Cognitive Dissonance in the Self-assessed Health in Brazil: A CUB Model Analysis Using 2013 National Health Survey Data.

This study ai ms to verify and analyze the existence of cognitive dissonance in the self-assessment of health by individuals in Brazil, that is, the difference between self-rated health and the health status of individuals. To accomplish this, we use data from the 2013 National Health Survey, which collected the self-assessments that individuals made of their health and information about their health status. This information was used to build indices that seek to represent a person's health status in relation to chronic illnesses, physical and mental well-being, eating habits and lifestyle. To identify the presence of cognitive dissonance, the CUB (Combination of a discrete Uniform and shifted Binomial distributions) model was used, which relates self-assessed health with the developed indices. Cognitive dissonance was identified in self-assessed health in relation to eating habits and lifestyle, and this dissonance may be associated with a present bias in the self-assessment of health in Brazil.

Evidências de validade do teste informatizado para avaliação das funções executivas / Evidence of validity of the computerized test for evaluating executive functions / Evidencia de validez de la prueba computarizada para evaluación de funciones ejecutivas

Funções executivas (FE) referem-se ao conjunto de habilidades que, de forma integrada, coordenam o comportamento e a cognição. Assim, o comprometimento no desenvolvimento das FE está ligado a vários desfechos negativos ao longo da vida. Portanto, a avaliação dessas habilidades na infância é essencial para identificar e prevenir prejuízos na vida adulta. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar evidências de validade do Teste Informatizado para Avaliação das Funções Executivas (Tafe) pelo critério de idade e pelo padrão de correlação entre medidas do TAFE e outras medidas de FE. Para isso, foi utilizada uma amostra de 51 crianças, entre 4 e 10 anos de idade, matriculadas em uma escola privada na cidade de Goiânia (GO), da pré-escola ao 4º ano do ensino fundamental. Como instrumentos, foram utilizados, além do Tafe, as tarefas de Bloco de Corsi, Teste de Trilhas A e B, Teste de Trilhas Pré-Escolares, Teste de Stroop Pré-Escolares e Subteste Dígitos da Escala Wechsler de Inteligência. Foram conduzidas análises estatísticas Kruskal Wallis para verificar a evidência de validade por relação com idade e análises de correlação não paramétrica de Spearman para avaliar as evidências de validade convergente. O instrumento investigado mostrou-se efetivo para discriminar entre as diferentes faixas etárias, assim, sensível ao desenvolvimento das FE. Os resultados obtidos no Tafe correlacionaram-se aos obtidos em outros testes que também avaliaram FE, mostrando claros padrões de convergência. Logo, as análises dos resultados fornecem evidências de validade ao Tafe, derivadas a partir de diferentes estratégias de investigação.(AU)

Executive functions (EF) refer to the set of skills that, in an integrated way, coordinate behavior and cognition. Thus, the commitment in developing EF is linked to several negative outcomes throughout life. Therefore, the assessment of these abilities in childhood is essential to identify and prevent possible harm in adult life. This study aimed to investigate evidences of validity of the Computerized Test for Evaluation of Executive Functions (TAFE) by the age criterion and by the pattern of correlation between TAFE measures and other EF measures. To this end, a sample of 51 children, between 4 and 10 years old, enrolled in a private school in the municipality of Goiânia (GO), from preschool to the 4th year of elementary school, was used. As instruments, in addition to TAFE, the tasks of Corsi Block, Trails Test A and B, Preschool Trails Test, Preschool Stroop Test and the Digits Subtest of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale were used. Kruskal Wallis statistical analyzes were conducted to verify the evidence of validity by age criteria and Spearman's nonparametric correlation analysis to assess evidence of convergent validation. The instrument investigated was effective to discriminate between different age groups, thus being sensitive to the development of EF. The results obtained in TAFE were correlated with those obtained in other tests that also assess FE, showing patterns of convergence. Therefore, the analysis of the results provides validation evidence to TAFE, derived from different investigation methods.(AU)

Las funciones ejecutivas (FE) se refieren al conjunto de habilidades que coordinan la conducta y la cognición. Así, el deterioro en el desarrollo de FE está relacionado con varios resultados negativos durante la vida. Por tanto, la valoración de estas habilidades en la infancia es fundamental para identificar y prevenir posibles daños en la vida adulta. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar la evidencia de validez de la Prueba Computarizada para Evaluación de Funciones Ejecutivas (Tafe) por el criterio de edad y convergencia entre las medidas Tafe y otras medidas de FE. Para ello, se utilizó una muestra de 51 niños, de entre 4 y 10 años de edad, matriculados en un colegio privado de Goiânia (Goiás, Brasil) desde la preescolar hasta 4.º de primaria. Como instrumentos, además del Tafe, se utilizaron las tareas de Bloque de Corsi, el Test de los senderos A y B, el Test de los Senderos Preescolares, el Test de Stroop Preescolar y la Subprueba de Dígitos de la Escala Wechsler de Inteligencia. Se realizaron análisis estadísticos de Kruskal Wallis para verificar la validez por criterios de edad y análisis de correlación no-paramétrica de Spearman para evaluar la evidencia de validez convergente. Tafe demostró ser efectivo para discriminar entre diferentes grupos de edad, así es sensible al desarrollo de FE. Los resultados en Tafe se correlacionaron con los obtenidos en otras pruebas de FE, lo que muestra claros patrones de convergencia. Por tanto, el análisis aporta evidencias de validez para Tafe, derivadas de diferentes estrategias de investigación.(AU)

