Distinct cellular migration induced by Leishmania infantum chagasi and saliva from Lutzomyia longipalpis in a hemorrhagic pool model.

Recruitment of a specific cell population after Leishmania infection can influence the outcome of the disease. Cellular migration in response to Leishmania or vector saliva has been reported in air pouch model, however, cellular migration induced by Leishmania associated with host's blood and vector saliva in this model has not been described. Herein we investigated cellular migration into air pouch of hamster after stimulation with combination of L. chagasi and host's blood and Lutzomyia longipalpis saliva. Migration induced by saliva was 3-fold more than those induced by L. chagasi alone. Additionally, L. chagasi associated with blood and saliva induced significantly even more leukocytes into air pouch than Leishmania alone. L. chagasi recruited a diverse cell population; however, most of these cells seem to have not migrated to the inflammatory exudate, remaining in the pouch lining tissue. These results indicate that L. chagasi can reduce leukocyte accumulation to the initial site of infection, and when associated with vector saliva in the presence of blood components, increase the influx of more neutrophils than macrophages, suggesting that the parasite has developed a strategy to minimize the initial inflammatory response, allowing an unlimited progression within the host. This work reinforces the importance of studies on the salivary components of sand fly vectors of leishmaniasis in the transmission process and the establishment of the infection.

DISTINCT CELLULAR MIGRATION INDUCED BY Leishmania infantum chagasi AND SALIVA FROM Lutzomyia longipalpis IN A HEMORRHAGIC POOL MODEL / Migração celular distinta induzida por Leishmania infantum chagasi e saliva de Lutzomyia longipalpis em um modelo de pool hemorrágico

Recruitment of a specific cell population after Leishmania infection can influence the outcome of the disease. Cellular migration in response to Leishmania or vector saliva has been reported in air pouch model, however, cellular migration induced by Leishmania associated with host's blood and vector saliva in this model has not been described. Herein we investigated cellular migration into air pouch of hamster after stimulation with combination of L. chagasi and host's blood and Lutzomyia longipalpis saliva. Migration induced by saliva was 3-fold more than those induced by L. chagasi alone. Additionally, L. chagasi associated with blood and saliva induced significantly even more leukocytes into air pouch than Leishmania alone. L. chagasi recruited a diverse cell population; however, most of these cells seem to have not migrated to the inflammatory exudate, remaining in the pouch lining tissue. These results indicate that L. chagasi can reduce leukocyte accumulation to the initial site of infection, and when associated with vector saliva in the presence of blood components, increase the influx of more neutrophils than macrophages, suggesting that the parasite has developed a strategy to minimize the initial inflammatory response, allowing an unlimited progression within the host. This work reinforces the importance of studies on the salivary components of sand fly vectors of leishmaniasis in the transmission process and the establishment of the infection.

O recrutamento de uma população de células específicas após infecção por Leishmania pode influenciar o resultado da doença. A migração celular em resposta a Leishmania ou saliva do vetor tem sido reportada utilizando o modelo da bolsa de ar subcutânea, entretanto, a migração celular induzida por Leishmania associada com o sangue do hospedeiro e saliva do vetor neste modelo ainda não foi descrita. Neste trabalho foi investigada a migração celular no modelo da bolsa de ar subcutânea em hamster após a estimulação com a combinação de L. chagasi, sangue do hospedeiro e saliva de Lutzomyia longipalpis. A migração induzida por saliva foi três vezes maior do que a induzida por L. chagasi sozinha. Adicionalmente, L. chagasi associada com sangue e saliva induziu significativamente ainda mais leucócitos no exsudato inflamatório do que o estímulo com Leishmania sozinha. L. chagasi recrutou uma população de células distintas, no entanto, a maioria dessas células parece não ter migrado para o exsudato inflamatório, permanecendo no tecido da bolsa de ar. Estes resultados indicam que L. chagasi pode reduzir o acúmulo de leucócitos para o local inicial da infecção e que quando associada à saliva do vetor e na presença de componentes do sangue aumenta o influxo de mais neutrófilos do que macrófagos, sugerindo que o parasito desenvolveu uma estratégia para minimizar a resposta inflamatória inicial, permitindo uma progressão ilimitada dentro do hospedeiro. Este trabalho reforça a importância de mais estudos sobre os componentes da saliva dos vetores das leishmanioses no processo de transmissão e no estabelecimento da infecção.

