[Analysis of the discrimination of the final marks after the first computerized national ranking exam in Medicine in June 2016 in France]. / Analyse de la discrimination des notes aux ECN informatisées de 2016.

INTRODUCTION: The first computerised national ranking exam (cNRE) in Medicine was introduced in June 2016 for 8214 students. It was made of 18 progressive clinical cases (PCCs) with multiple choice questions (MCQs), 120 independent MCQs and 2 scientific articles to criticize. A lack of mark discrimination grounded the cNRE reform. We aimed to assess the discrimination of the final marks after this first cNRE. METHODS: A national Excel® file gathering overall statistics and marks were transmitted to the medical faculties after the cNRE. The mean points deviation between two papers and the percentage of points ranking 75% of students allowed us to analyse marks' discrimination. RESULTS: The national distribution sigmoid curve of the marks is superimposable with previous NRE in 2015. In PCCs, 72% of students were ranked in 1090 points out of 7560 (14%). In independents MCQs, 73% of students were ranked in 434 points out of 2160 (20%). In critical analysis of articles, 75% of students were ranked in 225 points out of 1080 (21%). The above percentages of students are on the plateau of each discrimination curve for PCCs, independent MCQs and critical analysis of scientific articles. CONCLUSION: The cNRE reduced equally-ranked students compared to 2015, with a mean deviation between two papers of 0.28 in 2016 vs 0.04 in 2015. Despite the new format introduced by the cNRE, 75% of students are still ranked in a low proportion of points that is equivalent to previous NRE in 2015 (between 15 et 20% of points).

La crítica y la educación médica: hacia un conocimiento liberador. Parte I / Critique and medical education: towards liberating knowledge. Part I

Resumen: Como marco intelectivo e interpretativo de este trabajo se propone y argumenta el diagnóstico del momento actual como colapso civilizatorio, provocado por la dominancia de los intereses de lucro sin límites, que ha sido posible por la insensibilidad y la permisividad mayoritarias de la población ante una degradación social y ecosistémica extrema. Detrás de tal «anestesia¼ está la dominación de conciencias y cuerpos basada en una educación que reproduce las ideas y las prácticas prevalentes en cada espacio social y perpetúa los rasgos degradantes: individualismo, especialización excluyente, pasividad, competitividad, consumismo y vulnerabilidad a la manipulación mediática. En esta primera parte, la crítica de la esfera educativa de la educación médica significó diferenciar y contrastar dos tipos de educación radicalmente distintos. El primero es la educación pasiva, de vigencia universal que subyace a la degradación, cuyo núcleo es la idea de conocimiento equiparable a un aprendizaje memorístico y acumulativo de información heterónoma y desvinculada, y por una pedagogía implícita centrada en estimular y facilitar el consumo y la asimilación acrítica de las verdades establecidas. El segundo es la educación participativa, una propuesta de superación de la pasiva, en la que el conocimiento es elaboración y reelaboración propia de los educandos con la mediación imprescindible de la crítica profunda, que construyen y reconstruyen versiones propias de sí mismos y su contexto; su pedagogía se resume en contagiar entusiasmo por entender quiénes somos y dónde estamos, y procurar ambientes propicios para la crítica y la elaboración de un conocimiento penetrante y liberador, que ha mostrado su factibilidad en situaciones concretas.

Abstract: This essay defines the current moment as a civilizatory collapse, consequence of the dominance of limitless profit interests, which has been possible due to the insensitivity and permissiveness of most of the population in the face of extreme social and ecosystemic degradations. In the background of such "anesthesia" there is the predominant education and its key role in the reproduction of prevalent social ideas and practices and in the perpetuation of degrading traits: individualism, exclusionary specialization, passivity, competitiveness, consumerism and vulnerability to media manipulation. With this intellective and interpretive framework, the concept of deep and creative critique was updated in order to deepen the critique of medical education, allowing for the differentiation and contrast of two radically different types of education. Firstly, the passive education, reproductive of the degrading traits of universal validity, whose core is the idea of knowledge comparable to a cumulative rote learning of heteronomous and unrelated information, and by an implicit pedagogy focused on facilitating the consumption and uncritical assimilation of established truths. Secondly, the participatory education (proposal to overcome the passive), where knowledge is the elaboration and re-elaboration of students with the essential mediation of critique. The students construct and reconstruct their own versions of themselves and their context; the implicit pedagogy is condensed in infecting enthusiasm to understand who we are and where we are, and procure conducive environments for critique and the elaboration of a progressively penetrating and liberating knowledge that has shown its feasibility in specific situations.