Olhares e produções de saberes: narrativas da psicologia acerca das relações raciais / Gaze and knowledge production: psychology narratives about racial relations / Mirada y producción de saber: narrativas de la psicología sobre las relaciones raciales

Este artigo realiza um percurso histórico das narrativas teóricas construídas pelas elites intelectuais brancas brasileiras sobre as relações raciais no campo psicológico, bem como os efeitos desse processo no desenvolvimento da psicologia enquanto ciência e profissão. Como a maioria de profissionais da área é branca em um país cuja maioria da população é negra, torna-se cada vez mais urgente e necessário revisitar tanto as bases da psicologia acerca das relações raciais quanto o modo como essas relações se dão no cotidiano, com vistas a construir caminhos para pensar teoria e prática comprometidas com a igualdade racial. Nesse sentido, tecem-se considerações sobre as narrativas teóricas acerca das relações raciais no campo científico brasileiro, destacando o lugar da psicologia nesse percurso. Em seguida, discutem-se as relações entre as perspectivas da realidade social e das produções de saberes nesse campo. Ainda mais especificamente no campo da psicologia, evidenciam-se os paradigmas que orientaram os estudos sobre as relações raciais na área e, por fim, aponta-se um caminho possível para a construção de uma ciência psicológica compromissada com a igualdade racial.(AU)

This paper presents a historical overview of the theoretical narratives constructed by white Brazilian intellectual elites about race relations within psychology and its the effects on the development of Psychology as a science and a profession. As psychology professionals are white, whereas the majority of the population is black, it is increasingly urgent and necessary to revisit the foundations of psychology on everyday life racial relations, towards a theory and practice committed to racial equality. The text presents considerations on the theoretical narratives about race relations in the Brazilian scientific field, highlighting the role played by psychology. It then discusses the relations between social reality and knowledge production in this field. Regarding psychology specifically, it highlights the paradigms that guided studies on race relations in the field and proposes a possible way to develop a psychological science committed to racial equality.(AU)

Este trabajo realiza un recorrido histórico sobre las narrativas teóricas construidas por las élites intelectuales brasileñas blancas sobre las relaciones raciales en el campo de la Psicología, y los efectos de este proceso en el desarrollo de la psicología como ciencia y profesión. Como la mayoría de los profesionales en el área son blancos en un país donde la mayoría de la población es negra, es cada vez más urgente y necesario revisar los fundamentos de la psicología sobre las relaciones raciales, y cómo son estas relaciones en la vida cotidiana, para que podamos construir teoría y práctica comprometidas con la igualdad racial. Primero, se reflexionará sobre las narrativas teóricas de las relaciones raciales en este campo científico brasileño, destacando el lugar de la psicología en este camino. Luego, se discutirán las relaciones entre las perspectivas sobre la realidad social y la producción de conocimiento en este campo. Aún más específicamente en el campo de la psicología, se resaltarán los paradigmas que guiaron los estudios sobre las relaciones raciales en el área y, finalmente, se señalará un posible camino en la construcción de una ciencia psicológica comprometida con la igualdad racial.(AU)

Dissonance-based eating disorder prevention improves intuitive eating: a randomized controlled trial for Brazilian women with body dissatisfaction.

PURPOSE: Investigate the efficacy of a dissonance-based (DB) intervention (i.e., the Body Project), during which some examples of intuitive eating were provided by peer leaders, in improving intuitive eating and targeting risk and protective factors for eating disorders (ED) among Brazilian women with body dissatisfaction. METHODS: Participants were randomized to a four-session DB intervention (n = 38) or assessment-only control (AOC) (n = 36), and completed validated measures assessing intuitive eating, body appreciation, self-esteem, body-ideal internalization, body dissatisfaction, negative affect, and disordered eating pre-intervention, post-intervention, and at 4- and 24-week follow-ups. RESULTS: The DB condition demonstrated significantly greater increases in intuitive eating, body appreciation and self-esteem scores compared to AOC from pre-intervention to post-intervention (between-condition Cohen's d = 0.73-0.98), 4-week (between-condition Cohen's d = 1.25-1.87) and 24-week follow-up (between-condition Cohen's d = 0.82-1.38). Also, the DB condition showed significantly greater decreases in body-ideal internalization, body dissatisfaction and disordered eating scores from pre-intervention to post-intervention (between-condition Cohen's d = 0.76-1.04), 4-week (between-condition Cohen's d = 1.27-1.71) and 24-week follow-up (between-condition Cohen's d = 1.04-1.19). Regarding negative affect, DB condition showed significantly greater reduction only at 24-week follow-up (between-condition Cohen's d = 0.60). CONCLUSION: Results reinforce the efficacy of DB interventions in reducing ED risk factors for young women and support the preliminary efficacy of these programs in improving intuitive eating, body appreciation, and self-esteem. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level I, randomized controlled trial. ReBEC (Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials; available at http://www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/ ) number of registration: RBR-2f57cs. Date of registration: June 1, 2020.

