos defumados. Ademais, são apresentadas as maneiras de reduzir a contaminação dos alimentos por estes compostos.

Smoking is a common process employed in food as a conservation technique, as well as to provide the specific sensory characteristics. However, the process can lead to the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are composed of two or more fused aromatic rings, and some of them are considered carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic. Studies conducted in several countries indicate that contamination of smoked meat products by different PAHs is high and frequent, and it may cause a risk to human health. Although Brazil has been one of the largest consumers of meat in the world, with a trend to increase the consumption of processed foods, it has not known the real population exposure to PAHs by consuming the smoked meat products. There is no recent national data on the contamination of these foods. Considering this scenario, this study aimed at reviewing the main analytical methodologies, the regulatory aspects and the levels of PAHs found in the smoked meat products. In addition, the forms to reduce the contamination by these compounds are presented.

Aflatoxin M1 and B1 in Colombian milk powder and estimated risk exposure.

Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) were determined in 51 milk powder samples purchased from different grocery stores located in the Caribbean region of Colombia. Analysis was conducted using QuEChERS extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Results from the analytical method showed recovery ranges from 65% to 110% and relative standard deviations lower than 20%. AFM1 was detected in 100% of the milk samples (0.20-1.19 µg/kg) and 55% exceeded the maximum level in milk (0.5 µg/kg) set by the Colombian and European regulations. AFB1 was not detected in any of the analysed samples. Considering the measured contamination the maximum AFM1 level that can be ingested by consumption of milk powder is 0.007-0.013 µg/person/day. These values are above the average dietary intake estimated in Latin America according to the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee, which is 0.0035 µg/person/day.

Hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos: uma revisão sobre metodologias de análise e níveis de contaminação em produtos cárneos defumados / Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a review on the methodologies of the analysis and the levels of contamination in smoked meat products

A defumação é um processo rotineiramente empregado nos alimentos como técnica de conservação, e uma maneira de proporcionar as características sensoriais específicas. Entretanto, o processo pode levar à formação de hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPAs), que são compostos com dois ou mais anéis aromáticos condensados, alguns deles considerados carcinogênicos, mutagênicos e teratogênicos. Estudos em diversos países indicam que a contaminação de produtos cárneos defumados por diferentes HPAs é elevada e frequente, e desta maneira pode apresentar risco à saúde humana. O Brasil tem sido um dos maiores consumidores de carne no mundo, com tendência de aumentar o consumo de alimentos processados, e não é conhecida a real exposição da população aos HPAs pela ingestão de produtos cárneos defumados. Não há dados nacionais recentes quanto à contaminação destes alimentos com estes produtos. Considerando este panorama, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo realizar a revisão das principais metodologias analíticas, dos aspectos regulatórios e dos níveis de HPAs detectados em produtos cárneos defumados. Ademais, são apresentadas as maneiras de reduzir a contaminação dos alimentos por estes compostos.(AU)

Smoking is a common process employed in food as a conservation technique, as well as to provide the specific sensory characteristics. However, the process can lead to the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are composed of two or more fused aromatic rings, and some of them are considered carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic. Studies conducted in several countries indicate that contamination of smoked meat products by different PAHs is high and frequent, and it may cause a risk to human health. Although Brazil has been one of the largest consumers of meat in the world, with a trend to increase the consumption of processed foods, it has not known the real population exposure to PAHs by consuming the smoked meat products. There is no recent national data on the contamination of these foods. Considering this scenario, this study aimed at reviewing the main analytical methodologies, the regulatory aspects and the levels of PAHs found in the smoked meat products. In addition, the forms to reduce the contamination by these compounds are presented.(AU)

Measuring dry extract in dairy products: optimizing the methodology / Determinação de extrato seco em produtos lácteos: otimização de metodologia

