Serum level of interleukin-24 and its polymorphism in eczematic Iraqi patients.

Eczema is a common skin disease associated with inflammation. Interleukin (IL)-24 is crucial in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases like eczema. The study objective was the assessment of IL-24 serum levels and its gene polymorphisms in eczematic Iraqi patients. This retrospective case-control study involved 145 participants, divided into 82 patients with eczema and 63 healthy controls. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay measured serum IL-24, while polymerase chain reaction and Sanger DNA sequencing were used for genotype analysis. Serum IL-24 level was significantly higher (P value < .001) in patients compared to controls (41.6 [interquartile range (IQR): 28.9-53.6] vs 9.8 [IQR: 0.8-19.6] pg/mL, respectively). DNA sequence illustrated 2 SNPs with polymorphic frequencies (rs1150256 G/A and rs3093425 del/ins). The first SNP (rs1150256 G/A) showed 3 genotypes (GG, AA, and G/A), while the second SNP (rs3093425) showed 3 genotypes (-/G del/Ins, G Ins/Ins, and - del/del). The subsequent investigation revealed the presence of the following findings within the DNA sequence of the PCR amplified region (329bp). In the control group, all participants had GG/G (wild type) genotype/allele for the rs1150256 SNP, while in eczematic patients, 24.4% GG, 50% GA, and 25.6% AA. For the second SNP genotype (rs3093425 del/ins), the genotype frequencies in patients vs control were (24.4% vs 84.1%, 50.0% vs 11.1%, and 25.6% vs 4.8; Del/Del, Del/Ins, and Ins/Ins, respectively). The presence of Ins compared to Del increased the risk of eczema by 8.91 (4.66-17.03); OR (95% CI). In conclusion, IL-24 is a good predictor of eczema and A-allele carrier for rs1150256 SNP, and insertion-allele carrier for rs3093425 SNP is associated with elevated serum IL-24 and higher risk of eczema.

Neonatal Vitamin D and Associations with Longitudinal Changes of Eczema up to 25 Years of Age.

BACKGROUND: Early-life vitamin D is a potentially modifiable risk factor for the development of eczema, but there is a lack of data on longitudinal associations. METHOD: We measured 25(OH)D3 levels from neonatal dried blood spots in 223 high-allergy-risk children. Latent class analysis was used to define longitudinal eczema phenotype up to 25 years (4 subclasses). Skin prick tests (SPTs) to 6 allergens and eczema outcomes at 6 time points were used to define eczema/sensitization phenotypes. Associations between 25(OH)D3 and prevalent eczema and eczema phenotypes were assessed using logistic regression models. RESULTS: Median 25(OH)D3 level was 32.5 nmol/L (P25-P75 = 23.1 nmol/L). Each 10 nmol/L increase in neonatal 25(OH)D3 was associated with a 26% reduced odds of early-onset persistent eczema (adjusted multinomial odds ratio (aMOR) = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.56-0.98) and 30% increased odds of early-onset-resolving eczema (aMOR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.05-1.62) when compared to minimal/no eczema up to 12 years. Similar associations were seen for eczema phenotype up to 25 years. We did not see any strong evidence for the association between neonatal 25(OH)D3 and prevalent eczema or eczema/sensitization phenotype. CONCLUSIONS: Higher neonatal 25(OH)D3 levels, a reflection of maternal vitamin D levels in pregnancy, may reduce the risk of early-onset persistent eczema.

Inflammatory plasma signature of chronic hand eczema: Associations with aetiological and clinical subtypes.