Efficacy of a multivitamin adherence program based on cognitive dissonance for bariatric patients: A randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Micronutrient deficiencies are common among bariatric patients; this study aimed to determine whether a cognitive dissonance-based virtual program improved adherence to multivitamin use in bariatric patients from northern Mexico. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: A randomized controlled trial of the supplementation strategy was conducted over three months. The participants were randomized to an intervention or waitlisted control group and received two psycho-educative and four cognitive dissonance virtual sessions. Multiple linear regression was used to determine standardized estimates of associations between the intervention and dependent variables. Two path analyses were evaluated considering baseline and post-test measurements. RESULTS: Intervention was associated with higher concentrations of Hb (ß=0.758, p<0.001), vitamin D (ß=0.577, p<0.001), iron (ß=0.523, p<0.001), folate (ß=0.494, p<0.01), calcium (ß=0.452, p<0.01), higher adherence (ß=0.467, p<0.001), and level of knowledge (ß=0.298, p<0.05. CONCLUSIONS: The dissonance-based intervention potentiated the level of supplementation adherence. A higher level of adherence was reflected in micronutrient concentrations, thus providing confirmation of intervention. Thus, support is found for a multidisciplinary clinical practice that enhances nutrition status after bariatric surgery for obesity.

Evaluación de un programa nutricional para la prevención de trastornos alimentarios en estudiantes de secundaria / Evaluation of a nutritional program for the prevention of eating disorders in junior high school students

Introducción: Los patrones de belleza establecidos por la sociedad y difundidos por los medios de comunicación han ocasionado que los adolescentes presenten trastornos alimentarios; por lo que se desarrollan estrategias de prevención para contrarrestar dicha problemática. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de un programa de prevención universal de trastornos alimentarios en estudiantes de una secundaria del Estado de México. Métodos: Estudio cuantitativo de corte longitudinal, la muestra estuvo conformada por cinco grupos de intervención (n = 183) y un grupo control (n = 38), a los que se les aplicó el test de actitudes alimentarias (EAT-23), el test se aplicó antes y después de la intervención de un programa nutricional. Se utilizó la prueba t de Student para muestras relacionadas entre la preprueba y la posprueba del grupo con intervención. Resultados: Se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la subescala de patrones y estilos alimentarios (t = 1,94, p = 0,05) y en las preguntas de me gusta comer con otras personas y siento que los alimentos controlan mi vida, se vieron cambios positivos en ambas preguntas. Conclusiones: Los programas interactivos generan mayores resultados que aquellos que se basan en la transmisión de conocimientos, de ahí que se deban desarrollar programas específicos para la alfabetización de los medios de comunicación y así generar una actitud crítica ante la presión que ejercen la publicidad y la moda(AU)

Introduction: Beauty patterns established by society and disseminated by the media have caused that adolescents present eating disorders; therefore, prevention strategies are developed to counteract this problem. Objective: Evaluate the effect of a universal prevention program of eating disorders in students from a junior high school in the State of Mexico. Methods: Quantitative longitudinal study. The sample consisted of five intervention groups (n = 183) and a control group (n = 38), to which the dietary attitudes test (EAT-23) was applied. The test was applied before and after the intervention of a nutritional program. Student's t-test was used for samples related to pre-testing and post-testing of the intervention group. Results: Statistically significant differences were observed in the subscale of eating patterns and styles (t = 1.94, p = 0.05) and in the questions ¨I like to eat with other people¨ and I feel that food controls my life¨, positive changes were seen in both questions. Conclusions: Interactive programs generate greater results than those based on the transmission of knowledge, hence specific programs must be developed for media literacy and thus generate a critical attitude towards the pressure exerted by advertising and fashion(AU)

Disonancia cognitiva y educación universitaria en tiempo demigración venezolana / Cognitive dissonance and university education in Venezuelanmigration time

La disonancia cognitiva (DC) representa un elemento psicológico bastante común en la sociedad. Las personas, sin importar edades ni condición social y mucho menos niveles de estudios, suelen caer permanentemente en este juego de ideas entre valores y realidades. Esto hace que el desarrollo moral y ético de una sociedad muchas veces se vea empañado por circunstancias que inciden directamente en el bien propio y común. La disonancia cognitiva, con base en las representaciones simbólicas de cada actor social, puede ser estudiada desde el campo universitario, visto éste como un espacio en el que los individuos se reúnen con base a un pensamiento libre y donde la construcción y de construcción delas ideas complejiza la propia realidad del individuo lo que hace incida en su entorno. La disonancia cognitiva, en una realidad venezolana donde la migración ha causado desolación en las universidades, pasa a formar parte de las discusiones dialógicas del estamento docente y ocupa la atención de numerosos investigadores, políticos y economistas del país. En este escrito, el objetivo se orienta a develar las representaciones simbólicas del pensamiento estudiantil y docente en consideración a la disonancia cognitiva y al tema de migración venezolana. Sus ideas, sus opiniones y sus sentires son expuestas como una forma de expresión sobre sus mundos internos como participantes pertenecientes a una sociedad con características propias. El método es la hermenéutica basada en la metodología cualitativa. Se utilizó la entrevista como técnica principal de recolección de información. Conclusión: el ambiente social venezolano se ve envuelto por una crisis de análisis, personalidad y de valores, los cuales hacen presencia gracias a la gran disonancia cognitiva (y auto engaño que la misma conlleva) en casi todos los aspectos dela vida diaria, convirtiéndose así en una nación triste, despectiva y poco comprometida(AU)