Dairy products are a common staple in the human diet. Moisture content is an important factor in the composition of foods, and it is a parameter used to measure product quality due to its direct influence on food storage. In this study, the moisture contents of three different products (mozzarella cheese, a creamy cheese spread, and yogurt drinks) were measured using oven drying, infrared drying, and microwave drying in order to compare the results of these three methods. Three brands of each product were used, all of which were purchased at the local supermarket in the city of Goiatuba, Goiás, Brazil. The different methods used to measure the dry extract of most of the brands analyzed did not differ significantly between each other based on a significance level of 5% on Tukeys test. There was a significant difference between the methodologies used in the case of only one brand of each analyzed product. Microwave drying method wasreported to be a safe and reliable technique for analyzing dry extract from dairy products; it produces precise results, thus guaranteeing the quality of the analysis, and it reduces procedure time, thus optimizing the routine analytical processes performed in quality control laboratories within food processing plants.(AU)

Os produtos lácteos fazem parte da alimentação humana e o teor de umidade é uma informação importante da composição de alimentos e está entre os parâmetros da qualidade dos produtos, pois apresenta influência direta no armazenamento dos mesmos. Foram realizadas análises de umidade pela metodologia de secagem em estufa, infravermelho e micro-ondas em três produtos diferentes, sendo estes a mussarela, o queijo cremoso e a bebida láctea, com a utilização de três marcas distintas para cada produto, todas adquiridas no comércio local da cidade de Goiatuba, Goiás. Os diferentes métodos de determinação de extrato seco utilizados não diferiram significativamente entre si a um nível de significância de 5% pelo teste de Tukey, para a maioria das marcas comerciais analisadas. Houve diferença significativa, entre as metodologias utilizadas apenas para uma marca, para cada produto analisado. A metodologia de secagem em micro-ondas é um método seguro e confiável em análises de extrato seco em derivados lácteos, com resultados precisos garantindo a qualidade nos processos analíticos, como também a redução do tempo de análise garantindo a otimização desse processo nas análises de rotina em laboratórios de controle de qualidade das indústrias alimentícias.(AU)

Assessment of human health risk associated with methylmercury in the imported fish marketed in the Caribbean.

The decline in marine and freshwaters catches in recent years in Colombia has led to a change in dietary habits, with an increase in the purchase and consumption of imported fish. This is of particular concern as fish are sometimes caught in mercury-contaminated waters, and are subsequently sold canned or uncanned. In addition, canned tuna has received little attention as it is widely assumed that concentrations are low. In this study, total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations were evaluated in three imported fish species marketed in Colombia, Prochilodus lineatus, Prochilodus reticulatus, and Pangasianodon hypophthalmus, plus four brands of canned tuna and one of sardines. One brand of tuna showed the highest mean concentrations of THg (0.543 ±â€¯0.237 µg/g, wet weight, ww) and MeHg (0.518 ±â€¯0.337 µg/g ww), while concentrations in P. hypophthalmus were approximately 30 times lower (≈0.02 µg/g ww). The estimated weekly intake (EWI) in children was above the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) of MeHg established by the Joint FAO/World Health Organization (WHO) Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) in 2007, 1.6 µg/kg body weight (bw) per week, for all the canned tuna brands. Values for adults were below PTWI, whereas for women of childbearing age, values were above PTWI only for brand D of canned tuna. The estimate of the potential risk indicated that MeHg levels in canned tuna can generate negative effects in vulnerable groups, while the EWI of fresh fish did not pose a threat to the general population. Therefore, establishing strategies to address the high consumption of canned tuna, and continuous monitoring to control commercial food, are recommended to decrease Hg exposure.

Characterization of the Types of Sweeteners Consumed in Honduras.

Sweeteners are found in all types of foods, and their high consumption is associated with chronic degenerative diseases, such as diabetes and obesity, among others. A characterization was carried out of food products with sweeteners from the three biggest supermarkets at a national level; they were identified by the list of ingredients and classified according to caloric or non-caloric intake, and pursuant to their country of origin. A statistical interpretation of results was made using descriptive measures such as the number of times the sweeteners were found in the formulation of the products and how many of them were found in a product at the same time. In total, 341 products were evaluated and classified according to the processed food categories of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) nutrient profile. The category of beverages had the highest quantity of products with sweeteners, and their consumption by the inhabitants represents a high exposure. Overall, 60.1% of the products evaluated were of US origin; these US exports have a significant impact on the Honduran market. A high-fructose corn syrup caloric sweetener was the one most frequently found in these products; at least 51% are combined with additional sweeteners to increase the sweetening effect.