[La crítica y la educación médica: hacia un conocimiento liberador. Parte I]. / Critique and medical education: towards liberating knowledge. Part I.

This essay defines the current moment as a civilizatory collapse, consequence of the dominance of limitless profit interests, which has been possible due to the insensitivity and permissiveness of most of the population in the face of extreme social and ecosystemic degradations. In the background of such "anesthesia" there is the predominant education and its key role in the reproduction of prevalent social ideas and practices and in the perpetuation of degrading traits: individualism, exclusionary specialization, passivity, competitiveness, consumerism and vulnerability to media manipulation. With this intellective and interpretive framework, the concept of deep and creative critique was updated in order to deepen the critique of medical education, allowing for the differentiation and contrast of two radically different types of education. Firstly, the passive education, reproductive of the degrading traits of universal validity, whose core is the idea of knowledge comparable to a cumulative rote learning of heteronomous and unrelated information, and by an implicit pedagogy focused on facilitating the consumption and uncritical assimilation of established truths. Secondly, the participatory education (proposal to overcome the passive), where knowledge is the elaboration and re-elaboration of students with the essential mediation of critique. The students construct and reconstruct their own versions of themselves and their context; the implicit pedagogy is condensed in infecting enthusiasm to understand who we are and where we are, and procure conducive environments for critique and the elaboration of a progressively penetrating and liberating knowledge that has shown its feasibility in specific situations.

Como marco intelectivo e interpretativo de este trabajo se propone y argumenta el diagnóstico del momento actual como colapso civilizatorio, provocado por la dominancia de los intereses de lucro sin límites, que ha sido posible por la insensibilidad y la permisividad mayoritarias de la población ante una degradación social y ecosistémica extrema. Detrás de tal «anestesia¼ está la dominación de conciencias y cuerpos basada en una educación que reproduce las ideas y las prácticas prevalentes en cada espacio social y perpetúa los rasgos degradantes: individualismo, especialización excluyente, pasividad, competitividad, consumismo y vulnerabilidad a la manipulación mediática. En esta primera parte, la crítica de la esfera educativa de la educación médica significó diferenciar y contrastar dos tipos de educación radicalmente distintos. El primero es la educación pasiva, de vigencia universal que subyace a la degradación, cuyo núcleo es la idea de conocimiento equiparable a un aprendizaje memorístico y acumulativo de información heterónoma y desvinculada, y por una pedagogía implícita centrada en estimular y facilitar el consumo y la asimilación acrítica de las verdades establecidas. El segundo es la educación participativa, una propuesta de superación de la pasiva, en la que el conocimiento es elaboración y reelaboración propia de los educandos con la mediación imprescindible de la crítica profunda, que construyen y reconstruyen versiones propias de sí mismos y su contexto; su pedagogía se resume en contagiar entusiasmo por entender quiénes somos y dónde estamos, y procurar ambientes propicios para la crítica y la elaboración de un conocimiento penetrante y liberador, que ha mostrado su factibilidad en situaciones concretas.

The International Landscape of Medical Licensing Examinations: A Typology Derived From a Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: National licensing examinations (NLEs) are large-scale examinations usually taken by medical doctors close to the point of graduation from medical school. Where NLEs are used, success is usually required to obtain a license for full practice. Approaches to national licensing, and the evidence that supports their use, varies significantly across the globe. This paper aims to develop a typology of NLEs, based on candidacy, to explore the implications of different examination types for workforce planning. METHODS: A systematic review of the published literature and medical licensing body websites, an electronic survey of all medical licensing bodies in highly developed nations, and a survey of medical regulators. RESULTS: The evidence gleaned through this systematic review highlights four approaches to NLEs: where graduating medical students wishing to practice in their national jurisdiction must pass a national licensing exam before they are granted a license to practice; where all prospective doctors, whether from the national jurisdiction or international medical graduates, are required to pass a national licensing exam in order to practice within that jurisdiction; where international medical graduates are required to pass a licensing exam if their qualifications are not acknowledged to be comparable with those students from the national jurisdiction; and where there are no NLEs in operation. This typology facilitates comparison across systems and highlights the implications of different licensing systems for workforce planning. CONCLUSION: The issue of national licensing cannot be viewed in isolation from workforce planning; future research on the efficacy of national licensing systems to drive up standards should be integrated with research on the implications of such systems for the mobility of doctors to cross borders.