Cognitive dissonance (CD) represents a fairly common psychological element in society. People, regardless of age or social status and much less levels of education, often fall permanently in this game of ideas between values andrealities. This means that the moral and ethical development ofa society is often marred by circumstances that directly affect the own and common good. Cognitive dissonance, based on the symbolic representations of each social actor, can be studied from the university field, seen as a space in which individuals meet based on free thinking and where the construction and deconstruction of ideas and that complicates the individual'sown reality which makes an impact on his environment. Cognitive dissonance, in a Venezuelan reality where migration has caused desolation in universities, becomes part of the dialogic discussions of the teaching staff and occupies the attentionof numerous researchers, politicians and economists in the country. In this paper, the objective is to reveal the symbolic representations of student and teacher thinking in consideration of cognitive dissonance and the issue of Venezuelan migration.Their ideas, their opinions and their feelings are exposed as a form of expression about their internal worlds as participants belonging to a society with their own characteristics. the method is hermeneutics based on qualitative methodology. The interview was used as the main information gathering technique. Conclusion: the Venezuelan social environment is surroundedby a crisis of analysis, personality and values, which they presentthanks to the great cognitive dissonance (and self-deception thatit entails) in almost all aspects of daily life, thus becoming in asad nation, contemptuous and little compromised(AU)

Dissonance-based eating disorder prevention among Brazilian young women: A randomized efficacy trial of the Body Project.

A randomized controlled trial was conducted to assess the efficacy of the Body Project eating disorder prevention program in reducing eating disorder risk factors and symptoms in young Brazilian women. A total of 141 female university students aged 18-30 years old were randomly assigned to one of two conditions: assessment-only condition (n = 78) and Body Project condition (n = 63). Participants completed scales assessing body dissatisfaction, sociocultural influence, disordered eating attitudes and behaviors, eating disorders symptoms, body appreciation, depressive mood and negative affect at baseline, posttest, and at 1- and 6-month follow-ups. Body Project participants showed significantly greater reductions in body dissatisfaction, sociocultural influence, disordered eating, eating disorder symptoms, depressive symptoms, and negative affect, and greater increases in body appreciation (d = .35-.48) compared to assessment-only participants. Most of the effects persisted through 6-month follow-up (d = .35-.74). Results provide evidence that the Body Project is an effective intervention to reduce eating disorder risk factors and eating disorder symptoms among Brazilian young women, and that this intervention is naturally culturally adaptive.

Dissonance-based eating disorder prevention delivered in-person after an online training: A randomized controlled trial for Brazilian men with body dissatisfaction.

OBJECTIVE: Few prevention programs have been developed and empirically evaluated to address eating disorder (ED) and muscle dysmorphia (MD) symptoms in men. Furthermore, new strategies for the broad implementation of available programs are needed. We investigated the acceptability and efficacy of a dissonance-based (DB) intervention for Brazilian undergraduate men with body dissatisfaction to target risk and protective factors for ED and MD symptoms (the Body Project: More Than Muscles) after an online training for facilitators. METHOD: Participants were randomized to a two-session DB-intervention (n = 89) or assessment-only control (AOC) (n = 91), and completed validated measures assessing ED and MD risk and protective factors pre-intervention, post-intervention, and at 4- and 24-week follow-up post-intervention. RESULTS: Acceptability ratings were highly favorable. Regarding efficacy, the DB condition demonstrated significantly greater decreases in ED and MD risk factors compared to AOC from pre-intervention to 4-week (p-values <.05, between-condition Cohen's d = 0.35-1.10) and 24-week follow-up (p-values <.05, between-condition Cohen's d = 0.33-0.78). Results at post-intervention were not significant, with the exception that body appreciation showed significantly greater improvements in the DB condition (post-intervention: p < .01, between-condition Cohen's d = 0.40; 4-week: p < .001, between-condition Cohen's d = 0.80; and 24-week follow-up: p < .001, between-condition Cohen's d = 0.58). DISCUSSION: Results support the acceptability and efficacy of a DB-intervention delivered in-person after an online training for facilitators up to 24-week follow-up in Brazilian men.