Ultrasensitive Determination of Malathion Using Acetylcholinesterase Immobilized on Chitosan-Functionalized Magnetic Iron Nanoparticles.

A renewable, disposable, low cost, and sensitive sensor for the detection of organophosphorus pesticides was constructed by immobilizing the acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE), via glutaraldehyde, on magnetic iron nanoparticles (Fe3O4) previously synthesized and functionalized with chitosan (CS). The sensor was denoted AChE/CS/Fe3O4. The magnetic nanoparticles were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Acetylthiocholine (ATCh) was incubated with AChE/CS/Fe3O4 and attached to a screen-printed electrode using a magnet. The oxidation of thiocholine (from ATCh hydrolysis) was monitored at an applied potential of +0.5 V vs. Ag/AgCl(KClsat) in 0.1 mol L-1 phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.5) as the supporting electrolyte. A mixture of the pesticide malathion and ATCh was investigated using the same procedure, and the results were compared and expressed as inhibition percentages. For determination of malathion, the proposed sensor presented a linear response in the range from 0.5 to 20 nmol L-1 (R = 0.9942). The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 0.3 and 0.8 nmol L-1, respectively. Real samples were also investigated, with recovery values of 96.0% and 108.3% obtained for tomato and pond water samples, respectively. The proposed sensor is a feasible option for malathion detection, offering a linear response, good sensitivity, and a low detection limit.

Avaliação da qualidade de pepinos em conserva / Evaluation of the quality of canned cucumbers

O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as características físicas, as físico-químicas e a rotulagem de 11 marcas de pepinos em conserva comercializados no município de Itaqui, RS. Foram realizadas a contagem do número de pepinos nos recipientes, a determinação do diâmetro e do comprimento dos pepinos, peso bruto, peso líquido, peso drenado, espaço livre, vácuo, pH, acidez total titulável e cloretos. Os rótulos das amostras de pepinos em conserva avaliados obedeceram às normas de rotulagem geral de acordo com a legislação. Os valores de peso líquido e drenado foram superiores aos especificados pelos fabricantes. O espaço livre no frasco continente variou de 0,83 a 2,23 cm e o vácuo apresentou valores entre 2,67 e 8,33 pol. Hg. A acidez total titulável apresentou valores entre 0,48 e 0,92 g de ácido acético/100 g. O pH em todas as amostras foi menor do que 4,5. Os teores de cloretos variaram de 1,70 a 3,47 g de cloreto de sódio/100 g. Pode-se afirmar que os pepinos em conserva avaliados são seguros, pois apresentaram pH menor que 4,5. No entanto, as marcas comercializadas não apresentaram padrão para as demais variáveis, pois foram encontradas diferenças nesses parâmetros avaliados.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the physical, the physical-chemical characteristics and the labeling of 11 brands of canned cucumbers commercialized in the municipality of Itaqui, RS. The cucumbers quantity, diameter, length, gross weight, net weight, drained weight, free space, vacuum, pH, total titratable acidity and chlorides were determined. All of the evaluated canned cucumber labels complied with the general labeling standards in accordance with the legislation. The values of liquid weight and drained weight were higher than those stated by the manufacturers. The free space in the container ranged from 0.83 to 2.23 cm, and the vacuum values were from 2.67 to 8.33 in pol. Hg. The titratable total acidity presented values from 0.48 to 0.92 g of acetic acid/100 g. The pH for all of the samples was less than 4.5. The chloride contents (g sodium chloride/100 g) ranged from 1.70 to 3.47. It can be stated that the evaluated canned cucumbers are safe, since they presented pH lower than 4.5. However,the commercial brands did not show the standard for the other variables, as differences were found in these evaluated parameters.

