Evaluation of low volume sampling devices for a pharmacodynamic biomarker analysis: Challenges and solutions.

Low volume sampling technologies have gained popularity as they are minimally invasive, reduce patient burden, enhance population diversity, and have the potential to facilitate decentralized clinical trials. Herein, we validated a Gyrolab assay to measure soluble Mucosal Addressin Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 (sMAdCAM-1) in dried blood samples collected using two low volume sampling devices, Mitra and Tasso-M20. This validated assay was implemented in a proof-of-concept study to compare three low volume sampling devices (Mitra, Tasso-M20 and TassoOne Plus) with serum collected via venipuncture from healthy volunteers receiving etrolizumab. We observed significantly higher concentration of sMAdCAM-1 in dried blood samples collected using Mitra and Tasso-M20 compared to serum in some paired samples, which was attributed to interference from the dried blood extraction buffer. To mitigate this interference, samples required substantial dilution into the appropriate buffer, which negatively impacted the detectability of sMAdCAM-1 with the Gyrolab assay. By employing the Quanterix single molecule array (Simoa), known for its superior assay sensitivity, the interference was minimized in the diluted samples. Both liquid blood collected in TassoOne Plus and dried blood collected using Mitra and Tasso-M20 demonstrated great concordance with serum for sMAdCAM-1 measurement. However, a bias was observed in Mitra dried blood samples, presumably due to the different sample collection sites in comparison with venipuncture and Tasso devices. Our study highlights the potential of low volume sampling technologies for biomarker analysis, and underscores the importance of understanding the challenges and limitations of these technologies before integrating them into clinical studies.

Automated analyses of dried blood spots collected by volumetric microsampling devices.

BACKGROUND: Dried blood spot (DBS) sampling on cellulose cards suffers from varying blood haematocrit levels and from chromatographic effects, which have a direct impact on quantitative DBS analyses. Commercial volumetric microsampling devices were, therefore, introduced to mitigate these effects, however, these devices are not compatible with automated DBS processing systems and must be processed manually. RESULTS: Capillary electrophoresis (CE) instruments use fused-silica (FS) capillaries for precise and accurate liquid handling as well as for injection, separation, and quantitative analyses of liquid samples. These inherent features of an Agilent 7100 CE instrument were employed for the automated processing (elution and homogenization) of DBSs collected by hemaPEN® volumetric devices (2.74 µL of capillary blood per spot). The hemaPEN® samples were processed directly in CE vials by consecutive transfers of 56 µL of methanol and 14 µL of deionized water through the FS capillary in a sequence of 39 DBSs with repeatability of the liquid transfers better than 1.4 %. The resulting DBS eluates were homogenized by a quick air flush through the capillary and analyzed by the same capillary and CE instrument. Creatinine was selected as a clinically relevant model analyte and its endogenous concentrations in DBSs were determined by CE with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (CE-C4D) in a background electrolyte solution consisting of 50 mM acetic acid and 0.1 % (v/v) Tween 20 (pH 3.0). The overall repeatability of the automated DBS processing and CE-C4D analyses of 39 DBSs was ≤7.1 % (peak areas) and ≤0.6 % (migration times), the calibration curve was linear in the 25-500 µM range (R2 = 0.9993) and covered all endogenous blood creatinine levels, the limit of detection was 5.0 µM, and sample throughput was >12 DBSs per hour. DBS ageing for 60 days and varying blood haematocrit levels (20-70 %) did not affect creatinine quantitative results (≤6.9 % for peak areas). Inter-capillary and inter-instrument repeatability was ≤7.7 % (peak areas) and ≤3.4 % (migration times) and demonstrated an excellent transferability of the proposed analytical concept among laboratories. SIGNIFICANCE AND NOVELTY: This contribution is the first-ever report on the use of a single off-the-shelf analytical instrument for fully automated analyses of DBSs collected by commercial volumetric microsampling devices and holds great promise for future unmanned quantitative DBS analyses.

Dried Blood Spots and Miniaturized Ultrasonic Nebulization Microplasma Optical Emission Spectrometry for Point-of-Care Testing of Blood Lithium.