Creación de disonancia cognoscitiva a partir de una premisa histórico sociocultural de la pareja / Creation of cognitive dissonance from a Sociocultural Historical Premise of the couple

Las Premisas Histórico-Socioculturales (PHSC) son normas y creencias que regulan el comportamiento de cada cultura. En México, una premisa de cómo deben conducirse las parejas es "El compromiso da formalidad a la relación de pareja". Sin embargo, los individuos no reciben pasivamente las PHSC, las modifican o las contradicen con sus acciones lo que puede crear disonancia cognoscitiva. Entonces, la disonancia ocurre cuando coexisten dos cogniciones incongruentes en un individuo, lo que puede ocurrir por la llegada de nueva información o por trasgredir una norma cultural. El objetivo del estudio fue comprobar si la opinión contra actitudinal sobre PHSC acerca del compromiso en las relaciones de pareja ocasiona disonancia cognoscitiva en los individuos, medida como ansiedad. Se diseñó un experimento donde se manipuló la PHSC sobre la relación de pareja que los individuos recibían y el estatus de la fuente proveniente: 2 (PHSC: Concordante/ Contra actitudinal) × 2 (Fuente de alto o bajo estatus). Como variable dependiente se midió la ansiedad estado y como covariable el nivel de compromiso en su relación de pareja. Participaron 41 individuos. Los resultados muestran que el grupo de fuente de bajo estatus y PHSC concordante tuvo más preocupación, mientras que los que recibieron una PHSC contra actitudinal estuvieron más tranquilos. En el primer grupo se creó disonancia debido a dos cogniciones incongruentes: nivel educativo y pensar igual que una fuente de bajo estatus, lo que afectó su autoconcepto; mientras que la condición de artículo de alto estatus no generó diferencias

Historical Sociocultural Premises (PHSCs) are norms and beliefs that regulate the behavior of each culture. A premise for Mexican couples is that "Commitment gives formality to couple relationships". However, individuals do not passively receive PHSCs, they modify or contradict them with their actions, which can lead to cognitive dissonance. So, dissonance occurs when two incongruous cognitions coexist in an individual, caused by either receiving new information or transgressing a cultural norm. The objective of the study is in order to verify if counter attitudinal opinions on PHSCs about commitment in couple relationships cause cognitive dissonance in individuals, measured as anxiety. We designed an experiment where we manipulated the PHSCs about couple relationships that individuals received, and the status of the source they came from: 2 (PHSC: Concordant / Counter attitudinal) × 2 (High and low status sources). We measured state anxiety as a dependent variable and the participants' level of commitment in their couple relationship as a covariate. 41 individuals participated. The results of this research showed that, in the low status source group, participants with a concordant PHSC were more worried, while those who received a counter attitudinal PHSC were calmer. In the first group, there was dissonance due to two incongruous cognitions (educational level and thinking like a low status source), which affected their self concept, while the condition of high status article did not generate any differences

Prevention of eating disorders in argentine adolescents.

In the last few decades much effort has been devoted to developing prevention programs for eating disorders, as most individuals with these pathologies do not receive treatment and tend to become chronic. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a cognitive dissonance and media literacy intervention aimed at preventing eating disorders in female adolescents. Eighty-eight female students (aged 12-17) from Argentina, participated in a 3-session program. Adolescents completed a baseline, post-intervention and a 6-month follow-up survey. A significant decrease in thin-ideal internalization, body image concerns, influence of advertising, drive for thinness and bulimic attitudes was found at post-intervention. In addition, the number of participants with disturbed eating attitudes and behaviors decreased at post-intervention. Results for body image concerns and drive for thinness were maintained at follow-up.

Gambling-related cognitive distortions mediate the relationship between depression and disordered gambling severity.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Symptoms of depression are highly prevalent among individuals with gambling disorder, and severity of depression is associated with severity of gambling problem. Yet, little is known about the psychological mechanisms by which symptoms of depression lead to greater gambling severity. In this study, we tested whether cognitive distortions represent one such mechanism, as cognitive distortions are key characteristics in both depression and gambling disorder and have been shown to be associated with gambling severity. METHODS: A mediation model was tested among 345 treatment-seeking individuals with gambling disorder in Sao Paulo, Brazil. The diagnosis of gambling disorder was made using semi-structured clinical interviews and participants completed psychometrically sound self-report measures of depression symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory-I), gambling-related cognitive distortions (Gamblers' Beliefs Questionnaire), and gambling severity (Gambling Symptom Assessment Scale). RESULTS: As hypothesized, increased symptoms of depression were significantly associated with both increased disordered gambling severity and increased gambling-related cognitive distortions. Further, gambling-related cognitive distortions predicted greater disordered gambling severity when controlling for depression symptomology. Results from the bootstrapping method indicated that the relationship between symptoms of depression and increased disordered gambling severity is mediated by gambling-related cognitive distortions. CONCLUSIONS: Consistent with our predictions, gambling-related cognitive distortions mediated the relationship between depression symptoms and gambling severity among a sample of treatment-seeking disordered gamblers. These results suggest that cognitive distortions may be a key intervention target for the treatment of concurrent depression and gambling disorder.