Avaliação da qualidade de pepinos em conserva / Evaluation of the quality of canned cucumbers

O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as características físicas, as físico-químicas e a rotulagem de 11 marcas de pepinos em conserva comercializados no município de Itaqui, RS. Foram realizadas a contagem do número de pepinos nos recipientes, a determinação do diâmetro e do comprimento dos pepinos, peso bruto, peso líquido, peso drenado, espaço livre, vácuo, pH, acidez total titulável e cloretos. Os rótulos das amostras de pepinos em conserva avaliados obedeceram às normas de rotulagem geral de acordo com a legislação. Os valores de peso líquido e drenado foram superiores aos especificados pelos fabricantes. O espaço livre no frasco continente variou de 0,83 a 2,23 cm e o vácuo apresentou valores entre 2,67 e 8,33 pol. Hg. A acidez total titulável apresentou valores entre 0,48 e 0,92 g de ácido acético/100 g. O pH em todas as amostras foi menor do que 4,5. Os teores de cloretos variaram de 1,70 a 3,47 g de cloreto de sódio/100 g. Pode-se afirmar que os pepinos em conserva avaliados são seguros, pois apresentaram pH menor que 4,5. No entanto, as marcas comercializadas não apresentaram padrão para as demais variáveis, pois foram encontradas diferenças nesses parâmetros avaliados.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the physical, the physical-chemical characteristics and the labeling of 11 brands of canned cucumbers commercialized in the municipality of Itaqui, RS. The cucumbers quantity, diameter, length, gross weight, net weight, drained weight, free space, vacuum, pH, total titratable acidity and chlorides were determined. All of the evaluated canned cucumber labels complied with the general labeling standards in accordance with the legislation. The values of liquid weight and drained weight were higher than those stated by the manufacturers. The free space in the container ranged from 0.83 to 2.23 cm, and the vacuum values were from 2.67 to 8.33 in pol. Hg. The titratable total acidity presented values from 0.48 to 0.92 g of acetic acid/100 g. The pH for all of the samples was less than 4.5. The chloride contents (g sodium chloride/100 g) ranged from 1.70 to 3.47. It can be stated that the evaluated canned cucumbers are safe, since they presented pH lower than 4.5. However,the commercial brands did not show the standard for the other variables, as differences were found in these evaluated parameters.(AU)

Warnings as a directive front-of-pack nutrition labelling scheme: comparison with the Guideline Daily Amount and traffic-light systems.

OBJECTIVE: Warnings have recently been proposed as a new type of directive front-of-pack (FOP) nutrition labelling scheme to flag products with high content of key nutrients. In the present work, this system was compared with the two most common FOP nutrition labelling schemes (Guideline Daily Amounts (GDA) and traffic-light system) in terms of goal-directed attention, influence on perceived healthfulness and ability to differentiate between products. Design/Setting/Subjects Goal-directed attention to FOP labels was evaluated using a visual search task in which participants were presented with labels on a computer screen and were asked to indicate whether labels with high sodium content were present or absent. A survey with 387 participants was also carried out, in which the influence of FOP labels on perceived healthfulness and ability to identify the healthful alternative were evaluated. RESULTS: Warnings improved consumers' ability to correctly identify a product with high content of a key nutrient within a set of labels compared with GDA and received the highest goal-directed attention. In addition, products with high energy, saturated fat, sugar and/or sodium content that featured warnings on the label were perceived as less healthful than those featuring the GDA or traffic-light system. Warnings and the traffic-light system performed equally well in the identification of the most healthful product. CONCLUSIONS: Results from the present work suggest that warnings have potential as directive FOP nutrition labels to improve consumer ability to identify unhealthful products and highlight advantages compared with the traffic-light system.

Mercury in canned tuna marketed in Cartagena, Colombia, and estimation of human exposure.