The effects of a brief educational intervention on medical students' knowledge, attitudes and beliefs towards low back pain.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Knowledge, attitudes and beliefs towards low back pain (LBP) can significantly impact a health care provider's clinical decision making. Several studies have investigated interventions designed to change practitioner attitudes and beliefs towards LBP, however no such studies involving medical students have been identified. METHODS: This study explored medical students' knowledge, attitudes and beliefs towards LBP before and after a brief educational intervention on LBP. Responses from medical students (n=93) were evaluated before and after a 15-min educational video on back pain. The intervention was developed using Camtasia™ video editor and screen recorder. Knowledge, attitudes and beliefs were measured using the "Modified Back Beliefs Questionnaire", with items from two previously reported questionnaires on back beliefs. The questionnaire asks participants to indicate their agreement with statements about LBP on a 5-point Likert scale. Preferred responses were based on guidelines for the evidence-based management of LBP. The primary analysis evaluated total score on the nine-inevitability items of the Back Beliefs Questionnaire ("inevitability score"). RESULTS: Following the brief intervention there was a significant improvement in the inevitability score (post-workshop mean [SD] 20.8 [4.9] vs pre-workshop mean [SD] 26.9 [4.2]; mean difference (MD) 6.1, p<0.001; lower score more favourable1) and large improvements in the proportion of students providing correct responses to items on activity (pre: 49% vs post: 79%), bed rest (41% vs 75%), imaging (44% vs 74%) and recovery (25% vs 66%). CONCLUSIONS: After watching the educational video students' knowledge, beliefs and attitudes towards LBP improved and thus aligned more closely with evidence-based guidelines. IMPLICATIONS: Medical doctors are at the forefront of managing low back pain in the community, however there is a need to strengthen musculoskeletal education in medical training programmes. The results from this research suggest educational interventions on back pain do not need to be extensive in order to have favourable outcomes on medical students' knowledge, attitudes and beliefs towards back pain. The translational effects of these changes into clinical practice are not known.

What Are You Measuring? Dimensionality and Reliability Analysis of Ability and Speed in Medical School Didactic Examinations.

Summative didactic evaluation often involves multiple choice questions which are then aggregated into exam scores, course scores, and cumulative grade point averages. To be valid, each of these levels should have some relationship to the topic tested (dimensionality) and be sufficiently reproducible between persons (reliability) to justify student ranking. Evaluation of dimensionality is difficult and is complicated by the classic observation that didactic performance involves a generalized component (g) in addition to subtest specific factors. In this work, 183 students were analyzed over two academic years in 13 courses with 44 exams and 3352 questions for both accuracy and speed. Reliability at all levels was good (>0.95). Assessed by bifactor analysis, g effects dominated most levels resulting in essential unidimensionality. Effect sizes on predicted accuracy and speed due to nesting in exams and courses was small. There was little relationship between person ability and person speed. Thus, the hierarchical grading system appears warrented because of its g-dependence.

The emerging role of educational neuroscience in education reform / El papel emergente de la neurociencia educativa en la reforma de la educación

In the early 90s a movement began in education called "brain-based learning" that attempted to link neuroscience and education. However, many in both science and education felt it was untenable to make this leap. While early attempts to bridge the fields sparked controversy, it can now be argued that neuroscience does have a role to play in education reform. This paper explores suggestions for the appropriate training of the Educational Neuroscientist, broad interventions based on Educational Neuroscience that could reform curriculum, and emerging ways the Educational Neuroscientist can inform professional development of educators

A principios de los años 90 surgió un movimiento en educación llamado "aprendizaje basado en el cerebro" que trataba de unir neurociencia y educación. No obstante, muchas personas tanto en ciencia como en educación, pensaban que no era viable dar tal salto. Mientras que los primeros intentos por tender puentes entre estos campos suscitó controversia, puede decirse ahora que la neurociencia sí tiene un papel que jugar en la reforma de la educación. Este artículo explora propuestas para el adecuado entrenamiento del neurocientífico educativo, intervenciones amplias sustentadas en la neurociencia educativa que podrían reformar el currículum y de qué nuevas maneras podría contribuir neurocientífico educativo al desarrollo profesional de los educadores

