Safety and Immunogenicity of Morbillivirus canis Vaccines for Domestic and Wild Animals: A Scoping Review.

Morbillivirus canis (canine distemper virus (CDV)) is recognized as a multihost pathogen responsible for a transmissible disease affecting both domestic and wild animals. A considerable portion of wildlife populations remain unvaccinated due to a lack of safety and immunogenicity data on existing vaccines for the prevention of CDV infection in these species. This review aimed to assess the current state of CDV vaccination research for both domestic and wild animals and to explore novel vaccine candidates through in vivo studies. It also sought to synthesize the scattered information from the extensive scientific literature on CDV vaccine research, identify key researchers in the field, and highlight areas where research on CDV vaccination is lacking. A scoping review was conducted across four databases following the PRISMA-ScR protocol, with information analyzed using absolute and relative frequencies and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for study number proportions. Among the 2321 articles retrieved, 68 met the inclusion criteria and focused on CDV vaccines in various animal species, such as dogs, ferrets, minks, and mice. Most of the scientific community involved in this research was in the USA, Canada, France, and Denmark. Various vaccine types, including MLV CDV, recombinant virus, DNA plasmids, inactivated CDV, and MLV measles virus (MeV), were identified, along with diverse immunization routes and schedules employed in experimental and commercial vaccines. Safety and efficacy data were summarized. Notably, 37 studies reported postimmunization CDV challenge, primarily in dogs, revealing the survival rates of vaccinated animals. In summary, CDV vaccines generally demonstrate an acceptable safety profile in dogs and show promise as a means of controlling CDV. However, significant gaps in vaccine research persist, particularly concerning wildlife reservoirs, indicating the need for further investigation.

Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus of clade 2.3.4.4b isolated from a human case in Chile causes fatal disease and transmits between co-housed ferrets.

Clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses have caused large outbreaks within avian populations on five continents, with concurrent spillover into a variety of mammalian species. Mutations associated with mammalian adaptation have been sporadically identified in avian isolates, and more frequently among mammalian isolates following infection. Reports of human infection with A(H5N1) viruses following contact with infected wildlife have been reported on multiple continents, highlighting the need for pandemic risk assessment of these viruses. In this study, the pathogenicity and transmissibility of A/Chile/25945/2023 HPAI A(H5N1) virus, a novel reassortant with four gene segments (PB1, PB2, NP, MP) from North American lineage, isolated from a severe human case in Chile, was evaluated in vitro and using the ferret model. This virus possessed a high capacity to cause fatal disease, characterized by high morbidity and extrapulmonary spread in virus-inoculated ferrets. The virus was capable of transmission to naïve contacts in a direct contact setting, with contact animals similarly exhibiting severe disease, but did not exhibit productive transmission in respiratory droplet or fomite transmission models. Our results indicate that the virus would need to acquire an airborne transmissible phenotype in mammals to potentially cause a pandemic. Nonetheless, this work warrants continuous monitoring of mammalian adaptations in avian viruses, especially in strains isolated from humans, to aid pandemic preparedness efforts.

Molecular identification of Bartonella spp. and Rickettsia felis in fox fleas, Chile.

Seventy-five flea pools (one to ten fleas per pool) from 51 Andean foxes (Lycalopex culpaeus) and five South American grey foxes or chillas (Lycalopex griseus) from the Mediterranean region of Chile were analyzed for the presence of DNA of Bartonella spp. and Rickettsia spp. through quantitative real-time PCR for the nouG and gltA genes, respectively. Positive samples were further characterized by conventional PCR protocols, targeting gltA and ITS genes for Bartonella, and gltA, ompA, and ompB genes for Rickettsia. Bartonella was detected in 48 % of the Pulex irritans pools (B. rochalimae in three pools, B. berkhoffii in two pools, B. henselae in one pool), and 8 % of the Ctenocephalides felis felis pools (B. rochalimae, one pool). Rickettsia was confirmed in 11 % of P. irritans pools and 92 % of the Ct. felis pools. Characterization confirmed R. felis in all sequenced Rickettsia-positive pools. All Ct. canis pools were negative. A Ct. felis pool from a wild-found domestic ferret (Mustela putorius furo) also resulted positive for R. felis. Although opportunistic, this survey provides the first description of zoonotic pathogens naturally circulating in fleas parasitizing Chilean free-living carnivores.

Cryptococcosis in domestic and wild animals: A review.