First record of human myiasis caused by association of the species Chrysomya megacephala (Diptera: Calliplioridae), Sarcophaga (Liopygia) ruficornis (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), and Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae).

We report a rare case of myiasis caused simultaneously by three dipterous species. A 54 yr-old indigent patient was admitted to Andaraí Hospital with painful eruptions on the scalp. The parieto-occipital sulcus showed two lesions caused by scratching associated with deep, odoriferous and exudative pediculosis. Larvae removed with the help of forceps and vaseline produced 153 adults, identified in the laboratory as 114 specimens of Chrysomya megacephala (F., 1794), 38 of Sarcophaga (Liopygia) ruficornis (F., 1794), and one of Musca domestica (L., 1758).

[Survival of Trichomonas vaginalis in the environmental media]. / Supervivencia de Trichomonas vaginalis en el medio ambiente.

The survival of Trichomonas vaginalis outside of the body and from culture media was evaluated under environmental conditions using adsorbent (towels) and non adsorbent (plastic wells) surfaces. After 120 min of exposition under external conditions recovery of parasites from clinical samples showed viable protozoa onto adsorbent and non adsorbent surfaces (5.1% and 30.5%, respectively), as well as for parasites harvested from culture media and assayed onto both surfaces (77.2% and 81.8%, respectively). Parasites from human samples and culture could survive up to 24 h only onto non adsorbent materials (5.1% and 9.1%, respectively). Ability of T. vaginalis to remain viable under external conditions is discussed in relation to its non venereal transmission.

Usefulness of sampling with cotton swab for PCR-diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the New World.

In this study, we tested the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-method to diagnose cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) by taking exudate materials from lesions with cotton swabs, using our previously tested (PCR) panel comprised of Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis, L. (V.) braziliensis, L. (V.) guyanensis, L. (Leishmania) mexicana and L. (L.) amazonensis. The objectives of the present study were to improve the sampling method convenient for the patients and to test the usefulness of samples taken with cotton swabs. Sixteen patients were clinically diagnosed to have CL including one case of diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL) in Ecuador and the causative Leishmania parasites were identified by PCR. All the 12 samples from CL patients of La Mana, positive for Leishmania DNA, were identified as L. (V.) panamensis, while two from CL of Huigra and one from DCL of San Ignacio were L. (L.) mexicana. In the field condition, taking biopsy material is not only painful but sometimes causes iatrogenic bacterial infections. Considering the sensitivity of the test, and convenient sampling procedure, it may be suggested that collection of exudates using cotton swabs may be a better alternative to biopsy sample for PCR-diagnosis of CL.

Analysis of the roles of cysteine proteinases of Leishmania mexicana in the host-parasite interaction.

Promastigotes of Leishmania mexicana mutants lacking the multicopy CPB cysteine proteinase genes (deltaCPB) are markedly less able than wild-type parasites to infect macrophages in vitro. deltaCPB promastigotes invade macrophages in large numbers but are unable to survive in the majority of the cells. In contrast, deltaCPB amastigotes invade and survive within macrophages in vitro. This extreme in vitro stage-specific difference was not mimicked in vivo; both promastigotes and amastigotes of deltaCPB produced lesions in BALB/c mice, but in each case the lesions grew considerably more slowly than those caused by wild-type parasites and only small lesions resulted. Inhibition of CPB in situ using cell-permeant peptidyl-diazomethylketones had no measurable effect on parasite growth or differentiation axenically in vitro. In contrast, N-benzoyloxycarbonyl-phe-ala-diazomethylketone reduced the infectivity of wild-type parasites to macrophages by 80%. Time-course experiments demonstrated that application of the inhibitor caused effects not seen with deltaCPB, suggesting that CPB may not be the prime target of this inhibitor. The data show that the CPB genes of L. mexicana encode enzymes that have important roles in intracellular survival of the parasite and more generally in its interaction with its mammalian host.