Despite the significant importance of blood lithium (Li) detection in the treatment of bipolar disorder (BD), its point-of-care testing (POCT) remains a great challenge due to tedious sample preparation and the use of large-footprint atomic spectrometers. Herein, a system coupling dried blood spots (DBS) with a point discharge optical emission spectrometer equipped with a miniaturized ultrasonic nebulizer (MUN-µPD-OES) was developed for POCT of blood Li. Three microliters of whole blood were used to prepare a dried blood spot on a piece of filter paper to which 10 µL of eluent (1% (v/v) formic acid and 0.05% (v/v) Triton-X) was added. Subsequently, the paper was placed onto the vibrating steel membrane of the ultrasonic nebulizer and powered on to generate aerosol. The aerosol was directly introduced to the µPD-OES for quantification of Li by monitoring its atomic emission line at 670.8 nm. The proposed method minimized matrix interference caused by high levels of salts and protein. It is worth noting that the MUN suitably matches the needs of DBS sampling and can provide aerosolized introduction of Li into the assembled µPD-OES, thus eliminating all tedious sample preparation and the need for a commercial atomic spectrometer. Calibration response is linear in the therapeutic range and a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.3 µg L-1 is well below the Li minimum therapeutic concentration (2800 µg L-1). Li in mouse blood was successfully detected in real-time using MUN-µPD-OES after intraperitoneal injection of lithium carbonate, confirming that the system holds great potential for POCT of blood Li for patients with BD.

Dried blood sample analysis by antibody array across the total testing process.

Dried blood samples (DBSs) have many advantages; yet, impediments have limited the clinical utilization of DBSs. We developed a novel volumetric sampling device that collects a precise volume of blood, which overcomes the heterogeneity and hematocrit issues commonly encountered in a traditional DBS card collection as well as allowing for more efficient extraction and processing procedures and thus, more efficient quantitation, by using the entire sample. We also provided a thorough procedure validation using this volumetric DBS collection device with an established quantitative proteomics analysis method, and then analyzed 1000 proteins using this approach in DBSs concomitantly with serum for future consideration of utility in clinical applications. Our data provide a first step in the establishment of a DBS database for the broad application of this sample type for widespread use in clinical proteomic and other analyses applications.

Optimization and Stability Testing of Four Commercially Available Dried Blood Spot Devices for Estimating Measles and Rubella IgG Antibodies.

Blood collection using dried blood spots (DBS) provides an easier alternative to venipuncture for sample collection, transport, and storage but requires additional processing that can cause variability in results. Whole-blood samples spotted on four DBS devices and respective paired serum samples were tested for antimeasles and antirubella IgG antibody concentrations by enzyme immunoassay. Elution protocols for DBS devices were optimized for comparability relative to serum samples using 12 adult volunteers. Stability of DBS collected on HemaSpot HF was assessed under various temperature conditions (+4, 22 to 25, and 45°C) at six time points (0, 7, 15, 30, 60, and 90 days) in a controlled laboratory setting using six adult volunteers. Devices were shipped and stored for 30 days at four settings with variable temperature and humidity conditions to assess the impact on antibody concentrations. Three DBS devices demonstrated comparable antibody concentrations with paired sera following optimization. Antibodies recovered from DBS were stable for at least 90 days at 4°C and for 30 days at ambient temperature (22 to 25°C) using the HemaSpot HF device. A drastic decline in antibody concentrations was observed at 45°C, resulting in quantitative and qualitative discrepancies by day 7. HemaSpot HF devices shipped to field sites and stored at ambient temperature and humidity resulted in quantitative, but not qualitative, variability. Measurement of antimeasles and antirubella IgG antibodies with DBS devices is an accurate alternative to testing serum, provided elution protocols are optimized. Stability of HemaSpot HF devices at ambient temperature enables broader use in surveys when serum processing and cold storage are not feasible. IMPORTANCE Dried blood spot (DBS) collection offers various advantages over conventional methods of blood collection, especially when collecting and transporting samples for a serosurvey. Yet use of DBS requires additional processing steps in the laboratory that can add to variability in results. We optimized a protocol to elute IgG antibodies against measles and rubella viruses in four DBS devices, demonstrating high concordance with paired venous sera for most devices. Extensive stability studies with various temperature and storage conditions in the laboratory and in the field were conducted using HemaSpot HF DBS devices prior to its use in one of the largest community-based measles and rubella serological surveys in the world.

Detection of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in dried blood spots.