Cryptococcosis is a fungal disease of public health relevance that affects numerous animal species and humans, causing respiratory and neurological impairment. Hence, we conducted a systematic review that included publications from 1975 to 2021 and covered 132 articles that addressed reports of cryptococcosis in domestic and wild animals, its main clinical manifestations, pathological findings, etiology, diagnosis, and therapeutic protocols. We found that the highest number of reports of cryptococcosis is in domestic species, especially cats. Among the wild and/or exotic animals, koalas and ferrets are the most affected, being important carriers of Cryptococcus spp. Pulmonary and neurological involvement is predominant in all species, although nonspecific clinical manifestations have been reported in various species, making clinical suspicion and diagnosis difficult. The countries with the most reports are Australia, the United States, Brazil, and Canada, with C. gattii VGI and VGII standing out. The therapies were based on azoles, amphotericin B, and 5-flucytosine, although there is no standard treatment protocol. Although, several diagnostic methods have been described, in a significant number of reports the diagnosis was made after a necropsy. Professionals are warned about diverse and nonspecific clinical manifestations in different animal species, which underlines the importance of cryptococcosis in the differential diagnosis in clinical practice. Furthermore, it is necessary to encourage the use of laboratory and molecular tools to improve the diagnosis of cryptococcosis. We also emphasize the urgent need for standardized therapeutic protocols to guide veterinary clinicians.

This review compiles studies on cryptococcosis in domestic and wild animals. Most reports occurred in cats and koalas. Pulmonary and neurological involvement was predominant in all affected species, and C. gattii VGI and VGII stood out in the etiology of the disease.

Animal models and SARS-CoV-2-induced pulmonary and neurological injuries.

Laboratory animals are essential mainly for experiments aiming to study pathogenesis and evaluate antivirals and vaccines against emerging human infectious diseases. Preclinical studies of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pathogenesis have used several animal species as models: transgenic human ACE2 mice (K18 mice), inbred BALB/c or C57BL/6N mice, ferrets, minks, domestic cats and dogs, hamsters, and macaques. However, the choice of an animal model relies on several limitations. Besides the host susceptibility, the researcher's experience with animal model management and the correct interpretation of clinical and laboratory records are crucial to succeed in preclinical translational research. Here, we summarise pathological and clinical findings correlated with virological data and immunological changes observed from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) experimental infections using different well-established SARS-CoV-2 animal model species. This essay aims to critically evaluate the current state of animal model translation to clinical data, as described in the human SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Pin-Pointing the Key Hubs in the IFN-γ Pathway Responding to SARS-CoV-2 Infection.

Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) may be potential adjuvant immunotherapy for COVID-19 patients. In this work, we assessed gene expression profiles associated with the IFN-γ pathway in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Employing a case-control study from SARS-CoV-2-positive and -negative patients, we identified IFN-γ-associated pathways to be enriched in positive patients. Bioinformatics analyses showed upregulation of MAP2K6, CBL, RUNX3, STAT1, and JAK2 in COVID-19-positive vs. -negative patients. A positive correlation was observed between STAT1/JAK2, which varied alongside the patient's viral load. Expression of MX1, MX2, ISG15, and OAS1 (four well-known IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs)) displayed upregulation in COVID-19-positive vs. -negative patients. Integrative analyses showcased higher levels of ISGs, which were associated with increased viral load and STAT1/JAK2 expression. Confirmation of ISGs up-regulation was performed in vitro using the A549 lung cell line treated with Poly (I:C), a synthetic analog of viral double-stranded RNA; and in different pulmonary human cell lines and ferret tracheal biopsies infected with SARS-CoV-2. A pre-clinical murine model of Coronavirus infection confirmed findings displaying increased ISGs in the liver and lungs from infected mice. Altogether, these results demonstrate the role of IFN-γ and ISGs in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, highlighting alternative druggable targets that can boost the host response.

Use of animals in dental research: Trends and ethical reflections.