Competencia en comunicación en el currículo del estudiante de Medicina de España (1990-2014): de la Atención Primaria al Plan Bolonia. Un estudio descriptivo / Communication skills in the curriculum of Medical students from Spain (1990-2014): From the Primary Health Care to the Bologna Plan. A descriptive study

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¿Nos formamos los pediatras para publicar artículos médicos? Encuesta piloto / How are pediatricians trained to write biomedical articles? A pilot study

Introducción: Redactar y publicar requiere una metodología, una organización y una sistemática que los pediatras deben conocer. Objetivo: Evaluar la formación en publicaciones biomédicas entre los pediatras y especialistas médicos que trabajan en nuestra área de pediatría, así como su experiencia personal respecto a la publicación de artículos. Material y métodos: Se realizó una encuesta de oportunidad con 13 preguntas cerradas y una mixta sobre formación, experiencia y motivación para publicar. La muestra estuvo constituida por los asistentes a una sesión sobre «Cómo publicar artículos » de un curso dirigido a pediatras, médicos de familia, residentes de pediatría (MIR-pediatría) y residentes de medicina familiar. La estadística descriptiva se llevó a cabo con el programa SPSS versión 15. Resultados: La población diana estuvo formada por 53 médicos; cumplimentaron el cuestionario 34 (64,1%). Sólo 13 de los 34 respondedores (38%) refirieron haber asistido a cursos o seminarios sobre cómo realizar una publicación: 9 de 21 pediatras (42,8%), 2 de 6 MIR-pediatría (33,3%) y 2 de 7 MIR-medicina de familia (28,6%). Respecto a la experiencia, 18 pediatras (85,7%) publicaron al menos 1 artículo en los últimos 5 años; publicaron más de 5 artículos 5 pediatras (23,8%), 2 MIR-pediatría (ambos menos de 6 artículos) y 5 MIR-medicina de familia. Respecto a la motivación, publicar les resultó «demasiado difícil» a 5 (un 20% de los que publicaron). El motivo principal para publicar fue el currículum personal (un 94,1% de 34). Discusión: Este estudio piloto nos sirvió para conocer la realidad y la necesidad formativa para escribir artículos biomédicos en nuestra muestra local. Es una propuesta para extender este tipo de estudios a otros distritos o áreas sanitarias. Un porcentaje importante señaló que no le resultó emocionalmente positivo publicar, antes al contrario, que tuvo «demasiadas dificultades». Conclusiones: En nuestra muestra se observa una falta de formación percibida en escritura científica. Para conocer, promover y orientar las necesidades de formación en docencia sobre escritura biomédica, creemos recomendable potenciar herramientas como este tipo de encuestas (AU)

Title: How are pediatricians trained to write biomedical articles? A pilot study Introduction: Writing and publishing require a methodology, organization, and systematics that all pediatricians should know. Objective: To evaluate the level of training on biomedical publications among pediatricians and other medical specialists who work in pediatrics in our area, as well as their personal experience in publishing. Material and methods: An opportunity survey with 13 closed questions and another mixed question on training, experience, and motivation to publish. Sample: physicians attending to a lecture about «How to publish articles» from a course aimed to pediatricians, family physicians, pediatrics residents (MIR-pediatrics), and residents in family medicine (MIR-family physicians). Descriptive statistics: SPSS version 15. Results: The target population was 53 physicians. Thirty four (64.1%) fulfilled the questionnaire. Only 13 (38.2%) from the people who answered were trained in publication techniques (through courses and seminars): pediatricians 9 out of 21 (42.8%), MIR-pediatrics 2 out of 6 (33.3%), MIR-family physicians 2 out of 7 (28.6%). Experience: a) published at least one article in the last 5 years: pediatricians 18 (85.7%); b) more than 5 articles: pediatricians 5 (23.8%), MIR-pediatrics 2 (33%, both <6 articles), MIR-family physicians 5. Motivation: publishing was experienced as «too difficult» for 5 (20% of those who had published). The main reason for publishing was personal curriculum (94.1% of 34). Discussion: This pilot study offers a glance at reality and let us know the necessity to train on how to write biomedical article. This work is a proposal to extend this kind of studies to other districts or sanitary areas. A considerable percentage of people didn't remark publishing as emotionally positive, instead, they found it «too difficult». Conclusions: In our sample, a lack of training in scientific writing has been proven. We recommend enhancing tools such as these surveys, in order to discover, promote, and guide through training skills to teach biomedical writing (AU)

Motivations and demographics of I-6 and traditional 5+2 cardiothoracic surgery resident applicants: insights from an academic training program.