BACKGROUND: Chronic hand eczema (CHE) is a highly prevalent, heterogeneous, skin disease that encompasses different aetiological and clinical subtypes. Severe CHE without atopic dermatitis has been associated with systemic inflammation; yet it remains unknown if specific CHE subtypes leave distinct, systemic, molecular signatures. OBJECTIVES: To characterize the inflammatory plasma signature of different aetiological and clinical CHE subtypes. METHODS: We assessed expression levels of 266 inflammatory and cardiovascular disease risk plasma proteins as well as filaggrin gene mutation status in 51 well-characterized CHE patients without concomitant atopic dermatitis and 40 healthy controls. Plasma protein expression was compared between aetiological and clinical CHE subgroups and controls both overall and according to clinical CHE severity. Correlation analyses for biomarkers, clinical and self-reported variables were performed. RESULTS: Very severe, chronic allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) on the hands was associated with a mixed Type 1/Type 2 systemic immune activation as compared with controls. Circulating levels of Type 1/Type 2 inflammatory biomarkers correlated positively with clinical disease severity among CHE patients with ACD. No biomarkers were found, that could discriminate between aetiological subtypes, for example, between ACD and irritant contact dermatitis. Hyperkeratotic CHE showed a distinct, non-atopic dermatitis-like, systemic footprint with upregulation of markers associated with Type 1 inflammation and tumour necrosis factor alpha, but not Type 2 inflammation. Increased levels of CCL19 and CXCL9/10 could discriminate hyperkeratotic CHE from both vesicular and chronic fissured CHE, whereas no difference was found between the latter two subtypes. CONCLUSION: Profiling of systemic biomarkers showed potential for identifying certain CHE subtypes. Peripheral blood levels of inflammatory biomarkers were associated and correlated with the clinical disease severity of chronic ACD on the hands, underlining that this is a systemic disease. We question whether hyperkeratotic CHE should be classified as eczema.

Genomic Tools for the Identification of Loci Associated with Facial Eczema in New Zealand Sheep.

Facial eczema (FE) is a significant metabolic disease that affects New Zealand ruminants. Ingestion of the mycotoxin sporidesmin leads to liver and bile duct damage, which can result in photosensitisation, reduced productivity and death. Strategies used to manage the incidence and severity of the disease include breeding. In sheep, there is considerable genetic variation in the response to FE. A commercial testing program is available for ram breeders who aim to increase tolerance, determined by the concentration of the serum enzyme, gamma-glutamyltransferase 21 days after a measured sporidesmin challenge (GGT21). Genome-wide association studies were carried out to determine regions of the genome associated with GGT21. Two regions on chromosomes 15 and 24 are reported, which explain 5% and 1% of the phenotypic variance in the response to FE, respectively. The region on chromosome 15 contains the ß-globin locus. Of the significant SNPs in the region, one is a missense variant within the haemoglobin subunit ß (HBB) gene. Mass spectrometry of haemoglobin from animals with differing genotypes at this locus indicated that genotypes are associated with different forms of adult ß-globin. Haemoglobin haplotypes have previously been associated with variation in several health-related traits in sheep and warrant further investigation regarding their role in tolerance to FE in sheep. We show a strategic approach to the identification of regions of importance for commercial breeding programs with a combination of discovery, statistical and biological validation. This study highlights the power of using increased density genotyping for the identification of influential genomic regions, combined with subsequent inclusion on lower density genotyping platforms.

Can moderate-intensity aerobic exercise ameliorate atopic dermatitis?

It has been shown that aerobic exercise improves atopic dermatitis (AD), although the mechanism is not clear. Here, we propose a hypothesis that moderate-intensity aerobic exercise improves AD in a mouse model through modulating allergic inflammation. The DNCB-treated mouse model for eczema was divided into 3 groups: (a) not subjected to aerobic exercise, (b) subjected to continuous aerobic exercise and (c) subjected to accumulated aerobic exercise. After given exercise using a treadmill device either 30 min/d or 10 min × 3/day at a speed of 16 m/min, for 9 days, respectively, dermatitis symptom score, thickness of epidermis/dermis and eosinophil infiltration were decreased in the 2 exercise groups compared to the sedentary living group. The serum levels of IgE, MCP-1 and MDC showed a significant decrease both in the continuous or accumulated exercise groups. Moderate-intensity aerobic exercise ameliorates dermatitis symptoms through immune modulation in the DNCB-treated mouse model for eczema.

