Efectividad de Beauveria bassiana (Baubassil®) sobre la garrapata común del ganado bovino Rhipicephalus microplus en el Departamento de la Guajira, Colombia / Effectiveness of Beauveria bassiana (Baubassil®) on the common cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus in the Department of Guajira, Colombia

Se evaluó la efectividad de Baubassil® (Beauveria bassiana) sobre la garrapata Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. En la fase in vitro, se determinaron la temperatura óptima de germinación del hongo mediante microcultivos a 25, 30 y 35° C, y la mortalidad de las garrapatas. En campo, en un diseño aleatorio, se utilizaron 30 vacas cebuinas; 15 vacas se trataron con Baubassil® una vez por semana con 1 x 10(6) conidias/ml y un grupo control se dejó sin tratamiento. Se observó que a temperaturas de 25, 30 y 35 °C, la germinación del entomopató-geno fue del 97,5, el 94,7 y el 6,3%, respectivamente. En los animales tratados con Baubassil® se obtuvo una efectividad corregida del 96,8%. En el Caribe Seco, Baubassil® constituiría una alternativa de control del ectoparásito, pues no existen registros anteriores en La Guajira del control sostenible de esta garrapata.

The effectiveness of Baubassil® (Beauveria bassiana) on the tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus was evaluated. In the in vitro phase, the optimal germination temperature of the fungus was determined by microcultures at 25, 30 and 35 °C and the mortality of ticks. In the field, in a randomized design, 30 cebuine cows; 15 cows were treated with Baubassil® once a week at a 1 x 10(6) conidia/ml, and a control group was left untreated. It was observed that at temperatures of 25, 30 and 35 °C, germination of the entomopathogen was 97.5, 94.7 and 6.3%, respectively. In animals treated with Baubassil® obtained a corrected effectiveness of 96.8% on ticks in the fifth week of application. The use of Baubassil® would be a valid alternative for controlling the cattle tick under the agroecological conditions of the Dry Caribbean.

[Effectiveness of Beauveria bassiana (Baubassil®) on the common cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus in the Department of Guajira, Colombia]. / Efectividad de Beauveria bassiana (Baubassil®) sobre la garrapata común del ganado bovino Rhipicephalus microplus en el Departamento de la Guajira, Colombia.

The effectiveness of Baubassil®(Beauveria bassiana) on the tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus was evaluated. In the in vitro phase, the optimal germination temperature of the fungus was determined by microcultures at 25, 30 and 35°C and the mortality of ticks. In the field, in a randomized design, 30 cebuine cows; 15 cows were treated with Baubassil® once a week at a 1×106 conidia/ml, and a control group was left untreated. It was observed that at temperatures of 25, 30 and 35°C, germination of the entomopathogen was 97.5, 94.7 and 6.3%, respectively. In animals treated with Baubassil® obtained a corrected effectiveness of 96.8% on ticks in the fifth week of application. The use of Baubassil® would be a valid alternative for controlling the cattle tick under the agroecological conditions of the Dry Caribbean.

Acaríase em hedgehog causada pelo ácaro Notoedres cati: relato de caso / Mange in Hedgehog caused by mite Notoedres catí: Case report / Sarna en Hedgehog causada por el ácaro Notoedres catí: Informe de caso

Frequentemente o médico veterinário de animais silvestres se depara com novas espécies exóticas mantidas como animais de estimação, sendo os Hedgehogs uma das espécies mais emergentes na clínica veterinária. O presente relato descreve o caso de um Hedgehog com sinais clínicos caracterizados porprurido e presença de crostas na região da cabeça, sendo diagnosticado com infestação pelo ácaro Notoedrescati. Este ácaro já foi descrito como causador de sarna em gatos, coelhos, hamster, além dos hedgehogs.Os sinais clínicos característicos juntamente com o raspado de pele evidenciaram a presença do parasita.O tratamento foi realizado com ivermectina injetável, em três aplicações com intervalo de sete dias, se mostrando eficaz para a eliminação do parasita neste espécime.