BACKGROUND: The introduction of the integrated 6-year cardiothoracic surgery residency (I-6) has changed the training paradigm for future cardiothoracic surgeons. Increased interest in these programs emphasizes the need for an understanding of the applicant pool and of their differences from the traditional trainee (5+2). METHODS: National trends (National Resident Matching Program data), objective (Electronic Residency Application Services documents, United States Medical Licensing Examination [USMLE] scores, transcripts) and subjective metrics (interviews, personal statements, and recommendation letters) were evaluated for invited applicants for I-6 and 5+2 positions in 2010, 2011, and 2012. Demographics and motivations for specialty selection were determined. Statistical analyses were performed with Student's t test for continuous variables and Fisher's exact test for categoric variables. RESULTS: The number of applicants completing the match for I-6 positions each year was as follows: 2010, 74 (49 United States [US]); 2011, 74 (53 US); 2012, 80 (59 US). The number completing the match for 5+2 positions was as follows: 2010, 93 (67 US); 2011, 87 (55 US); 2012, 90 (63 US). For I-6 positions we interviewed 9 candidates in 2010, 17 in 2011, and 16 in 2012; for the 5+2 program we interviewed 14 candidates in 2010, 17 in 2011, and 13 in 2012. Both groups had a similar percentage of female applicants, number of US medical graduates, additional degrees, and membership in Alpha Omega Alpha. The I-6 applicants were younger (mean age, 27.4 years), were less likely to take time off for research (43.5% vs 72.7%), were less published, and had higher surgery clinical honors and USMLE scores. The 5+2 applicants were less likely to have done a cardiothoracic medical school rotation and had done senior-level rotations on general thoracic during residency; yet, only 29.5% had done a senior level cardiac rotation. The most frequently cited motivation was a clinical encounter during a cardiothoracic rotation for both (94.9% I-6 applicants, 88.6% 5+2 applicants). The I-6 applicants had more interest in minimally invasive techniques. There were no differences in the influence of a mentor or a desire for an academic career. CONCLUSIONS: Institutional strategies to increase medical student and general surgery resident exposure to cardiothoracic surgery clinically will optimize our ability to attract and train the best candidates in our specialty.

Popularity of Russian information sources of medical education.

The aim of the present study is to analyze the popularity of information sources of medical educational sites <webmedinfo.ru>, medical information portal <meduniver.com>, medical portal for students <6years.net>, electronic library of medical literature <booksmed.com>, <medliter.ru> and <medbook.net.ru>. Three sites (<www.webmedinfo.ru>, <meduniver.com> and <6years.net>) provide sources of medical literature, educational videos, medical histories, medical papers and medical popular literature. And three other sites (<www.booksmed.com>, <www.medliter.ru> and <www.medbook.net.ru>) provide sources for electronic medical books on various subjects. Using on-line programs Alexa and Cy-pr we have analyzed the website's rating and identified the main data and time-varying data of the sites. Calculated Alexa Rank rating was determined for each site. Our study has shown that the most popular information sources of medical education among the six studied sites for Russian users is <meduniver.com>; the site <booksmed.com> is at the second place referring to the Alexa Rank rating and the site <webmedinfo.ru> is at the second place referring to the citation index in Yandex. The most popular medical site of electronic medical books is <booksmed.com>.

Una alternativa de auditoría en psiquiatría más cercana a Europa y al residente / An alternative way of auditing in psychiatry, closer to Europe and the trainee