This study aimed to survey and analyze the profile of experimental dental research in animals, verifying its trends. We evaluated studies developed with the use of animals in vivo, published in 10 dental journals with high impact factors, from 2015 to 2020. From 1652 studies retrieved, 594 involved in vivo experimentation on animals and were analyzed further. Rats were the species most used and with the highest mean of animals per study. Ferrets, although presenting the lowest rate of publications, had the second highest mean of animals per study. Periodontics was the dental specialty with the highest number of publications, while oral rehabilitation had the lowest number. The data on the institution responsible for reviewing animal research protocols approval, sample size, anesthesia and analgesia were provided in 93.10%, 83%, 70.54% and 23.74% of studies, respectively. In 53% of studies, euthanasia was specified and anesthetic overdose was the method most used. Over the period analyzed, there was a reduction in animal studies in vivo, and periodontics was the specialty that most used this experimental model. Although most studies mentioned approval by an ethics committee, some publications neglected to mention sample size, anesthesia and euthanasia. The omission of essential information may raise scientific and ethical concerns.

A computational study of the interface interaction between SARS-CoV-2 RBD and ACE2 from human, cat, dog, and ferret.

The total impact of the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic is still emerging, changing all relationships as a result, including those with pet animals. In the infection process, the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a cellular receptor to the spike protein of the new coronavirus is a fundamental step. In this sense, understanding which residue plays what role in the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein and ACE2 from cats, dogs, and ferrets is an important guide for helping to choose which animal model can be used to study the pathology of COVID-19, and if there are differences between these interactions and those occurring in the human system. To help answer these questions, we performed classical molecular dynamics simulations to evaluate, from an atomistic point of view, the interactions in these systems. Our results show that there are significant differences in the interacting residues between the systems from different animal species, and the role of ACE2 key residues are different in each system, and can assist in the search for different inhibitors for each animal.

Using in vivo animal models for studying SARS-CoV-2.

INTRODUCTION: The search for an animal model capable of reproducing the physiopathology of the COVID-19, and also suitable for evaluating the efficacy and safety of new drugs has become a challenge for many researchers. AREAS COVERED: This work reviews the current animal models for in vivo tests with SARS-CoV-2 as well as the challenges involved in the safety and efficacy trials. EXPERT OPINION: Studies have reported the use of nonhuman primates, ferrets, mice, Syrian hamsters, lagomorphs, mink, and zebrafish in experiments that aimed to understand the course of COVID-19 or test vaccines and other drugs. In contrast, the assays with animal hyperimmune sera have only been used in in vitro assays. Finding an animal that faithfully reproduces all the characteristics of the disease in humans is difficult. Some models may be more complex to work with, such as monkeys, or require genetic manipulation so that they can express the human ACE2 receptor, as in the case of mice. Although some models are more promising, possibly the use of more than one animal model represents the best scenario. Therefore, further studies are needed to establish an ideal animal model to help in the development of other treatment strategies besides vaccines.

COVID-19, Your Pet and Other Animals: Are You at Risk?

Despite fast-tracked research, the precise origin, transmission and evolution of COVID-19 are still unknown. While the bat genus Rhinolophus is likely the primary source of the zoonotic-origin pathogen SARS-CoV-2 that causes COVID-19, its transmission route into the human population is still being studied.[1,2] Coronaviruses (CoV) affect humans and various animal species. Bats were the original hosts of the CoV that causes Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), for example, with masked palm civet cats and dromedaries, respectively, the intermediate hosts of those two viruses. Research is ongoing regarding intermediate species for SARS-CoV-2, but one possibility is the large stray cat and dog population around the live animal market in Wuhan, China, where the pandemic is thought to have started.

SARS-CoV-2 host tropism: An in silico analysis of the main cellular factors.

Recent reports have shown that small and big felines could be infected by SARS-CoV-2, while other animals, like swines and mice, are apparently not susceptible to this infection. These findings raise the question of the role of cell factors associated with early stages of the viral infection in host selectivity. The cellular receptor for SARS-CoV-2 is the Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE2). Transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) has been shown to prime the viral spike for its interaction with its receptor. GRP78 has also been proposed as a possible co-receptor. In this study, we used several bioinformatics approaches to bring clues in the interaction of ACE2, TMPRSS2, and GRP78 with SARS-CoV-2. We selected several mammalian hosts that could play a key role in viral spread by acting as secondary hosts (cats, dogs, pigs, mice, and ferrets) and evaluated their predicted permissiveness by in silico analysis. Results showed that ionic pairs (salt bridges, N-O pair, and long-range interactions) produced between ACE2 and the viral spike has an essential function in the host interaction. On the other hand, TMPRSS2 and GRP78 are proteins with high homology in all the evaluated hosts. Thus, these proteins do not seem to play a role in host selectivity, suggesting that other factors may play a role in the non-permissivity in some of these hosts. These proteins represent however interesting cell targets that could be explored in order to control the virus replication in humans and in the intermediary hosts.