Nossos erros me afetam? Efeito de informações negativas na identificação com endogrupo e na autoestima / Nos erreurs me touchent? Effet des informations négatives sur l'identification avec endogroupe et l'estime de soi / Nuestros errores me afectan? Efecto de la información negativa sobre la identificación con el grupo y en la autoestima / Do our mistakes affect me? Effect of negative information in ingroup identification and self-esteem

Resumo Teorias clássicas sobre consistência cognitiva recentemente têm sido exploradas enquanto processos não apenas intraindividuais, mas influenciados por aspectos grupais. Tendo em vista a tendência humana ao enaltecimento pessoal e grupal e a teoria unificada de cognição social implícita, informações negativas a respeito do endogrupo têm potencial de gerar inconsistência por meio da dissonância cognitiva e de desbalanceamento. Para testar as funções protetivas da consistência cognitiva diante das ameaças à avaliação positiva do endogrupo, 156 participantes passaram por pré e pós-teste de autoestima e por manipulação experimental de ameaça ou neutra. Não houve diferença significativa na autoestima dos participantes, nem no estado afetivo. Nos grupos experimentais, embora apontassem os comportamentos como negativos, muitos alegaram ser esperteza e jeitinho brasileiro. Pesquisas sobre dissonância apontam que, quando o objeto da redação contra-atitudinal é uma norma cultural, os efeitos da dissonância e a possibilidade de mudança de atitude são minimizados. Resultados serão discutidos.

Résumé Les théories classiques de la cohérence cognitive ont été récemment exploré les processus non seulement intra-individuelle, mais influencé par les aspects de groupe. Compte tenu de la tendance humaine à agrandissement personnel et de groupe et théorie unifiée de la cognition sociale implicite, des informations négatives sur l'endogroupe a le potentiel pour générer incohérence en dissonance cognitive et de déséquilibre. Pour tester les fonctions de protection de la cohérence cognitive contre les menaces à l'évaluation positive de l'endogroupe, 156 participants ont subi l'estime de soi pré- et post-test et manipulation expérimentale de la menace ou neutre. Il n'y avait pas de différence significative dans l'estime de soi des participants, ou l'état affectif. Dans les groupes expérimentaux, bien que les comportements pointus comme négatif, beaucoup prétendu être moyen ruse et jeitinho brasileiro. La recherche sur la dissonance souligner que lorsque l'attitude contre l'écriture de l'objet est une norme culturelle, les effets de la dissonance et la possibilité d'un changement d'attitude sont minimisés. On discute les résultats.

Resumen Teorías clásicas sobre consistencia cognitiva recientemente han sido exploradas como procesos no solo intraindividuales, pero también influenciados por aspectos grupales. Reconociendo la tendencia humana al engrandecimiento personal y grupal y la teoría unificada de la cognición social implícita, informaciones negativas sobre el endogrupo tienen el potencial para generar inconsistencia por intermedio de la disonancia cognitiva y del desequilibrio. Para probar las funciones de protección de la consistencia cognitiva contra amenazas a la evaluación positiva del endogrupo, la autoestima de 156 participantes fue medida antes y después de la manipulación experimental de amenaza o neutra. No hubo diferencia significativa en la autoestima de los participantes, o en el estado afectivo. En los grupos experimentales, aunque consideraban los comportamientos como negativos, muchos dijeron que era astucia y el jeitinho brasileiro. Investigaciones sobre disonancia indican que cuando el objetivo de la redacción contra actitudinal es una norma cultural, los efectos de la disonancia y la posibilidad de cambio de actitud son minimizados. Resultados son discutidos.

Abstract Classical theories on cognitive consistency have recently been explored not only as intraindividual processes, but influenced by group aspects. Given the human tendency to personal and group enhancement and the unified theory of implicit social cognition, negative information about the ingroup has the potential of generating inconsistency through cognitive dissonance and imbalance. To test the protective functions of cognitive consistency considering the threats to the positive evaluation of the ingroup, 156 participants underwent pre- and post-test of self-esteem and by neutral or threat experimental manipulation. There was no significant difference in participants' self-esteem nor in their affective state. In experimental groups, although behaviors were pointed as negative, many claimed to be cunning and the jeitinho brasileiro (the Brazilian way of doing things). Research on dissonance point that, when the object of counterattidudinal writing is a cultural norm, the effects of dissonance and the possibility of change in attitude are minimized. Results will be discussed.

Semelhanças e dissonâncias em espaços de ensinar e aprender / Similarities and dissonances in places of teaching and learning

Este texto se propõe a fazer dialogar duas pesquisas que investigaram ações complementare são ensino regular, de modo a dar visibilidade às semelhanças e às dissonâncias entre ONG e circo-escola. Ambas as pesquisas investigaram os sentidos produzidos por jovens sobre as atividades desenvolvidas para além dos muros escolares, dentro de serviços de ações complementares à escola. Tendo como referência as contribuições de Vygotsky e autores do círculo de Bakhtin, enfocamos neste texto a dimensão dos sujeitos que participam das ações complementares, as experiências tal como vivenciadas nessas atividades e os sentidos que jovens produzem sobre elas. Por meio de entrevistas com os jovens aprendizes e observações no cotidiano dessas ações, destacamos as relações nesses espaços mediadas pela afetividade e pelo aumento da potência de ser. Movimento afetivo-volitivo que permitiu aos aprendizes e jovens irem além de si mesmos, além do que estava posto, instituído. A relação entre educadores e jovens aprendizes mediou o aprender e necessariamente constituiu e constitui sujeitos que se fazem permanentemente aprendizes. Consideramos, à guisa de conclusão, ONG e circo-escola como espaços de potência para a criação e a recriação das relações de ensinar e aprender, fundamentalmente em virtude do modo como as linguagens artísticas são ali trabalhadas.