Muchas veces, lo veterinario especializado en animales salvajes se enfrenta a nuevas especies exóticas como mascotas, siendo los erizos una de las especies más emergentes en la clínica veterinaria.Este informe describe el caso de un erizo con signos clínicos que se caracterizan por la comezón y costrasen la cabeza, siendo diagnosticados con infestación por las ácaros Notoedres cati. Este ácaro se ha descritocomo causas de los de la sarna en gatos, conejos, hamsters, erizos y otros animales. Los signos clínicos característicos junto con lo raspado de piei mostraran la presencia dei parásito. El paciente fue tratado conIa inyección de ivermectina en tres aplicaciones con intervalo de siete días, mostrando efectiva eliminacióndei parásito e neste espécimen.

Frequently the veterinarian of exotic pets faces new species kept as pets and the Hedgehogs being one of the most emergent species in the veterinary clinic. This report describes the case of a Hedgehog with clinical signs characterized by it ching and crusts in the head, being diagnosed with infestation by Notoedres cati mite.This mite has been described as causes of scab in cats, rabbits, hamsters, hedgehogsand other animals.The characteristic clinical signs with the skin scrapes showed the presence of the parasite.The patient was treated with ivermectin injection in three applications with interval of seven days, showing effective elimination of the parasite in this specimen.

Acaríase em hedgehog causada pelo ácaro Notoedres cati: relato de caso / Mange in Hedgehog caused by mite Notoedres catí: Case report / Sarna en Hedgehog causada por el ácaro Notoedres catí: Informe de caso

Frequentemente o médico veterinário de animais silvestres se depara com novas espécies exóticas mantidas como animais de estimação, sendo os Hedgehogs uma das espécies mais emergentes na clínica veterinária. O presente relato descreve o caso de um Hedgehog com sinais clínicos caracterizados porprurido e presença de crostas na região da cabeça, sendo diagnosticado com infestação pelo ácaro Notoedrescati. Este ácaro já foi descrito como causador de sarna em gatos, coelhos, hamster, além dos hedgehogs.Os sinais clínicos característicos juntamente com o raspado de pele evidenciaram a presença do parasita.O tratamento foi realizado com ivermectina injetável, em três aplicações com intervalo de sete dias, se mostrando eficaz para a eliminação do parasita neste espécime.(AU)

Muchas veces, lo veterinario especializado en animales salvajes se enfrenta a nuevas especies exóticas como mascotas, siendo los erizos una de las especies más emergentes en la clínica veterinaria.Este informe describe el caso de un erizo con signos clínicos que se caracterizan por la comezón y costrasen la cabeza, siendo diagnosticados con infestación por las ácaros Notoedres cati. Este ácaro se ha descritocomo causas de los de la sarna en gatos, conejos, hamsters, erizos y otros animales. Los signos clínicos característicos junto con lo raspado de piei mostraran la presencia dei parásito. El paciente fue tratado conIa inyección de ivermectina en tres aplicaciones con intervalo de siete días, mostrando efectiva eliminacióndei parásito e neste espécimen.(AU)

Frequently the veterinarian of exotic pets faces new species kept as pets and the Hedgehogs being one of the most emergent species in the veterinary clinic. This report describes the case of a Hedgehog with clinical signs characterized by it ching and crusts in the head, being diagnosed with infestation by Notoedres cati mite.This mite has been described as causes of scab in cats, rabbits, hamsters, hedgehogsand other animals.The characteristic clinical signs with the skin scrapes showed the presence of the parasite.The patient was treated with ivermectin injection in three applications with interval of seven days, showing effective elimination of the parasite in this specimen.(AU)