The COVID-19 pandemic led to development of numerous serologic tests. To obviate the need for phlebotomy services, we validated dried blood spots (DBS) for anti-SARS-CoV-2 serologic testing. Immunoglobulins were extracted from 3 mm DBS punches and the extracts were analyzed using the Euroimmun anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG ELISA. Various pre-analytical factors were studied. Results were favorable for DBS stored for at least 67 days at or below 37°C. Comparison between paired serum and DBS specimens tested by the Euroimmun ELISA showed 96.8% and 81.3% positive and negative agreement, respectively, indicating that confirmatory testing of positive Euroimmun results on DBS extracts is necessary to achieve clinical accuracy. Our findings suggest that any SARS-CoV-2 antibody assay that requires pre-dilution of serum is amenable to DBS as an alternate specimen type that is relatively low cost, self-collectable, stable, can be shipped by standard mail and could be used to establish the seroprevalence of large populations.

Exploration of an Efficient Simultaneous Molecular Detection Method of HIV, HCV, and Syphilis from a Single Dried Blood Spot.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the performance of the simultaneous detection of HIV-1 RNA, HIV-1 DNA, and HCV RNA using one dried blood spot (DBS) as an alternative sample to plasma. METHOD: A total of 571 paired DBS/plasma samples were collected from men who have sex with men (MSM) and injection drug users (IDUs), and serological and molecular assays were performed. Using plasma results as the reference standard, the performance of DBS tests for HIV-1 RNA, HIV-1 DNA, and HCV RNA was evaluated. Pearson's correlation coefficients and Bland-Altman analysis were performed to assess the correlation and concordance between DBS and plasma. RESULTS: Among paired plasma/DBS samples with detectable HIV-1 RNA and HCV RNA, five samples (5/32) were not detectable in DBS, while measurable HIV-1 RNA levels were present in plasma (1.44 to 3.99 log 10 copies/mL). There were two samples (2/94) with undetectable HCV RNA in DBS, while measurable HCV RNA levels were present in plasma (-5 to 5.99 log 10 copies/mL). The correlation between HIV-1 RNA light chain variable region (VL) values obtained from plasma and DBS showed that r = 0.683 ( P < 0.01), n = 27 and r = 0.612 ( P < 0.01), n = 89 in HCV RNA. Bland-Altman analysis revealed that in HIV-1 RNA, the mean (± SD) difference between HIV-1 RNA in plasma and DBS was 1.00 ± 1.01 log 10 copies/mL, and all samples were within ± 1.96 SD (-0.97 to 2.97 log 10 copies/mL) for DBS. The mean difference (± SD) in HCV RNA was 0.15 ± 1.08 log 10 copies/mL, and 94.38% (84/89) were within ± 1.96 SD (-1.96 to 2.67 log 10 copies/mL). Overall, HIV-1 RNA and HCV RNA levels obtained from a DBS were lower than those obtained from plasma. HIV-1 DNA in a DBS showed concordant results with HIV-1 RNA in plasma. HIV-1 DNA RT-PCR using a DBS showed acceptable performance. CONCLUSION: The performance of the simultaneous detection of HIV-1 RNA, HIV-1 DNA, and HCV RNA using one DBS was acceptable. DBS, as an alternative sample to plasma, may be a viable option for the simultaneous detection of HIV-1 RNA, HIV-1 DNA, and HCV RNA in resource-limited settings or for individuals living in areas that are difficult to access.

Optimization of whole-genome sequencing of Plasmodium falciparum from low-density dried blood spot samples.

BACKGROUND: Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) is becoming increasingly useful to study the biology, epidemiology, and ecology of malaria parasites. Despite ease of sampling, DNA extracted from dried blood spots (DBS) has a high ratio of human DNA compared to parasite DNA, which poses a challenge for downstream genetic analyses. The effects of multiple methods for DNA extraction, digestion of methylated DNA, and amplification were evaluated on the quality and fidelity of WGS data recovered from DBS. METHODS: Low parasite density mock DBS samples were created, extracted either with Tween-Chelex or QIAamp, treated with or without McrBC, and amplified with one of three different amplification techniques (two sWGA primer sets and one rWGA). Extraction conditions were evaluated on performance of sequencing depth, percentiles of coverage, and expected SNP concordance. RESULTS: At 100 parasites/µL, Chelex-Tween-McrBC samples had higher coverage (5 × depth = 93% genome) than QIAamp extracted samples (5 × depth = 76% genome). The two evaluated sWGA primer sets showed minor differences in overall genome coverage and SNP concordance, with a newly proposed combination of 20 primers showing a modest improvement in coverage over those previously published. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, Tween-Chelex extracted samples that were treated with McrBC digestion and are amplified using 6A10AD sWGA conditions had minimal dropout rate, higher percentages of coverage at higher depth, and more accurate SNP concordance than QiaAMP extracted samples. These findings extend the results of previously reported methods, making whole genome sequencing accessible to a larger number of low density samples that are commonly encountered in cross-sectional surveys.