This text proposes to discuss two studies that investigated after-school activities complementary to regular education, in order to give visibility to the similarities and divergences among NGO’s and school-circus. Both studies investigated the meanings produced by young people about the activities beyond the school walls, within the services that complement the school’s activities. Having as reference the contributions of Vygotsky and Bakhtin, we focus in this paper on the dimension of the subjects participating in after-school activities, their experiences in these activities and the meanings that young people give to them. Through interviews with young learners and observations in the daily life of these actions, we highlight that the relationships existent in these places were mediated by increased warmth and power of action. An affective-volitional movement which allowed apprentices and young people to go beyond themselves, beyond what was said and has been instituted. The relationship between teachers and young learners has mediated the learning process and necessarily has constituted the subjects which are permanently learners. We consider, in conclusion, that NGO’s and school-circus are places of power for creation and recreation, and for the relationship of teaching and learning, fundamentally because of the way they worked with artistic languages.

Semelhanças e dissonâncias em espaços de ensinar e aprender / Similarities and dissonances in places of teaching and learning

Este texto se propõe a fazer dialogar duas pesquisas que investigaram ações complementare são ensino regular, de modo a dar visibilidade às semelhanças e às dissonâncias entre ONG e circo-escola. Ambas as pesquisas investigaram os sentidos produzidos por jovens sobre as atividades desenvolvidas para além dos muros escolares, dentro de serviços de ações complementares à escola. Tendo como referência as contribuições de Vygotsky e autores do círculo de Bakhtin, enfocamos neste texto a dimensão dos sujeitos que participam das ações complementares, as experiências tal como vivenciadas nessas atividades e os sentidos que jovens produzem sobre elas. Por meio de entrevistas com os jovens aprendizes e observações no cotidiano dessas ações, destacamos as relações nesses espaços mediadas pela afetividade e pelo aumento da potência de ser. Movimento afetivo-volitivo que permitiu aos aprendizes e jovens irem além de si mesmos, além do que estava posto, instituído. A relação entre educadores e jovens aprendizes mediou o aprender e necessariamente constituiu e constitui sujeitos que se fazem permanentemente aprendizes. Consideramos, à guisa de conclusão, ONG e circo-escola como espaços de potência para a criação e a recriação das relações de ensinar e aprender, fundamentalmente em virtude do modo como as linguagens artísticas são ali trabalhadas.(AU)

This text proposes to discuss two studies that investigated after-school activities complementary to regular education, in order to give visibility to the similarities and divergences among NGO’s and school-circus. Both studies investigated the meanings produced by young people about the activities beyond the school walls, within the services that complement the school’s activities. Having as reference the contributions of Vygotsky and Bakhtin, we focus in this paper on the dimension of the subjects participating in after-school activities, their experiences in these activities and the meanings that young people give to them. Through interviews with young learners and observations in the daily life of these actions, we highlight that the relationships existent in these places were mediated by increased warmth and power of action. An affective-volitional movement which allowed apprentices and young people to go beyond themselves, beyond what was said and has been instituted. The relationship between teachers and young learners has mediated the learning process and necessarily has constituted the subjects which are permanently learners. We consider, in conclusion, that NGO’s and school-circus are places of power for creation and recreation, and for the relationship of teaching and learning, fundamentally because of the way they worked with artistic languages.(AU)

[Body image satisfaction in Mexican adolescents and adults and its relation with body selfperception and real body mass index]. / Satisfacción de la imagen corporal en adolescentes y adultos mexicanos y su relación con la autopercepción corporal y el índice de masa corporal real.

INTRODUCTION: Body Image (BI) perception could determine the nutritional care search, even though there is not always concordance between the real BMI and the self-perceived one. OBJETIVE: To determine the correlation between self-perceived and real BMI, and their relation with body image (BI) satisfaction in a sample of Mexican adolescents and adults. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: An cross-sectional and analytical study, conformed by 556 participants; of which 330 were adolescents and 217 were adults with anthropometric, self-perception and BI satisfaction assessment. RESULTS: The BMI was higher 23±6 vs 29.3±5 p<0.001 in adults, which doubled the level of overweight and obesity present in the adolescents 79% vs 43%. About 50% of participants had concordance between their real BMI and their perceived one (p<0.001). Of all adults with overweight and obesity 68% had satisfaction with their BI, whereas the prevalence of satisfaction with the BI in adolescents was 80%. The predictive variables of BI insatisfaction were being an adult, being a woman and having overweight/obesity (p=0.013). Those ones who referred a positive judgment about their BI, they also reported being satisfied with their BI and presented a real normal or overweight BMI. CONCLUSIONS: Half of the participants had concordance of their perceived BI with their real BMI. The satisfaction with BI was more frequent between the lower real and perceived BMI, but subjects with overweight and obesity also reported satisfaction with their BI even though it is considered a risk condition.