A comprehensive analysis of genome composition and codon usage patterns of emerging coronaviruses.

An outbreak of atypical pneumonia caused by a novel Betacoronavirus (ßCoV), named SARS-CoV-2 has been declared a public health emergency of international concern by the World Health Organization. In order to gain insight into the emergence, evolution and adaptation of SARS-CoV-2 viruses, a comprehensive analysis of genome composition and codon usage of ßCoV circulating in China was performed. A biased nucleotide composition was found for SARS-CoV-2 genome. This bias in genomic composition is reflected in its codon and amino acid usage patterns. The overall codon usage in SARS-CoV-2 is similar among themselves and slightly biased. Most of the highly frequent codons are A- and U-ending, which strongly suggests that mutational bias is the main force shaping codon usage in this virus. Significant differences in relative synonymous codon usage frequencies among SARS-CoV-2 and human cells were found. These differences are due to codon usage preferences.

Biomodelos e a covid-19: estado da arte e tendências de uso / Biomodels and covid-19: state-of-the-art and usage trends

A COVID-19 é uma nova coronovirose que demonstrou seu potencial pandêmico a partir de um surto observado em dezembro de 2019 na cidade de Wuhan, na China e, atualmente, já está sendo compreendida como uma síndrome de disfunção múltipla de órgãos, além dos pulmões. Até o momento, há ainda muito a se conhecer sobre o vírus, suas interações e potencial de transmissão, bem como a patogênese da doença; o desenvolvimento das candidatas a vacinas, terapias, diagnósticos mais precisos e ferramentas de controle da doença. Um dos principais desafios encontrados atualmente na pesquisa em COVID-19 é a disponibilização de modelos animais que mimetize a fisiopatogênese da doença humana. Sendo assim, este artigo objetiva fazer uma revisão não só do estado da arte em estudos pré-clínicos desenvolvidos para entendimento e enfrentamento da COVID-19 com a participação de diversos modelos animais de experimentação no aprimoramento de terapias imunes, mas também trazer à discussão a participação de espécies animais selvagens na origem da pandemia, ciclo de transmissão e manutenção da doença. De acordo com a revisão dos trabalhos publicados, foi possível observar que algumas espécies, como primatas não humanos e camundongos têm potencial de uso em múltiplas formas de experimentação, enquanto outras se limitam a um tipo de observação. Desta forma, a avaliação contínua de bons modelos animais para estudo da COVID-19 consolida a importância da investigação em animais e dos estudos pré-clínicos para solucionar esta e próximas pandemias que possam vir a ocorrer na história da saúde pública mundial.

COVID-19 is a new virus disease that demonstrated its pandemic potential from an outbreak observed in December 2019, in Wuhan, China and it is now considered as a multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, in addition to the lungs. So far, there is still much to know about the virus, its interactions and potential for transmission, as well as the pathogenesis of the disease; the development of vaccines candidates, therapies, more accurate diagnoses and disease control tools. One of the main challenges currently found in research in COVID-19 is the availability of animal models that mimic the pathophysiology of human disease. Therefore, this article aims to review not only the state of the art in preclinical studies developed to understand and confront COVID-19 with participation of several animal models of experimentation in the improvement of immune therapies, but also to bring to discussion the participation of wild animal species in the origin of the pandemic, transmission cycle and maintenance of the disease. According to this review, it was possible to observe that some species, such as non-human primates and mice, have potential for use in multiple forms of experimentation, while others are limited to one type of observation. Thus, the continuous evaluation of good animal models for COVID-19 studies consolidates the importance of animal research and preclinical studies to solve this and the next pandemics that may occur in the history of public health worldwide.