Telomere length analysis from minimally-invasively collected samples: Methods development and meta-analysis of the validity of different sampling techniques: American Journal of Human Biology.

OBJECTIVES: Telomeres are the protective caps of chromosomes. They shorten with cell replication, age, and possibly environmental stimuli (eg, infection and stress). Short telomere length (TL) predicts subsequent worse health. Although venous whole blood (VWB) is most commonly used for TL measurement, other, more minimally invasive, sampling techniques are becoming increasingly common due to their field-friendliness, allowing for feasible measurement in low-resource contexts. We conducted statistical validation work for measuring TL in dried blood spots (DBS) and incorporated our results into a meta-analysis evaluating minimally invasive sampling techniques to measure TL. METHODS: We isolated DNA extracts from DBS using a modified extraction protocol and tested how they endured different shipping conditions and long-term cryostorage. We then included our in-house DBS TL validation statistics (correlation values with VWB TL and age) in a series of meta-analyses of results from 24 other studies that published similar associations for values between TL measured in DBS, saliva, and buccal cells. RESULTS: Our modified DBS extraction technique produced DNA yields that were roughly twice as large as previously recorded. Partially extracted DBS DNA was stable for 7 days at room temperature, and still provided reliable TL measurements, as determined by external validation statistics. In our meta-analysis, DBS TL had the highest external validity, followed by saliva, and then buccal cells-possibly reflecting similarities/differences in cellular composition vs VWB. CONCLUSIONS: DBS DNA is the best proxy for VWB from the three minimally-invasively specimen types evaluated and can be used to expand TL research to diverse settings and populations.

Fully automated dried blood spot sample handling and extraction for serological testing of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.

At the beginning of 2020, an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) reached pandemic dimensions. Throughout the event, diagnostic tests function as an essential tool for understanding, mitigating, and implement strategies to curb and reduce infections. Here, we present a novel method for the fully automated dried blood spot (DBS) sample handling and extraction for serological testing of human IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) testing kit. This proof-of-principle pilot study successfully demonstrates the recovery of antibodies in their intact form from DBS using automated, direct sample elution within 100 µl of extraction buffer. The use of minimally invasive DBS sampling provides an alternative to existing analytical procedures such as sampling by venipuncture or nasal swabs. Due to the ease of DBS collection, no third party need be involved, making at-home sampling possible (e.g., during quarantine).

Dried blood spots for anti-doping: Why just going volumetric may not be sufficient.

The perspective discusses quantitative DBS analysis for anti-doping testing in an athletic population and why only using volumetric sampling for this subgroup might not be enough. It presents examples to highlight where HCT variations occur, followed by a whole blood to plasma ratio and an HCT extraction bias discussion. Finally, options to correct for the HCT bias are presented.

Are all blood-based postal sampling kits the same? A comparative service evaluation of the performance of dried blood spot and mini tube sample collection systems for postal HIV and syphilis testing.