Introducción: La percepción que se tengan de la imagen corporal (IC) podría determinar la búsqueda de atención nutricia, aunque no siempre hay concordancia del índice de masa corporal (IMC) autopercibido con el real. Objetivo: Correlacionar el IMC autopercibido con el real y su relación con la satisfacción de la IC en una muestra de adolescentes y adultos mexicanos. Métodos: Estudio transversal analítico, con 556 participantes: 330 adolescentes y 217 adultos, con las siguientes evaluaciones: de autopercepción y de la satisfacción de la IC; asimismo, antropométrica. Resultados: El IMC fue mayor entre adultos 23±6 vs 29.3±5 p.

A structural model of emotions of cognitive dissonances.

Cognitive dissonance is the stress that comes from holding two conflicting thoughts simultaneously in the mind, usually arising when people are asked to choose between two detrimental or two beneficial options. In view of the well-established role of emotions in decision making, here we investigate whether the conventional structural models used to represent the relationships among basic emotions, such as the Circumplex model of affect, can describe the emotions of cognitive dissonance as well. We presented a questionnaire to 34 anonymous participants, where each question described a decision to be made among two conflicting motivations and asked the participants to rate analogically the pleasantness and the intensity of the experienced emotion. We found that the results were compatible with the predictions of the Circumplex model for basic emotions.

Stroop matching task: role of feature selection and temporal modulation.

We conducted an event-related potential (ERP) study to investigate the electrocortical dynamics of attentional feature-based processing in the Stroop matching task. Participants in the study (n = 37) compared the ink color of a colored word with the meaning of a color-word in white ink. The two task stimuli were presented simultaneously or with SOAs (Stimulus Onset Asynchrony) of 400 and 1,200 ms. The Stroop matching effect was maximal during SOA-0, was reduced at SOA-400, and was inverted at SOA-1200. We focused the ERP analysis on the N1 component. Paralleling the behavioral results, the N1 amplitude was greater for congruent stimuli than incongruent stimuli during SOA-0. This difference was attenuated at SOA-400, and at SOA-1200, an inverse pattern was observed. The results provide evidence that early selection processing participated in the Stroop matching task phenomenon and also suggest that the temporal modulation of early attention is a function of task characteristics such as SOA.

Estudo da prevalência das alterações cognitivas ligadas ao HIV em pacientes portadores da infecção pelo HIV/AIDS / A prevalence study of HIV associated neurocognitve disorders in HIV / AIDS patients

Introdução: O comprometimento cognitivo relacionado à infecção pelo HIV é descrito desde 1987. Inicialmente denominado complexo demência – AIDS, o quadro apresentava caráter progressivo sendo altamente limitante. [...] Para esclarecer este ponto, a partir de uma coorte nacional, avaliamos a prevalência dos distúrbios neuro cognitivos relacionados ao HIV em todas as suas manifestações, ponderando sobre alguns fatores (idade, gênero, nível educacional, CD4+ nadir e carga viral) possivelmente associados à sua ocorrência. Objetivos: Avaliar a prevalência dos distúrbios neurocognitivos em pacientes portadores da infecção HIV / AIDS , considerando todas as suas formas clínicas e os fatores a elas relacionados, além de avaliar a escala de demência internacional como possível ferramenta de rastreio para diagnóstico precoce das alterações neurocognitivas relacionadas ao HIV. Material e métodos: Para um estudo propectivo, foram selecionados aleatoriamente 187 pacientes portadores do vírus HIV / AIDS (53,48 por cento homens / 38,50 por cento VT ), provenientes dos ambulatórios da Fiocruz e do Hospital Municipal Desembargador Leal Junior , seguindo critérios de exclusão pré-determinados. Parte dos pacientes (89/187) foi submetida à escala de demência internacional (EDI HIV ) por um neurologista e um fisioterapeuta, em momentos distintos, num intervalo máximo de 14 dias...

Introduction: Cognitive disorders related to HIV infection have been described since1987. Initially named HIV dementia complex, its clinical syndrome was characterized as aprogressive and very restrictive dysfunction. [...] Inorder to clarify this issue, from a national cohort, we evaluated all kinds of neurocognitive impairment presentation and its prevalence, roaming over some factors (age, gender,educational level, CD4+ nadir and viral load) that could possibly be related to its occurrence. Objectives: To evaluate the neurocognitive disorders presented by a national cohort ofHIV/AIDS patients, determining its prevalence, clinical correlates and possible risk factors,and also to evaluate the International Dementia Scale as a possible screening tool to earlieridentify individuals at risk for HIV dementia.Methods and Material: For a prospective study 187 HIV/ AIDS outpatients from theClinic of Infectious Diseases at Fiocruz and at the Hospital Municipal Desembargador LealJunior (53,50 percent male / 38,50 percent without HAART use) were randomized based on establishedselection criteria. Part of the subjects (89/187) underwent evaluation by means of IHDS(International HIV Dementia Scale), administered by a neurologist and by a physiotherapistwith a maximum gap of 14 days...