Infestação por Leporacarus gibbus - relatos de casos atendidos em clínica particular de São Paulo durante os meses de novembro de 2012 a janeiro de 2013 / Leporacaruss gibbus infestation - Clinical report of cases treated in a private clinic in São Paulo from November 2012 to January 2013 / Infestación por el Leporacarus gibbus - Informe de los casos tratados en una clínica privada de São Paulo durante los meses de noviembre de 2012 a enero de 2013

O Leporacarus gibbus é um ácaro parasita de coelhos que ocorre com relativa frequência, em animais de produção e em animais de companhia. Os sinais clínicos associados à infecção incluem prurido, descamação e alopecia, porém muitos animais acometidos não apresentam sinais clínicos. Animais com sintomatologia clínica evidente são frequentemente acometidos por infecções em associação com Cheyletiella parasitivorax. O diagnóstico depende da colheita de pelos e identificação da presença do parasita por meio de microscopia ótica. O potencial zoonótico do L. gibbus não está bem elucidado, ocorrendo divergência entre os autores sobre esse assunto. O objetivo desse artigo é relatar a incidência de casos clínicos positivos para o ácaro, atendidos em uma clínica particular em São Paulo - SP, no período de novembro de 2012 a janeiro de 2013.

Leporacarus gibbus is a rabbit mite which occurs frequently, both in production animais and in pet ones. It causes a kind of dermatitis and clinical signs include pruritus, flakes of white scales and alopecia, however many of the affected animals do not display clinical signs. Animals with obvious clinical symptoms are often parasitized by L. gibbus in association with Cheyletiella parasitivorax. Diagnosis depends on the collection and identification of the parasite in the laboratory by means of optical microscopy. The zoonotic potential is not clear yet, occurring divergence among authors on these subject. The objective of this communication is to report cases seen in a private clinic in Sao Paulo - SP, Brazil, during the period of November 2012 to January 2013.

El Leporacarus gibbus es un ácaro de conejos que se produce con relativa frecuencia, tanto en los animales de creación comercial como en los animales de compañía. Los signos clínicos asociados incluyen picazón, descamación y alopecia, pero muchos animales afectados no muestran signos clínicos. Los animales con síntomas clínicos evidentes suelen, generalmente, parasitados por L. gibbus en asociación con Cheyletiella parasitivorax. El diagnóstico depende de la colección y de la identificación del parásito en el laboratorio por medio de microscopía óptica. El potencial zoonótico del L. gibbus no está bien aclarado, hay divergencias entre los autores en este tema. El objetivo de este estudio es dar a conocer los casos positivos al ácaro juntamente con el respectivo tratamiento realizado en una clínica privada en Sao Paulo - SP, en el período comprendido entre noviembre 2012 a enero 2013.

Infestação por Leporacarus gibbus - relatos de casos atendidos em clínica particular de São Paulo durante os meses de novembro de 2012 a janeiro de 2013 / Leporacaruss gibbus infestation - Clinical report of cases treated in a private clinic in São Paulo from November 2012 to January 2013 / Infestación por el Leporacarus gibbus - Informe de los casos tratados en una clínica privada de São Paulo durante los meses de noviembre de 2012 a enero de 2013

O Leporacarus gibbus é um ácaro parasita de coelhos que ocorre com relativa frequência, em animais de produção e em animais de companhia. Os sinais clínicos associados à infecção incluem prurido, descamação e alopecia, porém muitos animais acometidos não apresentam sinais clínicos. Animais com sintomatologia clínica evidente são frequentemente acometidos por infecções em associação com Cheyletiella parasitivorax. O diagnóstico depende da colheita de pelos e identificação da presença do parasita por meio de microscopia ótica. O potencial zoonótico do L. gibbus não está bem elucidado, ocorrendo divergência entre os autores sobre esse assunto. O objetivo desse artigo é relatar a incidência de casos clínicos positivos para o ácaro, atendidos em uma clínica particular em São Paulo - SP, no período de novembro de 2012 a janeiro de 2013.(AU)