Biomodelos e a covid-19: estado da arte e tendências de uso / Biomodels and covid-19: state-of-the-art and usage trends

A COVID-19 é uma nova coronovirose que demonstrou seu potencial pandêmico a partir de um surto observado em dezembro de 2019 na cidade de Wuhan, na China e, atualmente, já está sendo compreendida como uma síndrome de disfunção múltipla de órgãos, além dos pulmões. Até o momento, há ainda muito a se conhecer sobre o vírus, suas interações e potencial de transmissão, bem como a patogênese da doença; o desenvolvimento das candidatas a vacinas, terapias, diagnósticos mais precisos e ferramentas de controle da doença. Um dos principais desafios encontrados atualmente na pesquisa em COVID-19 é a disponibilização de modelos animais que mimetize a fisiopatogênese da doença humana. Sendo assim, este artigo objetiva fazer uma revisão não só do estado da arte em estudos pré-clínicos desenvolvidos para entendimento e enfrentamento da COVID-19 com a participação de diversos modelos animais de experimentação no aprimoramento de terapias imunes, mas também trazer à discussão a participação de espécies animais selvagens na origem da pandemia, ciclo de transmissão e manutenção da doença. De acordo com a revisão dos trabalhos publicados, foi possível observar que algumas espécies, como primatas não humanos e camundongos têm potencial de uso em múltiplas formas de experimentação, enquanto outras se limitam a um tipo de observação. Desta forma, a avaliação contínua de bons modelos animais para estudo da COVID-19 consolida a importância da investigação em animais e dos estudos pré-clínicos para solucionar esta e próximas pandemias que possam vir a ocorrer na história da saúde pública mundial.(AU)

COVID-19 is a new virus disease that demonstrated its pandemic potential from an outbreak observed in December 2019, in Wuhan, China and it is now considered as a multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, in addition to the lungs. So far, there is still much to know about the virus, its interactions and potential for transmission, as well as the pathogenesis of the disease; the development of vaccines candidates, therapies, more accurate diagnoses and disease control tools. One of the main challenges currently found in research in COVID-19 is the availability of animal models that mimic the pathophysiology of human disease. Therefore, this article aims to review not only the state of the art in preclinical studies developed to understand and confront COVID-19 with participation of several animal models of experimentation in the improvement of immune therapies, but also to bring to discussion the participation of wild animal species in the origin of the pandemic, transmission cycle and maintenance of the disease. According to this review, it was possible to observe that some species, such as non-human primates and mice, have potential for use in multiple forms of experimentation, while others are limited to one type of observation. Thus, the continuous evaluation of good animal models for COVID-19 studies consolidates the importance of animal research and preclinical studies to solve this and the next pandemics that may occur in the history of public health worldwide.(AU)

Tratamento da doença de adrenal em Ferret com administração do fármaco Deslorrelina: relato de caso / Treatment of adrenal disease in ferret with administration of the drug deslorrelina: case report / Tratamiento de la enfermedad adrenal en hurones con deslorrelina la administración del fármaco: un informe de caso

A doença adrenocortical (DAC) é uma patologia comum em ferrets (Mustela pitorius furo) cirurgicamente esterilizados, de meia idade à idosos. Os principais sinais clínicos atribuíveis à superprodução destes hormônios são a alopecia bilateral simétrica em ambos os sexos, podendo ou não haver prurido. O diagnóstico é confirmado pela ultrassonografia abdominal, permitindo ao clínico avaliar anormalidades na forma, tamanho e espessura das glândulas adrenais. O objetivo deste artigo é descrever a eficácia do análogo sintético da gonadorelina (GnRH) ao tratamento conservativo, favorecendo resultados benéficos satisfatórios, sendo contra a necessidade de expor o ferret ao risco cirúrgico.

Adrenocortical disease (CAD) is a common pathology in surgically sterile ferrets (Mustela pitorius furo), from middle age to the elderly. The main clinical signs attributable to overproduction of these hormones are symmetrical bilateral alopecia in both sexes, whether or not there is pruritus. The diagnosis is confirmed by abdominal ultrasonography, allowing the clinician to evaluate abnormalities in the shape, size and thickness of the adrenal glands. The objective of this article is to describe the efficacy of the synthetic analogue of gonadorelin (GnRH) to the conservative treatment, favoring satisfactory beneficial results, being against the necessity of exposing the ferret to the surgical risk.

La enfermedad adrenocortical (DAC) es una patología común en ferrets (Mustela pitorius agujero) quirúrgicamente esterilizados, de mediana edad a los ancianos. Los principales signos clínicos atribuibles a la sobreproducción de estas hormonas son la alopecia bilateral simétrica en ambos sexos, pudiendo o no haber prurito. El diagnóstico es confirmado por la ultrasonografía abdominal, permitiendo al clínico evaluar anormalidades en la forma, tamaño y espesor de las glándulas adrenales. El objetivo de este artículo es describir la eficacia del análogo sintético de la gonadorelina (GnRH) al tratamiento conservador, favoreciendo resultados benéficos satisfactorios, siendo contra la necesidad de exponer el ferret al riesgo quirúrgico.