Introducción. En este trabajo se presenta la experiencia de una auditoría externa piloto realizada en el Servicio de Psiquiatría del Hospital Príncipe de Asturias de Alcalá de Henares, y los beneficios derivados del modelo de la UEMS (Unión Europea de Médicos Especialistas) aquí expuesto. En España, los sistemas de evaluación y calidad de formación de los especialistas están bien establecidos. Existen todavía aspectos que se pueden mejorar. El modelo de auditoría de la UEMS reconoce la diversidad de programas de los distintos países miembros, pero trata de estandarizar la calidad de la formación mediante el proceso de auditorías externas. Objetivo. Mostrar un modelo más centrado en la formación del residente, con mayor participación de éste y de las sociedades profesionales y científicas. Materiales y métodos. Se expone la experiencia de auditoría externa realizada en una unidad de psiquiatría siguiendo el modelo de la UEMS. Resultados. Se analizan los beneficios de este tipo de auditorías en el proceso de revisión de la formación de los residentes. Conclusión. Este tipo de auditorías favorece la supervisión del sistema de formación de residentes y promueve el acercamiento a los estándares de calidad de la Unión Europea, garantizando que los residentes obtengan el mejor nivel de formación (AU)

Introduction. This paper relates the experience of a pilot external audit visit conducted at the University Hospital Príncipe de Asturias in Alcalá de Henares and its benefits, following the UEMS (Union Européenne des Médecins Spécialistes) model. In Spain, systems of evaluation and quality of the specialists training are well established. Some aspects can be still improved. The UEMS model of audit, recognises the diversity of programs in member countries, but is trying to standardize the quality of training through external audits. Aim. To show a model that mainly focuses on the training of residents with a greater participation of them and professional and scientific societies. Materials and methods. To exhibit the experience of an external audit visit in a Psychiatry unit following the UEMS model. Results. Multiple benefits derive from this kind of audits in the revision and improvement of the residents' training. Conclusion. This kind of audits provides an assessment of the resident's training system and encourages movement towards European Union standards of quality, ensuring that all trainees get the highest standard of training which can be provided (AU)

Initial experience at a university teaching hospital from using telemedicine to promote education through video conferencing.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Telehealth and telemedicine services are advancing rapidly, with an increasing spectrum of information and communication technologies that can be applied broadly to the population's health, and to medical education. The aim here was to report our institution's experience from 100 videoconferencing meetings between five different countries in the Americas over a one-year period. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective study at Universidade Estadual de Campinas. METHODS: Through a Microsoft Excel database, all conferences in all specialties held at our institution from September 2009 to August 2010 were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: A total of 647 students, physicians and professors participated in telemedicine meetings. A monthly mean of 8.3 (± 4.3) teleconferences were held over the analysis period. Excluding holidays and the month of inaugurating the telemedicine theatre, our teleconference rate reached a mean of 10.3 (± 2.7), or two teleconferences a week, on average. Trauma surgery and meetings on patient safety were by far the most common subjects discussed in our teleconference meetings, accounting for 22% and 21% of the total calls. CONCLUSION: Our experience with telemedicine meetings has increased students' interest; helped our institution to follow and discuss protocols that are already accepted worldwide; and stimulated professors to promote telemedicine-related research in their own specialties and keep up-to-date. These high-technology meetings have shortened distances in our vast country, and to other reference centers abroad. This virtual proximity has enabled discussion of international training with students and residents, to increase their overall knowledge and improve their education within this institution.

Initial experience at a university teaching hospital from using telemedicine to promote education through video conferencing / Experiência inicial de um hospital universitário utilizando a telemedicina na promoção de educação através de vídeo-conferências

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Telehealth and telemedicine services are advancing rapidly, with an increasing spectrum of information and communication technologies that can be applied broadly to the population's health, and to medical education. The aim here was to report our institution's experience from 100 videoconferencing meetings between five different countries in the Americas over a one-year period. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective study at Universidade Estadual de Campinas. METHODS: Through a Microsoft Excel database, all conferences in all specialties held at our institution from September 2009 to August 2010 were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: A total of 647 students, physicians and professors participated in telemedicine meetings. A monthly mean of 8.3 (± 4.3) teleconferences were held over the analysis period. Excluding holidays and the month of inaugurating the telemedicine theatre, our teleconference rate reached a mean of 10.3 (± 2.7), or two teleconferences a week, on average. Trauma surgery and meetings on patient safety were by far the most common subjects discussed in our teleconference meetings, accounting for 22 percent and 21 percent of the total calls. CONCLUSION: Our experience with telemedicine meetings has increased students' interest; helped our institution to follow and discuss protocols that are already accepted worldwide; and stimulated professors to promote telemedicine-related research in their own specialties and keep up-to-date. These high-technology meetings have shortened distances in our vast country, and to other reference centers abroad. This virtual proximity has enabled discussion of international training with students and residents, to increase their overall knowledge and improve their education within this institution.