Leporacarus gibbus is a rabbit mite which occurs frequently, both in production animais and in pet ones. It causes a kind of dermatitis and clinical signs include pruritus, flakes of white scales and alopecia, however many of the affected animals do not display clinical signs. Animals with obvious clinical symptoms are often parasitized by L. gibbus in association with Cheyletiella parasitivorax. Diagnosis depends on the collection and identification of the parasite in the laboratory by means of optical microscopy. The zoonotic potential is not clear yet, occurring divergence among authors on these subject. The objective of this communication is to report cases seen in a private clinic in Sao Paulo - SP, Brazil, during the period of November 2012 to January 2013.(AU)

El Leporacarus gibbus es un ácaro de conejos que se produce con relativa frecuencia, tanto en los animales de creación comercial como en los animales de compañía. Los signos clínicos asociados incluyen picazón, descamación y alopecia, pero muchos animales afectados no muestran signos clínicos. Los animales con síntomas clínicos evidentes suelen, generalmente, parasitados por L. gibbus en asociación con Cheyletiella parasitivorax. El diagnóstico depende de la colección y de la identificación del parásito en el laboratorio por medio de microscopía óptica. El potencial zoonótico del L. gibbus no está bien aclarado, hay divergencias entre los autores en este tema. El objetivo de este estudio es dar a conocer los casos positivos al ácaro juntamente con el respectivo tratamiento realizado en una clínica privada en Sao Paulo - SP, en el período comprendido entre noviembre 2012 a enero 2013.(AU)

The moth Hylesia metabus and French Guiana lepidopterism: centenary of a public health concern.

The females of the moths Hylesia metabus have their abdomens covered by urticating hairs looking like micro-arrows and causing a puriginous dermatitis to humans known as "papillonite" in French Guiana and also called yellowtail moth dermatitis or Caripito itch. The densities of the moths show great seasonal and annual variations depending on mechanisms mostly unknown. When H. metabus infestations occur, numerous cases of dermatologic manifestations are reported from people living near the mangrove swamps where the moths are developing. One hundred years after the first "papillonite" epidemic reported from French Guiana in 1912, the data presented herein summarize the actual state of knowledge on H. metabus biology and ecology and on the lepidopterism. Some recommendations are proposed for the surveillance and warning systems of H. metabus infestations and to avoid contact with the moths. Research priorities are suggested to improve the control against this problem emerging between nuisance and public health.

Controlling tungiasis in an impoverished community: an intervention study.

BACKGROUND: In Brazil, tungiasis is endemic in some resource-poor communities where various domestic and sylvatic animals act as reservoirs for this zoonosis. To determine the effect of control measures on the prevalence and intensity of infestation of human and animal tungiasis, a repeated cross-sectional survey with intervention was carried out. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In a traditional fishing community in Northeast Brazil, humans and reservoir animals were treated, and premise-spraying using an insecticide was done, while a second fishing community served as a control. Both communities were followed up 10 times during a 12-month period. At baseline, prevalence of tungiasis was 43% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 35%-51%) and 37% (95% CI: 31%-43%) in control and intervention villages, respectively. During the study, prevalence of tungiasis dropped to 10% (95% CI: 8%-13%; p<0.001) in the intervention village, while the prevalence remained at a high level in the control village. However, after one year, at the end of the study, in both communities the prevalence of the infestation had reached pre-intervention levels. Whereas the intensity of infestation was significantly reduced in the intervention community (p<0.001), and remained low at the end of the study (p<0.001), it did not change in the control village. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Our study shows that a reduction of prevalence and intensity of infestation is possible, but in impoverished communities a long-lasting reduction of disease occurrence can only be achieved by the regular treatment of infested humans, the elimination of animal reservoirs, and, likely, through environmental changes. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Controlled-Trials.com ISRCTN27670575.

Tungiasis and myiasis.