OBJECTIVES: We comparatively evaluated two HIV and syphilis blood sampling kits (dried blood spot (DBS) and mini tube (MT)) as part of an online STI postal sampling service that included tests for chlamydia and gonorrhoea. We aimed to see how the blood collection systems compared regarding sample return rates and result rates. Additionally, we aimed to observe differences in false-positive results and describe a request-to-result ratio (RRR)-the required number of kit requests needed to obtain one successful result. METHODS: We reviewed data from an online postal STI kit requesting service for a client transitioning from MT to DBS blood collection systems. We described service user baseline characteristics and compared kit requests, kit and blood sample return rates, and the successful resulting rates for HIV and syphilis for MT and DBS. Pearson's χ2 and Fisher's exact test were used to determine statistical differences, and statistical formulae were applied to produce CIs for differences in proportions. RESULTS: 5670 STI postal kit requests from a Midlands region were reviewed from 6 September 2016-2 January 2019 (1515 MT and 4155 DBS). Baseline characteristics between the two groups were comparable (68.0% female, 74.0% white British and 87.5% heterosexual, median age 26 years). Successful processing rates for DBS were 94.6% and 54.4% for MT (p<0.001) with a percentage difference of 40.2% (95% CI 36.9% to 43.4%). The RRR for MT was 2.9 cf. 1.6 for DBS. False-positive results for MT samples were 5.2% (HIV) and 0.4% (syphilis), and those for DBS were 0.4% (HIV) and 0.0% (syphilis). CONCLUSIONS: This comparative analysis demonstrated the superior successful processing rates for postal DBS collection systems compared with MT. Reasons for this included insufficient volumes, high false-positive rates and degradation of blood quality in MT samples. A postal sampling service using DBS to screen for HIV, syphilis and other blood-borne viruses could be a viable alternative.

Limitations of rapid diagnostic tests in malaria surveys in areas with varied transmission intensity in Uganda 2017-2019: Implications for selection and use of HRP2 RDTs.

BACKGROUND: Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 (HRP2)-based rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are exclusively recommended for malaria diagnosis in Uganda; however, their functionality can be affected by parasite-related factors that have not been investigated in field settings. METHODS: Using a cross-sectional design, we analysed 219 RDT-/microscopy+ and 140 RDT+/microscopy+ dried blood spots obtained from symptomatic children aged 2-10 years from 48 districts in Uganda between 2017 and 2019. We aimed to investigate parasite-related factors contributing to false RDT results by molecular characterization of parasite isolates. ArcGIS software was used to map the geographical distribution of parasites. Statistical analysis was performed using chi-square or Fisher's exact tests, with P ≤ 0.05 indicating significance. Odds ratios (ORs) were used to assess associations, while logistic regression was performed to explore possible factors associated with false RDT results. RESULTS: The presence of parasite DNA was confirmed in 92.5% (332/359) of the blood samples. The levels of agreement between the HRP2 RDT and PCR assay results in the (RDT+/microscopy+) and (RDT-/microscopy+) sample subsets were 97.8% (137/140) and 10.9% (24/219), respectively. Factors associated with false-negative RDT results in the (RDT-/microscopy+) samples were parasite density (<1,000/µl), pfhrp2/3 gene deletion and non-P. falciparum species (aOR 2.65, 95% CI: 1.62-4.38, P = 0.001; aOR 4.4, 95% CI 1.72-13.66, P = 0.004; and aOR 18.65, 95% CI: 5.3-38.7, P = 0.001, respectively). Overall, gene deletion and non-P. falciparum species contributed to 12.3% (24/195) and 19.0% (37/195) of false-negative RDT results, respectively. Of the false-negative RDTs results, 80.0% (156/195) were from subjects with low-density infections (< 25 parasites per 200 WBCs or <1,000/µl). CONCLUSION: This is the first evaluation and report of the contributions of pfhrp2/3 gene deletion, non-P. falciparum species, and low-density infections to false-negative RDT results under field conditions in Uganda. In view of these findings, the use of HRP2 RDTs should be reconsidered; possibly, switching to combination RDTs that target alternative antigens, particularly in affected areas, may be beneficial. Future evaluations should consider larger and more representative surveys covering other regions of Uganda.

A serological assay to detect SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in at-home collected finger-prick dried blood spots.

Accurate surveillance of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) incidence requires large-scale testing of the population. Current testing methods require in-person collection of biospecimens by a healthcare worker, limiting access of individuals who do not have access to testing facilities while placing both patients and healthcare workers at risk of exposure to infection. We report the development and validation of a at-home finger-prick dried blood spot collection kit and an analysis method. We demonstrated 100% sensitivity and specificity using at-home collected specimens across the US. Such methods may facilitate the conduct of unbiased serosurveys within hard to reach populations and help reduce the sample collection burden of serological testing on both health care systems and individuals alike.

Fluispotter, a novel automated and wearable device for accurate volume serial dried blood spot sampling.