Tratamento da doença de adrenal em Ferret com administração do fármaco Deslorrelina: relato de caso / Treatment of adrenal disease in ferret with administration of the drug deslorrelina: case report / Tratamiento de la enfermedad adrenal en hurones con deslorrelina la administración del fármaco: un informe de caso

A doença adrenocortical (DAC) é uma patologia comum em ferrets (Mustela pitorius furo) cirurgicamente esterilizados, de meia idade à idosos. Os principais sinais clínicos atribuíveis à superprodução destes hormônios são a alopecia bilateral simétrica em ambos os sexos, podendo ou não haver prurido. O diagnóstico é confirmado pela ultrassonografia abdominal, permitindo ao clínico avaliar anormalidades na forma, tamanho e espessura das glândulas adrenais. O objetivo deste artigo é descrever a eficácia do análogo sintético da gonadorelina (GnRH) ao tratamento conservativo, favorecendo resultados benéficos satisfatórios, sendo contra a necessidade de expor o ferret ao risco cirúrgico.(AU)

Adrenocortical disease (CAD) is a common pathology in surgically sterile ferrets (Mustela pitorius furo), from middle age to the elderly. The main clinical signs attributable to overproduction of these hormones are symmetrical bilateral alopecia in both sexes, whether or not there is pruritus. The diagnosis is confirmed by abdominal ultrasonography, allowing the clinician to evaluate abnormalities in the shape, size and thickness of the adrenal glands. The objective of this article is to describe the efficacy of the synthetic analogue of gonadorelin (GnRH) to the conservative treatment, favoring satisfactory beneficial results, being against the necessity of exposing the ferret to the surgical risk.(AU)

La enfermedad adrenocortical (DAC) es una patología común en ferrets (Mustela pitorius agujero) quirúrgicamente esterilizados, de mediana edad a los ancianos. Los principales signos clínicos atribuibles a la sobreproducción de estas hormonas son la alopecia bilateral simétrica en ambos sexos, pudiendo o no haber prurito. El diagnóstico es confirmado por la ultrasonografía abdominal, permitiendo al clínico evaluar anormalidades en la forma, tamaño y espesor de las glándulas adrenales. El objetivo de este artículo es describir la eficacia del análogo sintético de la gonadorelina (GnRH) al tratamiento conservador, favoreciendo resultados benéficos satisfactorios, siendo contra la necesidad de exponer el ferret al riesgo quirúrgico.(AU)

Utilização da radioterapia na medicina de animais selvagens: um estudo fundamentado em casos obtidos da literatura / Radiation therapy using the wildlife medicine: a reasoned obtained study in cases of literature / Radioterapia uso de la medicina de animales salvajes: un estudio obtenido en casos de literatura

O câncer é uma neoplasia que acomete tanto humanos como animais e é responsável pelo maior número de casos de mortalidade no mundo. Em animais selvagens, o câncer é uma problemática encontrada na maioria das vezes em animais de zoológicos. Desse modo os veterinários oncologistas têm pesquisado e desenvolvido abordagens terapêuticas para muitos tipos de câncer ao longo dos anos em ambas as terapias curativas e paliativas, incluindo nelas a aplicação da radioterapia. O princípio básico da radioterapia é o efeito da radiação ionizante sobre as células tumorais, levando-as à morte. No entanto, a sua aplicação dentro da medicina veterinária para animais selvagens ainda não é muito relatada na literatura, especialmente no Brasil. Dessa forma, esse estudo teve objetivo de descrever e comparar algumas aplicações da radioterapia em diferentes espécies de animais selvagens procurando melhorar o conhecimento dela dentro da medicina veterinária por meio de uma breve pesquisa bibliográfica. Depois das descrições e comparações, conclui-se que apesar do número de casos avaliados no presente estudo, todos os casos mencionados tiveram resultados satisfatórios utilizando a radioterapia e forneceram informações relevantes que podem orientar futuros pesquisadores nessa área, melhorando assim o conhecimento sobre esta terapia além de melhorar a qualidade de vida dos animais.