Clinicopathologic overlap of psoriasis, eczema, and psoriasiform dermatoses: A retrospective study of T helper type 2 and 17 subsets, interleukin 36, and ß-defensin 2 in spongiotic psoriasiform dermatitis, sebopsoriasis, and tumor necrosis factor α inhibitor-associated dermatitis.

BACKGROUND: T helper (Th) type 17 and Th2 cells mediate psoriasis and eczema, respectively. Some dermatoses exhibit overlapping clinicopathologic features, and their immunopathology is relatively unexplored. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether Th17 and Th2 subsets and interleukin (IL) 36 and ß-defensin 2 (BD-2) markers of IL-17 signaling expression can discriminate between biopsy samples of psoriasis and eczematous/spongiotic dermatitis and to use those markers to immunophenotype cases with clinicopathologic overlap. METHODS: A retrospective study was performed on biopsy samples of psoriasis, eczema/spongiotic dermatitis, sebopsoriasis, tumor necrosis factor α inhibitor-associated psoriasiform dermatitis, and ambiguous cases diagnosed as spongiotic psoriasiform dermatitis. Dual CD4/GATA3 and CD4/RORC, IL-36, and BD-2 immunohistochemistry was performed. RESULTS: IL-36 and BD-2 were strongly expressed in biopsy samples of psoriasis compared with eczema/spongiotic dermatitis. No significant differences were observed in the percentages of Th2 and Th17 cells between disease types. Strong expression of IL-36 and BD-2 was observed in a subset of spongiotic psoriasiform dermatitis, sebopsoriasis, and tumor necrosis factor α inhibitor-associated psoriasiform dermatitis biopsy samples. LIMITATIONS: This was an exploratory study with a small sample size. No multiple testing adjustment was done. Clinical follow-up was limited. CONCLUSIONS: In cases with clinicopathologic overlap between psoriasis and spongiotic dermatitis, IL-36, and to a lesser extent BD-2, may be used to assess for a psoriasis-like/IL-17 phenotype, which could inform therapeutic clinical decisions.

Calcium Intake in Children with Eczema and/or Food Allergy: A Prospective Cohort Study.

Eczema and food allergy may impact diet. Using data from a cohort of Manitoba children born in 1995, we examined calcium intake, defined as the frequency and quality of calcium products consumed (with the exception of cheese), amongst Manitoba adolescents (12-14 years) with eczema or food allergy in childhood (7-8 years) or adolescence. At both ages, children were assessed by a physician for eczema and food allergy. Adolescents completed food frequency questionnaires. Calcium intake was defined as 1+ vs. <1 weekly. Linear and logistic regression was used as appropriate, with adjustments for confounders. Overall, 468 adolescents were included, of whom 62 (13.3%) had eczema only in childhood, 25 (5.3%) had food allergy only, and 26 (5.6%) had eczema and food allergy. Compared to children without eczema, those with eczema only had poorer calcium intake in adolescence (ß -0.44; 95%CI -0.96; 0.00). Girls, but not boys, with eczema in childhood had poorer calcium intake in adolescence than girls without eczema (ß -0.84; 95%CI -1.60; -0.08). These patterns persisted even if children experienced transient vs. persistent eczema to adolescence. Similar but non-significant trends were found for food allergy. Childhood eczema is associated with significantly lower calcium intake and consumption in adolescence. These differences persist to adolescence, even if a child "outgrows" their allergic condition.

Correlation of nipple eczema in pregnancy with atopic dermatitis in Northern India: a study of 100 cases.