Tungiasis and myiasis are common ectoparasitic infestations that occur in developing countries in the tropics, particularly where poverty and poor standards of basic hygiene exist. The growth in international travel to and from these regions has led to an increase in the presentation of these conditions in nonendemic countries. Despite recent progress in the treatment and prevention of tungiasis and myiasis, diagnosis can present a challenge to those unfamiliar with these conditions, especially when they present in nonendemic countries. Tungiasis is caused by the penetration of the female sand flea, Tunga penetrans, into the epidermis of the host. Myiasis is a parasitic infection of the skin and mucous membranes in which the larvae of Diptera insects penetrate healthy or altered skin depending on the species. Infestations are usually self-limited and present few complications. Social neglect and inadequate health behavior in economically depressed urban neighborhoods, however, may lead to secondary infections and complications.

Parasitosis cutáneas y loxoscelismo / Cutaneous parasitosis and loxoscelism

Ectoparasitosis are skin disorders caused by animal parasites living on the body surface. Scabies, pediculosis capitis, phthiriasis and demodecidosis are common skin infections in Chile. Worldwide, they are among the most frequent dermatoses, particularly in infancy and childhood. At present, effective treatments are available, however, some of the present drugsare toxic and some parasites are becoming resistant to common antiparasitic treatment. Loxoscelism, on the other hand, is caused by the bite of Loxosceles spiders, world-widedistributed, affects individuals of all ages, it may present two clinical forms cutaneous loxoscelism (CL) and viscerocutaneous loxoscelism (VCL). The cutaneous surface of limbs and face are the most frequently affected areas by CL. Local clinical manifestations are pain, edema and livedoid plaque, most of wich evolve into a necrotic scar in CL, whereas hematuria, hemoglobinuria, jaundice, fever and sensorial involvement characterise VCL. Spider bite continues to be a controversial subject worldwide and its treatment may be controversial. Physicians should be aware of this disease entity and its complications. This article summarises the therapeutically approach against these infections.

Tungiasis

A tungíase é uma ectoparasitose negligenciada causada pela penetração permanente da pulga Tunga penetrans (também chamada de bicho de pé) na pele de seu hospedeiro. Depois da penetração, mais comumente localizada nos pés, a pulga se hipertrofia, e alguns dias depois seus segmentos abdominais atingem o diâmetro de até 1 cm. A infestação pela pulga está associada à pobreza e ocorre em muitas comunidades economicamente desfavorecidas no Caribe, na América do Sul e na África. Nesta revisão, é apresentada uma visão histórica da tungíase. A história natural, patologia, epidemiologia, diagnóstico, terapia e controle dessa ectoparasitose são discutidos. Conclui-se que a tungíase é uma importante parasitose causadora de morbidade considerável em populações afetadas. Estudos futuros serão necessários para aumentar o conhecimento sobre a biologia, patofisiologia, epidemiologia, terapia e controle do ectoparasita.

Enfermedades por ectoparasitos: Segunda parte / Ectoparasites diseases: Second part

Se presenta una revisión en aspectos clínicos y epidemiológicos de los principales ectoparásitos: piojos (pediculosis), moscas (myasis), pulgas (pulicosis y tungiasis), chinches (cimicosis), acarosis (sarna o escabiosis), picadura de abejas, avispas y hormigas y del erucismo.

Tungiasis.

Tungiasis is a neglected parasitic skin disease caused by the permanent penetration of the female sand flea (also called jigger flea) Tunga penetrans into the skin of its host. After penetration, most commonly on the feet, the flea undergoes an impressing hypertrophy, and some days later the abdominal segments of the flea have enlarged up to the size of about 1 cm. The flea infestation is associated with poverty and occurs in many resource-poor communities in the Caribbean, South America and Africa. In this review, a historical overview on tungiasis is given. The natural history, pathology, epidemiology, diagnosis, therapy and control of the parasitic skin disease are discussed. It is concluded that tungiasis is an important parasitosis causing considerable morbidity in affected populations. Future studies are needed to increase the knowledge on the biology, pathophysiology, epidemiology, therapy and control of the ectoparasite.