The cancer is the kind of tumor that affects both humans and animals and is responsible for more deaths worldwide. In wildlife, cancer is a problem found most often in zoo animals. Thus veterinary oncologists have researched and developed therapeutic approaches to many types of cancer over the years in both curative and palliative therapies including therein the application of radiation. The basic principle of radiotherapy is the effect of ionizing radiation on the tumor cells, causing them to death. However, its application in veterinary medicine for wildlife is not much reported in the literature, especially in Brazil. This study aims to describe and compare some of radiotherapy applications in different species of wildlife looking to improve her knowledge in veterinary medicine through a brief literature review. After the descriptions and comparisons, it is concluded that despite the number of cases taken for this study, all the cases mentioned had satisfactory results using radiation therapy and all the presented cases provided relevant information that can guide future researchers in this area, thus improving knowledge of this therapy and improve the quality of life of animals.

El cáncer es el tipo de tumor que afecta a los seres humanos y animales y es responsable de más muertes en todo el mundo. En la vida silvestre, el cáncer es un problema encontrado con mayor frecuencia en los animales del zoológico. Por lo tanto los oncólogos veterinarios han investigado y desarrollado enfoques terapéuticos para muchos tipos de cáncer en los últimos años en terapias tanto curativa y paliativa, incluyendo en el mismo la aplicación de radiación. El principio básico de la radioterapia es el efecto de la radiación ionizante en las células tumorales, haciendo que la muerte. Sin embargo, su aplicación en la medicina veterinaria para la fauna no es mucho en la literatura, especialmente en Brasil, debido a esto, este estudio tiene como objetivo describir y comparar algunas de las aplicaciones de radioterapia en diferentes especies de vida silvestre que buscan mejorar su conocimiento en medicina veterinaria a través de una breve revisión de la literatura. Después de las descripciones y comparaciones, se concluye que a pesar del pequeño número de muestras tomadas para el levantamiento de este estudio todos los casos mencionados tenido resultados satisfactorios utilizando la terapia de radiación y todos los casos que se presentan como información pertinente que pueda guiar a los futuros investigadores en esta área, lo que mejora conocimiento de esta terapia y mejorar la calidad de vida de los animales.

Utilização da radioterapia na medicina de animais selvagens: um estudo fundamentado em casos obtidos da literatura / Radiation therapy using the wildlife medicine: a reasoned obtained study in cases of literature / Radioterapia uso de la medicina de animales salvajes: un estudio obtenido en casos de literatura

O câncer é uma neoplasia que acomete tanto humanos como animais e é responsável pelo maior número de casos de mortalidade no mundo. Em animais selvagens, o câncer é uma problemática encontrada na maioria das vezes em animais de zoológicos. Desse modo os veterinários oncologistas têm pesquisado e desenvolvido abordagens terapêuticas para muitos tipos de câncer ao longo dos anos em ambas as terapias curativas e paliativas, incluindo nelas a aplicação da radioterapia. O princípio básico da radioterapia é o efeito da radiação ionizante sobre as células tumorais, levando-as à morte. No entanto, a sua aplicação dentro da medicina veterinária para animais selvagens ainda não é muito relatada na literatura, especialmente no Brasil. Dessa forma, esse estudo teve objetivo de descrever e comparar algumas aplicações da radioterapia em diferentes espécies de animais selvagens procurando melhorar o conhecimento dela dentro da medicina veterinária por meio de uma breve pesquisa bibliográfica. Depois das descrições e comparações, conclui-se que apesar do número de casos avaliados no presente estudo, todos os casos mencionados tiveram resultados satisfatórios utilizando a radioterapia e forneceram informações relevantes que podem orientar futuros pesquisadores nessa área, melhorando assim o conhecimento sobre esta terapia além de melhorar a qualidade de vida dos animais.(AU)

The cancer is the kind of tumor that affects both humans and animals and is responsible for more deaths worldwide. In wildlife, cancer is a problem found most often in zoo animals. Thus veterinary oncologists have researched and developed therapeutic approaches to many types of cancer over the years in both curative and palliative therapies including therein the application of radiation. The basic principle of radiotherapy is the effect of ionizing radiation on the tumor cells, causing them to death. However, its application in veterinary medicine for wildlife is not much reported in the literature, especially in Brazil. This study aims to describe and compare some of radiotherapy applications in different species of wildlife looking to improve her knowledge in veterinary medicine through a brief literature review. After the descriptions and comparisons, it is concluded that despite the number of cases taken for this study, all the cases mentioned had satisfactory results using radiation therapy and all the presented cases provided relevant information that can guide future researchers in this area, thus improving knowledge of this therapy and improve the quality of life of animals.(AU)