BACKGROUND: Nipple eczema is a less common presentation of atopic dermatitis. No studies in the literature have correlated nipple eczema in pregnancy as a manifestation of atopic dermatitis. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether nipple eczema presenting in pregnancy is a manifestation of atopic dermatitis. METHODS: This was a prospective observational study including 100 women who presented with nipple eczema for the first time during pregnancy. The exclusion criteria were any patient with previous history of nipple eczema, those already on oral or topical treatment for atopic dermatitis or nipple eczema, and other disorders mimicking eczema. Patients were divided into two groups ‒ nipple eczema with atopic dermatitis and without atopic dermatitis. Demographic data, clinical features, total leukocyte count, differential leukocyte count, absolute eosinophil counts, and serum IgE levels were compared between the two groups to detect association between nipple eczema in pregnancy and atopic dermatitis. RESULTS: Out of 100 patients, 39 were diagnosed with atopic dermatitis, whereas 61 were ruled out to have any features suggestive of atopic dermatitis. There were no statistically significant differences in mean age, mean duration of symptoms, and serum IgE levels. In patients with atopic dermatitis, bilateral symptoms were noted more commonly than in patients without the disease, but this was statistically insignificant. STUDY LIMITATIONS: Lack of long term follow-up and no large studies in literature to compare results. CONCLUSION: Nipple eczema in pregnancy follows a similar pattern as in other age groups. The clinical profile of patients is similar in cases with and without atopic dermatitis.

Correlation of nipple eczema in pregnancy with atopic dermatitis in Northern India: a study of 100 cases

Abstract Background Nipple eczema is a less common presentation of atopic dermatitis. No studies in the literature have correlated nipple eczema in pregnancy as a manifestation of atopic dermatitis. Objective To evaluate whether nipple eczema presenting in pregnancy is a manifestation of atopic dermatitis. Methods This was a prospective observational study including 100 women who presented with nipple eczema for the first time during pregnancy. The exclusion criteria were any patient with previous history of nipple eczema, those already on oral or topical treatment for atopic dermatitis or nipple eczema, and other disorders mimicking eczema. Patients were divided into two groups ‒ nipple eczema with atopic dermatitis and without atopic dermatitis. Demographic data, clinical features, total leukocyte count, differential leukocyte count, absolute eosinophil counts, and serum IgE levels were compared between the two groups to detect association between nipple eczema in pregnancy and atopic dermatitis. Results Out of 100 patients, 39 were diagnosed with atopic dermatitis, whereas 61 were ruled out to have any features suggestive of atopic dermatitis. There were no statistically significant differences in mean age, mean duration of symptoms, and serum IgE levels. In patients with atopic dermatitis, bilateral symptoms were noted more commonly than in patients without the disease, but this was statistically insignificant. Study limitations Lack of long term follow-up and no large studies in literature to compare results. Conclusion Nipple eczema in pregnancy follows a similar pattern as in other age groups. The clinical profile of patients is similar in cases with and without atopic dermatitis.

Neonatal Antibiotic Treatment Is Associated With an Altered Circulating Immune Marker Profile at 1 Year of Age.

Background: Neonatal antibiotics disturb the developing gut microbiome and are therefore thought to influence the developing immune system, but exact mechanisms and health consequences in later life still need to be elucidated. Therefore, we investigated whether neonatal antibiotics influence inflammatory markers at 1 year of age. In addition, we determined whether health problems during the first year of life, e.g., allergic disorders (eczema and wheezing) or infantile colics, were associated with changes in the circulating immune marker profile at 1 year of age. Methods: In a subgroup (N = 149) of the INCA-study, a prospective birth-cohort study, a blood sample was drawn from term born infants at 1 year of age and analyzed for 84 immune related markers using Luminex. Associations of antibiotic treatment, eczema, wheezing, and infantile colics with immune marker concentrations were investigated using a linear regression model. The trial is registered as NCT02536560. Results: The use of broad-spectrum antibiotics in the first week of life, was significantly associated with different levels of inflammatory markers including sVCAM-1, sCD14, sCD19, sCD27, IL-1RII, sVEGF-R1, and HSP70 at 1 year of age. Eczema was associated with decreased concentrations of IFNα, IFNγ, TSLP, CXCL9, and CXCL13, but increased concentrations of CCL18 and Galectin-3. Wheezing, independent of antibiotic treatment, was positively associated to TNF-R2 and resistin. Infantile colics were positively associated to IL-31, LIGHT, YKL-40, CXCL13, sPD1, IL1RI, sIL-7Ra, Gal-1, Gal-9, and S100A8 at 1 year of age, independent of early life antibiotic treatment. Conclusion: In this explorative study, we identified that neonatal antibiotics are associated with immunological alterations at 1 year of age and that, independent of the antibiotic treatment, infantile colics were associated with alterations within gut associated markers. These findings support the importance of the first host microbe interaction in early life immune development.