Isolamento do Toxoplasma gondii de exsudato peritoneal e orgaos de camundongos com infeccao experimental / Isolation of Toxoplasma gondii from peritoneal exudate and organs of mice with experimental infection

Foram examinados exsudatos peritoneais e orgaos (cerebro, coracao, pulmao e musculo estriado) de 53 camundongos infectados experimentalmente pelo Toxoplasma gondii, sendo 21 na fase aguda e 32 na cronica. Camundongos albinos, machos, de cerca de 25 g e 2 meses de idade foram inoculados, por via intraperitoneal, com 0,5 ml de exsudato peritoneal (taquizoitas) ou macerado de cerebro (cistos) de camundongos previamente infectados. O exame a fresco foi feito no exsudato peritoneal, entre 3 e 12 dias apos inoculacao e no cerebro, apos 10 dias. Foram realizadas inoculacoes de macerados de orgaos em novos camundongos (repiques) para a recuperacao do parasita no exsudato ou no cerebro. Na infeccao aguda as positividades foram, ao exame a fresco: exsudato peritoneal 19/19, pulmao 12/14, musculo 6/9, coracao 4/9 e cerebro 1/3. Apos inoculacao: exsudato peritoneal 5/5, cerebro 2/2, coracao 19/19, pulmao 13/13 e musculo 14/17. Apos estes ultimos resultados foram registrados 9 novos orgaos positivos. A positividade final (igual a recuperacao do parasita) foi: exsudato peritoneal 19/19 (100 por cento), coracao 15/17 (88,5 por cento), musculo 12/14 (85,7 por cento), pulmao 14/14 (100 por cento) e cerebro 2/3 (66,6 por cento)...

[Isolation of Toxoplasma gondii from peritoneal exudate and organs of mice with experimental infection]. / Isolamento do Toxoplasma gondii de exsudato peritoneal e órgãos de camundongos com infecção experimental.

UNLABELLED: Peritoneal exudates and organs from 53 male albino mice, experimentally infected by Toxoplasma gondii were studied, 21 at the acute phase of infection, and 32 at the chronic phase. Peritoneal inoculations were made with 0.5 ml of peritoneal exudates (tachyzoites), or brain macerates (cysts) of previously infected mice. Direct examinations of peritoneal exudates (tachyzoites) were realized between 3 to 12 days post-inoculation, and in brain (cysts) after 10 days post-inoculation . Organs macerates were inoculated in new mice, for the parasite recovering, from exudates or from brains. At the acute infection (3 to 12 days) the positivity at the direct examination was: peritoneal exudate 19/19, lung 12/14, muscle 6/9, heart 4/9 and brain 1/3. After inoculation: peritoneal exudate 5/5, heart 9/9, lung 13/13, muscles 14/17 and brain 2/2. Then, there were 9 new positive organs. At the chronic infection, between 10 and 495 days, the positivity was, at direct examination: brain 28/32, heart 0/4 and muscle 0/4. After inoculation: brain 6/6, heart 14/29 and muscle 16/26. After that a new positive mouse was detected, which leads to 29 the positivity for all mice, or 90.6%. Finally the positivity for the acute phase was: peritoneal exudate 19/19 (100%), heart 15/17 (88.5%), muscle 12/14 (85.7%), lung 14/14 (100%) and brain 2/3 (66.6%). For the chronic phase: brain 28/32 (87.5%), muscle 16/28 (57.1%) and heart 14/31 (45.1%). At the end of experience, at the 495th day, the brain still presented large cysts by direct examination and also the heart and muscle were positives after inoculation. CONCLUSIONS: 1st) on mice the Toxoplasma gondii remained for 495 days, mainly on the brain, but also on heart and muscle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

[Microfilariae in vaginal exudates from Argentinian apes]. / Microfilarias en el exudado vaginal de monos argentinos.

The finding of Dipetalonema gracile larves in vaginal content of capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) was reported. The sizes of microfilarias, which did not present capsule, were 110-160 microns long and 4-5 microns wide. Microfilarias did not find in peripheral blood. Assuming that the cycle of this worm is not yet elucidated, the authors postulate that the presence of larves in the female genital tract could relate with venereal transmission.

Laboratorio: métodos de análisis

Detalle de métodos de laboratorios y de los resultados posibles con la explicación para poder interpretarlos

Laboratorio: métodos de análisis

Detalle de métodos de laboratorios y de los resultados posibles con la explicación para poder interpretarlos