The presence of mercury in tuna is ubiquitous, so national authorities should guarantee food safety of canned tuna available on the market, according to legal regulations. The objective of this survey was to assess total mercury (T-Hg) levels in brands of canned tuna marketed in Cartagena, Colombia, and determine fish consumption-based risks after ingestion. For that purpose, 252 cans of tuna were collected, representing 6 brands (A-F), in 2 mediums (water and oil). Mean T-Hg levels were 0.66 ± 0.05 and 0.61 ± 0.05 µg g-1 wet weight, for water and oil, respectively. High T-Hg concentrations were measured in brands B and D. Only brands E and F guaranteed low risk for Hg-related health problems. According to Colombia's legislation, 15.5% of the samples exceeded the maximum level of 1.0 µg g-1 for mercury and 18.3% was higher than limits as recommended by Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organisation (0.5 µg g-1). It was concluded that consumption of canned tuna could represent a high risk for the Colombian population, particularly to vulnerable groups.

Industrial processing of canned beans / Revisão: processamento industrial do feijão tipo enlatado

Beans are popular as a protein-filled legume of high nutritional value, being one of the most planted species in the world. However, recent years have seen a decrease in the consumption of beans, owing to the time necessary to cook it domestically. Thus, it is being replaced in peoples diets by other foods. An alternative preparation that supplies modern consumers demands is industrially processed beans. This article aimed to provide a literature review on the processing of canned beans. Few recent studies have been performed in Brazil on this subject, as most studies have focused instead on the technological quality of dry bean grains processing. In this article industrial processing concepts and features, production unit operations, and canned beans quality standards will be discussed. These efforts are expected to contribute to the Brazilian beans production chain, and consequently to increase consumption of canned beans and the demand for industrial processing of beans in both the domestic market and future product exports.

O feijão destaca-se no cenário mundial como uma leguminosa rica em proteínas e com alto valor nutricional, sendo estando entre uma das espécies mais cultivadas em todo o mundo. Porém, observa-se diminuição do consumo deste alimento devido à demanda de tempo no seu preparo doméstico, sendo então substituído na dieta. Uma alternativa que atende as demandas do consumidor moderno é o processamento industrial. O objetivo deste trabalho é fornecer uma revisão de literatura abordando informações sobre o processamento tipo enlatado em feijão. Atualmente, no Brasil, são realizados poucos trabalhos dentro desta linha de pesquisa, visto que o maior enfoque é para a qualidade tecnológica dos grãos para o consumo tradicional, na forma seca. Neste material são apresentadas informações sobre alguns conceitos e detalhes do processamento industrial, das operações unitárias na produção e dos parâmetros de qualidade avaliados no feijão enlatado. Espera-se, contribuir com a cadeia produtiva do feijão brasileiro, aumentando o consumo e as demandas do processamento industrial, tanto em mercado interno quanto para futuras exportações do produto.

Industrial processing of canned beans / Revisão: processamento industrial do feijão tipo enlatado

Beans are popular as a protein-filled legume of high nutritional value, being one of the most planted species in the world. However, recent years have seen a decrease in the consumption of beans, owing to the time necessary to cook it domestically. Thus, it is being replaced in peoples diets by other foods. An alternative preparation that supplies modern consumers demands is industrially processed beans. This article aimed to provide a literature review on the processing of canned beans. Few recent studies have been performed in Brazil on this subject, as most studies have focused instead on the technological quality of dry bean grains processing. In this article industrial processing concepts and features, production unit operations, and canned beans quality standards will be discussed. These efforts are expected to contribute to the Brazilian beans production chain, and consequently to increase consumption of canned beans and the demand for industrial processing of beans in both the domestic market and future product exports.(AU)

O feijão destaca-se no cenário mundial como uma leguminosa rica em proteínas e com alto valor nutricional, sendo estando entre uma das espécies mais cultivadas em todo o mundo. Porém, observa-se diminuição do consumo deste alimento devido à demanda de tempo no seu preparo doméstico, sendo então substituído na dieta. Uma alternativa que atende as demandas do consumidor moderno é o processamento industrial. O objetivo deste trabalho é fornecer uma revisão de literatura abordando informações sobre o processamento tipo enlatado em feijão. Atualmente, no Brasil, são realizados poucos trabalhos dentro desta linha de pesquisa, visto que o maior enfoque é para a qualidade tecnológica dos grãos para o consumo tradicional, na forma seca. Neste material são apresentadas informações sobre alguns conceitos e detalhes do processamento industrial, das operações unitárias na produção e dos parâmetros de qualidade avaliados no feijão enlatado. Espera-se, contribuir com a cadeia produtiva do feijão brasileiro, aumentando o consumo e as demandas do processamento industrial, tanto em mercado interno quanto para futuras exportações do produto.(AU)