[Using of specialized food for the workers with skin occupational eczema of perlite production].

The research was conducted with participation of the perlite production workers with professional eczema (165 people in the main group and 152 from the control group without skin pathology). The effectiveness of the use of a specialized prophylactic food in the diet of workers was assessed on the basis of the study of the dynamics of the indicators of nutritional and clinical status. Inclusion of kissel, containing pectin, vitamin A (300% from RDA), vitamin E and zinc (40% from RDA), biologically active substances of plant origin in the diet of the examined against the background of the course of complex therapy, has resulted in a positive influence on individual laboratory values, demonstrating the optimization of metabolic processes, which characterize the pathogenesis of skin inflammation. Thus, the concentration of ascorbic acid in blood serum statistically significant (p<0.05) increased by 30.0%, tocopherol - by 36.3%, carotenoids - by 27.3%, phosphorus - by 28.9%, calcium level elevated by 16.3% (p<0.10). There was a decrease in the level of MDA in blood serum by 12.3% (p<0.05) and an increase in catalase activity by 12.2% (p>0.05). There was a tendency to reduce itching, infiltration, erythematous and eczematous manifestations of the disease. The data obtained make it possible to consider the use of a specialized food product of dietary preventive nutrition by workers in pearlite production as a mean to enhance the body's adaptive reserves and to prevent the occurrence, progression and development of occupational skin diseases (eczema) in the workplace.

An ELISA Assay for Quantifying Monomeric C-Reactive Protein in Plasma.

Native C-reactive protein (nCRP) is a non-specific marker of inflammation being claimed as a bystander in several chronic disorders. Accumulating evidence indicates that nCRP dissociates to and acts primarily as the monomeric conformation (mCRP) at inflammatory loci. This suggests that mCRP may be a superior disease marker with improved specificity and clear causality to the underlying pathogenesis. However, the lack of a feasible assay to quantify mCRP in clinical samples precludes the assessment of that suggestion. Here we report the development of a sandwich ELISA assay for quantification of plasma mCRP using commercially available reagents. Our assay is reproducible and highly conformation-specific showing a reliable detection limit of 1 ng/mL. We further show that mCRP appears to be a better marker than nCRP in several skin-related autoimmune disorders. This assay thus provides a useful tool to examine the clinical significance and utility of mCRP.

25-Hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, asthma and eczema in childhood: The generation R study.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: A role of vitamin D in the development of respiratory and allergic disease in children remains unclear. It may be likely that vitamin D has an effect on airway inflammation, but only few studies examined the effect in children. We aimed to examine whether serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH) vitamin D) concentrations are associated with the fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), airway interrupter resistance (Rint), physician diagnosed asthma ever, wheezing and eczema in a population-based cohort study in 6 year old children. METHODS: Serum 25(OH) vitamin D concentration was assessed in 3815 children. 25(OH) vitamin D concentrations ≥75 nmol/L were considered as sufficient, between 50 and 75 nmol/L as insufficient, and <50 nmol/L as deficient. FeNO and Rint were measured at the research center. Data on physician diagnosed asthma, wheezing, and eczema were obtained by parent-reported questionnaires. RESULTS: In comparison with sufficient 25(OH) vitamin D concentration, deficient concentrations were associated with elevated FeNO of ≥25 ppb (OR: 2.54; 95% CI: 1.34-4.80). In addition, deficient and insufficient 25(OH) vitamin D concentrations were associated with a lower Rint (Z-score: -1.26; 95% CI: -1.66 to -0.85) (ß: -0.75; 95% CI: -1.08 to -0.42), and increased risks of eczema (OR: 1.65; 95% CI: 1.13-2.41) (OR: 1.44; 95% CI: 1.06-1.95). Insufficient 25(OH) vitamin D concentration were associated with a decreased risk of physician diagnosed asthma ever (OR: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.38-0.94). CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that lower 25(OH) vitamin D levels are associated with elevated FeNO levels, but lower Rint values. Lower 25(OH) vitamin D levels are also associated with a decreased risk for asthma diagnoses but an increased risk for eczema.