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: Serviços de telessaúde e telemedicina estão avançando rapidamente, com um espectro cada vez maior de tecnologias da informação e comunicação que podem ser aplicadas de forma ampla para a saúde da população, bem como para a educação médica. O objetivo deste artigo é relatar a experiência da nossa instituição com 100 reuniões por videoconferência entre cinco diferentes países das Américas no período de um ano. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo retrospectivo na Universidade Estadual de Campinas. MÉTODOS: Através de um banco de dados do Microsoft Excel, foram analisadas retrospectivamente todas as conferências realizadas em nossa instituição, de setembro de 2009 a agosto de 2010, em todas as especialidades. RESULTADOS: Um total de 647 alunos, médicos e professores participaram das reuniões de telemedicina. Em média, 8,3 (± 4,3) teleconferências foram realizadas mensalmente durante o período analisado. Excluindo os feriados e o mês de inauguração do anfiteatro de telemedicina, as nossas taxas de teleconferência atingiram a média de 10,3 (± 2,7), ou duas teleconferências sobre uma média semanal. Cirurgia do Trauma e reuniões sobre segurança dos pacientes foram, de longe, os temas mais comuns discutidos em nossas reuniões de teleconferência, correspondendo por 22 por cento e 21 por cento do total de chamadas. CONCLUSÃO: Nossa experiência com as reuniões de telemedicina aumentou o interesse dos alunos, ajudou a nossa instituição a acompanhar e discutir protocolos que já são aceitos em todo o mundo e estimulou nossos professores a promover pesquisas relacionadas à telemedicina em suas próprias especialidades, mantendo-os atualizados. Essas reuniões com envolvimento de alta tecnologia encurtaram as distâncias dentro de nosso país vasto e com outros centros de referência no exterior. Esta proximidade virtual permitiu discussões com alunos e residentes sobre estágios internacionais a fim de aumentar seu conhecimento global e melhorar a sua educação dentro da própria instituição.

La municipalización de la universidad como modalidad no convencional de estudio, realidad del siglo XXI / Medical University in municipalities as a non-conventional modality of study, the reality of the 21st Century

Para llegar a este socialismo habrá una etapa de transición denominada democracia revolucionaria, donde se comienzan a realizar cambios necesarios que la población debe comenzar a entender, y uno de ellos, lo constituyen las fuentes y posibilidades para que todos tengan una cultura general integral satisfactoria, debido a que el conocimiento también conduce a otras instancias y donde se debe pensar ¿qué haremos como sociedad?, ¿hacia dónde nos dirigimos? Se propone como objetivo valorar las ventajas de la universalización en el aprendizaje didáctico de los programas de pre-grado de la carrera de medicina en la municipalización de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas como una realidad del socialismo en el siglo XXI. Se pudiera pensar que la municipalización de la universidad contribuye a la formación integral del estudiante y del profesor, pues es un proceso que ha ofrecido grandes logros, aportando a cada localidad el personal de la salud que necesita, la calidad de vida con el incremento de la asistencia médica se fortalece, los principales actores del proceso (estudiante y del profesor), se ponen en un contacto más directo con su pueblo y con los problemas que posee, contribuyendo en cierta medida a su solución, dotan a los futuros profesionales más humanos y comprometidos, a no solo ver los problemas de la comunidad sino ayudar a resolverlos, a ser menos hipercrítico y ser más proactivo. La universidad de forma revolucionaria y transformadora, posibilita el acceso a la Educación Superior de un mayor número de ciudadano...(AU)

This research paper was aimed at assessing the advantages of the universalization in the didactic learning of pre-graduate syllabuses for medical studies of the Medical Universities in municipalities as a reality for the socialism of the 21st Century. It is possible to think that, the University in municipalities contributes to the comprehensive training of the medical student and professor, as this is a process that has offered excellent achievements, providing each locality with the health personnel needed, strengthening the quality of life with the enhancement of medical assistance where the main actors of the process are students and professors, who are in direct contact with the population and the problems they have in the community to contribute to their solution to a certain measure. A future more humane and dedicated health professional, who will be able to take part not only on the problems of the community, but also to help in the solution of these problems being less hypercritical and more proactive. The university, that is revolutionary and transformer, makes possible the access of a greater number of citizens to Higher Education...(AU)