Aim: A novel automated serial dried blood spot (DBS) sampler, 'Fluispotter', was tested for its sampling performance. Materials & methods: An LC-MS/MS method was developed for the analysis of cortisol in DBS samples serially spotted by Fluispotter. The cortisol concentrations in 148 paired DBS and plasma samples were compared across a hematocrit (HCT) range of 22-55%. Results: The interassay accuracy and precision were <10%. Overall assay bias was negligible across the HCTs tested when analyzing the whole-spot DBS samples. The accuracy and precision of the blood volume in 10 µl DBS samples spotted by Fluispotters and micropipettes were within 3%. Deming regression and Bland-Altman analysis showed a good agreement of DBS-predicted and measured plasma cortisol. Conclusion: The Fluispotter performed serial sampling with high accuracy and precision of the sample blood volume.

Empiricism in Microsampling: Utilizing a Novel Lateral Flow Device and Intrinsic Normalization to Provide Accurate and Precise Clinical Analysis from a Finger Stick.

BACKGROUND: Phlebotomy plays a key role in clinical laboratory medicine but poses certain challenges for the patient and the laboratory. Dried blood spots simplify collection and stabilize specimens effectively, but clinical reference intervals are based primarily on serum or plasma. We evaluated use of dried separated blood plasma specimens to simplify plasma sample collection via finger stick; however, this sampling technique posed substantial analytical challenges. We discuss herein our efforts to overcome these challenges and provide accurate and precise clinical measurements. METHODS: Microsamples of whole blood were collected via finger stick using a collection device employing laminar-flow separation of cellular blood and plasma fractions with subsequent desiccation. Samples were analyzed on modern autoanalyzers with FDA-approved reagent and calibration systems, as well as commercially available reagents with laboratory-developed assay parameters. Measured analyte concentrations from extracted dried plasma samples were normalized to a coextracted endogenous analyte, chloride. RESULTS: Chloride normalization reduced variability incurred through extraction and undefined plasma volume. Excellent correlation of normalized measurements from dried finger-stick samples (whole blood and plasma) versus matched venous samples facilitated developing mathematical transformations to provide concordance between specimen types. Independent end-to-end performance verification yielded mean biases <3% for the 5 analytes evaluated relative to venous drawn samples analyzed on FDA-approved measurement systems. CONCLUSION: Challenges inherent with this microsampling technique and alternate sample matrix were obviated through capabilities of modern autoanalyzers and implementation of chloride normalization. These results demonstrate that self-collected microsamples from a finger stick can give results concordant with those of venous samples.

Fully automated dried blood spot sample preparation enables the detection of lower molecular mass peptide and non-peptide doping agents by means of LC-HRMS.

The added value of dried blood spot (DBS) samples complementing the information obtained from commonly routine doping control matrices is continuously increasing in sports drug testing. In this project, a robotic-assisted non-destructive hematocrit measurement from dried blood spots by near-infrared spectroscopy followed by a fully automated sample preparation including strong cation exchange solid-phase extraction and evaporation enabled the detection of 46 lower molecular mass (< 2 kDa) peptide and non-peptide drugs and drug candidates by means of LC-HRMS. The target analytes included, amongst others, agonists of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor, the ghrelin receptor, the human growth hormone receptor, and the antidiuretic hormone receptor. Furthermore, several glycine derivatives of growth hormone-releasing peptides (GHRPs), arguably designed to undermine current anti-doping testing approaches, were implemented to the presented detection method. The initial testing assay was validated according to the World Anti-Doping Agency guidelines with estimated LODs between 0.5 and 20 ng/mL. As a proof of concept, authentic post-administration specimens containing GHRP-2 and GHRP-6 were successfully analyzed. Furthermore, DBS obtained from a sampling device operating with microneedles for blood collection from the upper arm were analyzed and the matrix was cross-validated for selected parameters. The introduction of the hematocrit measurement method can be of great value for doping analysis as it allows for quantitative DBS applications by managing the well-recognized "hematocrit effect." Graphical abstract.

Validation of an enzyme-linked immunoassay assay for osteocalcin, a marker of bone formation, in dried blood spots.