El cáncer es el tipo de tumor que afecta a los seres humanos y animales y es responsable de más muertes en todo el mundo. En la vida silvestre, el cáncer es un problema encontrado con mayor frecuencia en los animales del zoológico. Por lo tanto los oncólogos veterinarios han investigado y desarrollado enfoques terapéuticos para muchos tipos de cáncer en los últimos años en terapias tanto curativa y paliativa, incluyendo en el mismo la aplicación de radiación. El principio básico de la radioterapia es el efecto de la radiación ionizante en las células tumorales, haciendo que la muerte. Sin embargo, su aplicación en la medicina veterinaria para la fauna no es mucho en la literatura, especialmente en Brasil, debido a esto, este estudio tiene como objetivo describir y comparar algunas de las aplicaciones de radioterapia en diferentes especies de vida silvestre que buscan mejorar su conocimiento en medicina veterinaria a través de una breve revisión de la literatura. Después de las descripciones y comparaciones, se concluye que a pesar del pequeño número de muestras tomadas para el levantamiento de este estudio todos los casos mencionados tenido resultados satisfactorios utilizando la terapia de radiación y todos los casos que se presentan como información pertinente que pueda guiar a los futuros investigadores en esta área, lo que mejora conocimiento de esta terapia y mejorar la calidad de vida de los animales.(AU)

Inactivated Recombinant Rabies Viruses Displaying Canine Distemper Virus Glycoproteins Induce Protective Immunity against Both Pathogens.

The development of multivalent vaccines is an attractive methodology for the simultaneous prevention of several infectious diseases in vulnerable populations. Both canine distemper virus (CDV) and rabies virus (RABV) cause lethal disease in wild and domestic carnivores. While RABV vaccines are inactivated, the live-attenuated CDV vaccines retain residual virulence for highly susceptible wildlife species. In this study, we developed recombinant bivalent vaccine candidates based on recombinant vaccine strain rabies virus particles, which concurrently display the protective CDV and RABV glycoprotein antigens. The recombinant viruses replicated to near-wild-type titers, and the heterologous glycoproteins were efficiently expressed and incorporated in the viral particles. Immunization of ferrets with beta-propiolactone-inactivated recombinant virus particles elicited protective RABV antibody titers, and animals immunized with a combination of CDV attachment protein- and fusion protein-expressing recombinant viruses were protected from lethal CDV challenge. However, animals that were immunized with only a RABV expressing the attachment protein of CDV vaccine strain Onderstepoort succumbed to infection with a more recent wild-type strain, indicating that immune responses to the more conserved fusion protein contribute to protection against heterologous CDV strains.IMPORTANCE Rabies virus and canine distemper virus (CDV) cause high mortality rates and death in many carnivores. While rabies vaccines are inactivated and thus have an excellent safety profile and high stability, live-attenuated CDV vaccines can retain residual virulence in highly susceptible species. Here we generated recombinant inactivated rabies viruses that carry one of the CDV glycoproteins on their surface. Ferrets immunized twice with a mix of recombinant rabies viruses carrying the CDV fusion and attachment glycoproteins were protected from lethal CDV challenge, whereas all animals that received recombinant rabies viruses carrying only the CDV attachment protein according to the same immunization scheme died. Irrespective of the CDV antigens used, all animals developed protective titers against rabies virus, illustrating that a bivalent rabies virus-based vaccine against CDV induces protective immune responses against both pathogens.

Swine Influenza Virus (H1N2) Characterization and Transmission in Ferrets, Chile.

Phylogenetic analysis of the influenza hemagglutinin gene (HA) has suggested that commercial pigs in Chile harbor unique human seasonal H1-like influenza viruses, but further information, including characterization of these viruses, was unavailable. We isolated influenza virus (H1N2) from a swine in a backyard production farm in Central Chile and demonstrated that the HA gene was identical to that in a previous report. Its HA and neuraminidase genes were most similar to human H1 and N2 viruses from the early 1990s and internal segments were similar to influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus. The virus replicated efficiently in vitro and in vivo and transmitted in ferrets by respiratory droplet. Antigenically, it was distinct from other swine viruses. Hemagglutination inhibition analysis suggested that antibody titers to the swine Chilean H1N2 virus were decreased in persons born after 1990. Further studies are needed to characterize the potential risk to humans, as well as the ecology of influenza in swine in South America.