Nutritional composition and evaluation of different methodologies for fat determination in wet feed for dogs and cats / Composição nutricional e avaliação de diferentes métodos de determinação de gordura em alimentos úmidos para cães e gatos

As a consequence of the increasing number of dog and cat owners, the pet food industry is expanding the range of pet food products in the market. In order to obtain more necessary information about the wet food segment for dogs and cats, the aim of this study was to determine the nutritional composition, to evaluate the information declared on the labels, and to compare the composition with the FEDIAF recommendations for protein and fat. Furthermore, three different methodologies of fat analysis were compared: crude fat (CFa), crude fat after acid hydrolysis (CFAH), and fat content obtained with Ankom XT15 (ANKOM) to determine the most adequate method for fat determination in wet foods. Twenty-five wet food products were evaluated, 13 wet foods for dogs and 12 for cats. Centesimal composition analyses obtained in this study were compared with guaranteed analysis declared on the label and with FEDIAF minimum recommended requirements for each species. The results of the nutritional composition and the values described on the label and the evaluation of the three fat determination methods were compared using the mixed model test with repeated measurements in the same samples, respectively (p < 0.05) in the SAS program, evaluation of protein adequacy and fat content were analyzed by mathematical calculations of difference and proportion. No difference was observed between nutritional composition of wet foods and the values declared on the labels for the majority of the diets analyzed, and there was a predominance of products that exceeded FEDIAF minimum recommendations of protein and fat for both species. No difference was observed between the three methods of fat content evaluation (p = 0.68). It was concluded that wet foods evaluated in this study match the label information and FEDIAF nutrient requirement recommendations, considering recommended calorie intake. All three fat determination methodologies evaluated were similar, justifying the choice of the easiest or cheapest method.(AU)

Devido ao aumento do número de cães e gatos domiciliados, a indústria de alimentos para animais de estimação tem expandido a gama de produtos existentes no mercado de pet food. Para obter informações mais relevantes sobre o segmento de alimentos úmidos para cães e gatos, este trabalho determinou a composição nutricional, avaliou as informações declaradas nos rótulos e comparou a composição com as recomendações da Fediaf de proteína e gordura. Também foram comparadas três metodologias diferentes de análise de gordura: extrato etéreo (CFa), extrato etéreo após hidrólise ácida (CFAH) e teor de gordura obtido no analisador Ankom XT15 (ANKOM) para determinar o método mais adequado de avaliação de gordura em alimentos úmidos. Foram avaliadas 25 marcas de alimentos úmidos, 13 para cães e 12 para gatos. As análises de composição centesimal obtidas neste estudo foram comparadas com a informação nutricional declarada nos rótulos e com as necessidades mínimas recomendadas pela Fediaf para cada espécie. Os resultados da composição nutricional, os valores descritos no rótulo e a avaliação dos três métodos para determinação da gordura foram comparados com o emprego do teste t e modelo misto com medidas repetidas nas mesmas amostras, respectivamente (p < 0,05) no programa SAS. Já a avaliação da adequação nutricional de proteína e do teor de gordura foram analisados por cálculos matemáticos de diferença e proporção. Para a maioria dos alimentos avaliados não foi observada diferença entre a composição nutricional dos alimentos úmidos e os valores declarados em rótulo, e houve predominância de produtos que excederam as recomendações mínimas de proteína e gordura da Fediaf para ambas as espécies. Quanto às metodologias de extração de gordura, não foi observada diferença entre os três métodos avaliados (p = 0,68). Concluiu-se que os alimentos úmidos avaliados atendem às informações declaradas pelos fabricantes e também às recomendações nutricionais da Fediaf com base na ingestão energética recomendada. Em relação às metodologias avaliadas para determinação de gordura nestes alimentos, a similaridade entre tais resultados justifica o uso da técnica de maior facilidade ou de menor custo.(AU)