Eficácia e persistência da associaçäo de cipermetrina 4,5 por cento + DDVP 50 por cento (Ectorfarma) no controle do Boophilus microplus e de larvas de Dermatobia hominis em bovinos leiteiros, mestiços, naturalmente infestados / Efficacy and persistance of cypermethrin 4,5 per cent + DDPV 50 per cent (Ectofarma) in the control of Boophilus microplus and larvae of Dermatobia hominis on naturally infested crossbred dairy cattle

Testou-se a sensibilidade da cepa de B. microplus do campus de Pirassununga da USP ao Ectofarma, na diluiçäo 1:400 através do biocarrapaticidograma. A ovipostura no grupo tratado (A) foi reduzida em 95,34 por cento, em relaçäo ao grupo controle (B) e a eclosäo de larvas provenientes dos ovos do grupo B foi de 100 por cento, enquanto no grupo A näo ocorreu eclosäo. Diante desse resultado, efetuou-se o teste a campo, utilizando dois grupos de nove bovinos mestiços. No dia 0 os números médios de B. microplus > 5 mm e de bernes nos animais dos dois grupos eram estatisticamente iguais. Os bovinos do grupo A foram aspergidos com o produto na mesma diluiçäo utilizada no teste in vitro. Os carrapatos foram contados nos dias 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, e 42 e os bernes no 3§ dia pós-tratamento (dpt), e depois, semanalmente, até a 6§ semana. Houve reduçäo drástica no número médio de carrapatos do grupo A do primeiro ao 21§ dpt, aumentando a partir do 28§ dpt. A reduçäo do número médio de larvas de D. hominis chegou a 65 por cento no 3§ dpt, nos animais do grupo tratado, e embora a eficácia do produto tenha sido baixa, o número médio de bernes no grupo A foi sempre menor do que no grupo B, após o tratamento

A case of tungiasis.

Tunga penetrans is a burrowing flea that is prevalent in Central and South America, the Caribbean, tropical Africa, India, and Pakistan, and rarely is imported to the United States. Tungiasis results from the cutaneous infestation of humans by the gravid female flea, T. penetrans. We report a case of tungiasis in a female who had been on a missionary expedition along the Brazilian Amazon River. The clinical presentation, life cycle, differential diagnosis, military and historical aspects, and treatment are discussed.

Eficácia de diferentes tratamentos em cobaias (Cavia porcellus) infectadas por Chirodiscoides caviae / Efficacy of different treatments in Guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) infected with Chirodiscoides caviae

Para um melhor controle sanitário das colônias de cobaias, determinou-se a presença e identificaçäo de ectoparasitos, bem como a porcentagem de eficácia dos ectoparasiticidas mais comumente utilizados no controle de ácaros. Numa colônia foi detectado alto grau de infestaçäo, 314 ácaros/cm ao quadrado de pêlo. As cobaias infestadas foram submetidas a tratamentos com Cipermetrina high-cis (0,1 por cento), Triclorfon (0,1 por cento), Malation (0,2 por cento) e Monossulfiram (12,5 por cento). Os produtos testados apresentaram alta eficácia

Tungiasis: report of one case and review of the 14 reported cases in the United States.

Tungiasis is a cutaneous parasitic infestation by the fertilized female sand flea Tunga penetrans. It is prevalent in tropical Africa and in Central and South America. Despite increasing air travel to and from these countries, surprisingly the disease is rarely reported in the United States. This report describes another case of tungiasis and reviews the 14 previously reported cases in the United States. Clinical features, differential diagnosis, treatment, and prophylaxis of tungiasis are discussed.

Tunga penetrans.

We describe a patient who acquired tungiasis while traveling in an area where the condition is endemic. The pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of this tropical disease are presented.