The relationship between maternal 25-hydroxyvitamin D status in pregnancy and childhood adiposity and allergy: an observational study.

BACKGROUND: Vitamin D insufficiency (defined as <75 nmol l-1) is widespread among pregnant women around the world and has been proposed to influence offspring outcomes in childhood and into adult life, including adiposity and allergy. Disorders, including asthma and eczema, are on the rise among children. Our aim was to investigate the relationship between maternal 25-hydroxyvitamin D status in pregnancy and offspring adiposity, asthma and eczema in childhood. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Maternal 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations were analysed in serum samples collected at 15 weeks' gestation from 1710 participants of the prospective Screening for Pregnancy Endpoints cohort study. The offspring of 1208 mothers were followed up at age 5-6 years. Data collected included height, weight, percentage body fat (PBF, measured by bioimpedance) and history of asthma and eczema. Multivariable analysis controlled for maternal body mass index (BMI), age and sex of the child and season of serum sampling. RESULTS: Complete data were available for 922 mother-child pairs. Each 10 nmol l-1 increase in maternal 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration at 15 weeks' gestation was associated with a decrease in offspring PBF of 0.2% (95% confidence interval 0.04-0.36%, P=0.01) after adjustment for confounders but was not related to child BMI z-score. Maternal mean (±s.d.) 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration was similar in children who did and did not have asthma (71.7±26.1 vs 73.3±27.1 nmol l-1, P=0.5), severe asthma (68.6±28.6 vs 73.3±26.8 nmol l-1, P=0.2) and eczema (71.9±27.0 vs 73.2±27.0 nmol l-1, P=0.5). CONCLUSIONS: The finding of a relationship between maternal vitamin D status and adiposity in childhood is important, particularly because vitamin D insufficiency in pregnancy is highly prevalent. The association between maternal vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy and adiposity in the offspring merits examination in randomised controlled trials.

Enhanced Expression of IL-18 and IL-18BP in Plasma of Patients with Eczema: Altered Expression of IL-18BP and IL-18 Receptor on Mast Cells.

IL-18 has been found to be associated with eczema. However, little is known of the role of IL-18 binding protein (BP) and IL-18 receptor (R) in eczema. We therefore investigated the expression of IL-18, IL-18BP, and IL-18R on mast cells by using flow cytometry analysis and mouse eczema model. The results showed that plasma free IL-18 and free IL-18BP levels in eczema patients were higher than those in healthy controls. IL-18 provoked up to 3.1-fold increase in skin mast cells. IL-18 induced also an increase in IL-18BP+ mast cells, but a reduction of IL-18R+ mast cells in mouse eczema skin. It was found that house dust mite allergen Der p1 and egg allergen OVA induced upregulation of the expression of IL-18, IL-18BP, and IL-18R mRNAs in HMC-1 cells following 2 and 16 h incubation. In conclusion, correlation of IL-18 and IL-18BP in eczema plasma suggests an important balance between IL-18 and IL-18BP in eczema. The decrease in molar concentration ratio of plasma IL-18BP/IL-18 and allergen-induced upregulated expression of IL-18 and IL-18R in skin mast cells of the patients with eczema suggests that anti-IL-18 including IL-18BP therapy may be useful for the treatment of eczema.