OBJECTIVES: Investigating factors that contribute to bone loss and accretion across populations in remote settings is challenging, particularly where diagnostic tools are scarce. To mitigate this challenge, we describe validation of a commercial ELISA assay to measure osteocalcin, a biomarker of bone formation, from dried blood spots (DBS). METHODS: We validated the Osteocalcin Human SimpleStep ELISA kit from Abcam (ab1951214) using 158 matched plasma and DBS samples. Passing-Bablok regression analysis assessed the relationships between plasma and DBS osteocalcin concentrations. Dilutional linearity and spike and recovery experiments determined if the DBS matrix interfered with osteocalcin measurement, and intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation (CVs) were calculated. Limit of detection, analyte stability, and specific forms of osteocalcin measured by the kit were also investigated. RESULTS: Mean plasma osteocalcin value was 218.2 ng/mL (range 64.6-618.1 ng/mL). Linear relationships existed between plasma and DBS concentrations of osteocalcin, with no apparent bias in plasma vs DBS concentrations. There was no apparent interference of the DBS matrix with measurement of osteocalcin in DBS. Intra-assay CV for DBS was ~8%, while average inter-assay CV was 14.8%. Limit of detection was 0.34 ng/mL. Osteocalcin concentrations were stable in DBS stored at -28°C and room temperature, but not those stored at 37°C. This ELISA kit detects total osteocalcin. CONCLUSIONS: Osteocalcin, a bone formation biomarker, can be measured from DBS. Combined with a previously validated DBS assay for TRACP-5b, a bone resorption biomarker, these assays have the potential to help researchers disentangle the many factors contributing to bone strength.

The application of fully automated dried blood spot analysis for liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry using the CAMAG DBS-MS 500 autosampler.

In the past decade, dried blood spot (DBS) sampling has been used increasingly for microsampling in various fields. This is predominantly driven by the significant advantages DBS offers regarding simple sample retrieval and shipment, combined with increased analyte stability. However, the manual handling of DBS samples is laborsome and prevents the use of a high-capacity bioanalytical workflow. The recent introduction of robotic DBS extraction systems in combination with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has enabled the full automation of the analytical process. This results in overall higher sample throughput, minimal user interaction, and a significant reduction in consumables. Different instrumental setups are currently available which differ with respect to the extraction process, extract processing strategy, and internal standard application. This review article provides an overview of fully automated DBS analysis for one of these instruments, the DBS-MS 500 autosampler from CAMAG. The automated processes are described in detail and various applications are presented. Emphasis is placed on the advantages that the use of DBS, in combination with automation, brings - such as speed, reliability, and user-friendliness. Discussing DBS solutions for newborn screening, workplace drug testing, forensic screening, direct alcohol marker analysis, antiretroviral drugs, anti-epileptic drugs, and mass drug administration, the versatility and applicability of DBS are demonstrated in detail. In conclusion, this article shows how and why fully automated DBS analysis has penetrated the routine laboratory environment.

Evaluation of the cobas® HCV test for quantifying HCV RNA in dried plasma spots collected using the cobas® Plasma Separation Card.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the performance of the cobas® hepatitis C virus (HCV) Test for use on the cobas® 6800/8800 Systems for the detection and quantification of HCV RNA collected using the cobas® Plasma Separation Card (PSC) compared with plasma samples. METHODS: Whole EDTA-venous blood was collected from 50 HCV-positive donors and 140 µL from each donor was spotted onto a PSC and stored either frozen or at ambient temperature. These were compared with matched EDTA-plasma samples. The limit of detection (LoD) of the assay for PSC samples was determined using serial dilutions of the Roche HCV secondary calibration standard. The stability of the PSC samples across a range of timepoints was also assessed. RESULTS: The mean titer difference between ambient and -10 °C storage of PSC samples was 0.04 log10 IU/mL (95% CI: 0.00, 0.07). The mean titer difference between frozen PSC samples and EDTA plasma samples was -1.59 log10 IU/mL (95% CI: -1.66, -1.53) and between ambient PSC samples and EDTA samples was -1.64 log10 IU/mL (95% CI: -1.70, -1.57). Correlation between PSC samples and EDTA plasma was linear in both cases (frozen: slope = 1.039, intercept=-1.839, R2 = 0.89; ambient: slope = 1.012, intercept=-1.712, R2 = 0.88). The LoD of the cobas® HCV Test using the PSC was 866 IU/mL (95% CI: 698, 1153 IU/mL) and 408 IU/mL (95% CI: 336, 544 IU/mL) using an optimized Assay Specific Analysis Package. CONCLUSIONS: PSC samples correlate well with plasma viral load and demonstrate a LoD below 1000 IU/mL and good stability at ambient temperature for 28 days. A correction factor would allow quantification of HCV viral RNA load from samples collected using a PSC.