Sobre la hepatitis aguda grave de etiología desconocida: la situación en México / About severe acute hepatitis of unknown etiology: the situation in Mexico

Introducción: en México, las hepatitis virales son de notificación epidemiológica obligatoria, pero no existe un sistema especial de vigilancia. La información disponible se limita a la distribución por edad y sexo. Ante la alerta de casos de hepatitis aguda grave de etiología desconocida, en la Unión Europea el Consejo Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica (CONAVE) alertó al Sistema Nacional de Salud (SNS) para la atención y vigilancia de estos casos. Desarrollo: la hipótesis más convincente sobre la etiología está relacionada con una respuesta inmunitaria exacerbada que es mediada por superantígenos relacionados con la proteína espiga del SARS-CoV-2, activados por una infección por adenovirus que desencadena una respuesta de linfocitos T que provoca apoptosis de hepatocitos. Con base en la presentación clínica (niños menores de 16 años, con diarrea, dolor abdominal, ictericia, vómito e hipertransaminasemia) se han diseñado definiciones operacionales para su identificación y notificación al Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica (SINAVE). Hasta junio del 2022, se han identificado 56 casos en México. Conclusiones: este brote de hepatitis representa un reto para el SINAVE. Es necesario incluir la identificación de adenovirus en el algoritmo diagnóstico de enfermedad respiratoria viral, implementar un sistema especial de vigilancia epidemiológica de hepatitis virales y sensibilizar a los profesionales sanitarios en el tema.

Introduction: In Mexico viral hepatitis requires mandatory epidemiological notification, but there is no special surveillance system. Available information is limited to distribution of cases by age and sex. Given the alert of cases of severe acute hepatitis of unknown etiology in the European Union, the National Council for Epidemiological Surveillance (Consejo Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica) alerted the entire National Health System to care for and monitor these cases in Mexico. Development: The most convincing hypothesis is an exacerbated immune response mediated by superantigens related to the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, activated by adenovirus infection that ends in a response of T lymphocytes that causes apoptosis of hepatocytes. Based on clinical presentation (children under 16 years of age, with diarrhoea, abdominal pain, jaundice, vomiting and increase in transaminases) the operational case definitions have been designed for their timely identification and notification to the National System of Epidemiological Surveillance (Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica). Until June 2022, 56 cases have been identified in Mexico. Conclusions: This hepatitis outbreak represents a challenge for the National System of Epidemiological Surveillance. It is necessary to include the identification of adenovirus in the diagnostic algorithm for viral respiratory disease, to implement a special epidemiological surveillance system for viral hepatitis, and to sensitize health professionals on this subject.

Hepatitis C: ¿un virus que podríamos erradicar? / Hepatitis C: Could we eradicate this virus?

La infección crónica con el virus C de la hepatitis constituye un problema de salud a nivel mundial, tanto en niños como en adultos. Su eliminación espontánea puede ocurrir durante la infancia temprana, y luego es infrecuente. Aunque la mayoría de los casos son asintomáticos en la infancia y adolescencia, al llegar a la edad adulta, los pacientes pueden evolucionar a la cirrosis y presentar complicaciones, que incluyen el carcinoma hepatocelular. Un tratamiento eficaz debe tener como meta la eliminación del virus, lo que significaría la curación de la enfermedad. Recientemente, el advenimiento de varios agentes antivirales de acción directa ha posibilitado una alta resolución de la infección, del 97-100 % de los casos. Para lograr este objetivo costo-efectivo, es fundamental la concientización de los pediatras en la detección de los pacientes infectados y su derivación al especialista hepatólogo pediatra para la implementación del tratamiento adecuado.

Chronic hepatitis C virus infection is a health problem worldwide, both in children and adults. Its spontaneous resolution may occur during early childhood, and then it becomes uncommon. Although most cases are asymptomatic during childhood and adolescence, as adults, patients may progress to cirrhosis and develop complications, including hepatocellular carcinoma. The goal of an effective treatment should be virus elimination, i.e., disease cure. Recently, the emergence of several direct-acting antivirals has enabled a high rate of infection resolution in 97-100 % of cases. To achieve this cost-effective objective, it is critical to raise awareness among pediatricians so that they can detect infected patients and refer them to a pediatric liver specialist for an adequate management.

Enfermedades hepáticas y su relación con hiperglicemia / The relationship between liver diseases and hyperglycemia

La Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) y las enfermedades crónicas del hígado(ECH), definida para esta revisión como cualquier alteración funcional o estructural de este órgano, desde inflamación hasta fibrosis, son patologías que frecuentemente se asocian, y su coexistencia se relaciona con peor pronóstico y mayores complicaciones de ambas entidades. El objetivo de este artículo es describir la relación entre hiperglicemia y enfermedades del hígado, sus procesos fisiopatológicos comunes y tratamiento, distinguiendo las patologías más relevantes, entre ellas la Diabetes Hepatogénica (DH), la enfermedad hepática por Virus Hepatitis C (VHC) y la Enfermedad Hepática Grasa No Alcohólica (EHGNA). La DH es aquella diagnosticada en pacientes con cirrosis asociada a insuficiencia hepática, sin antecedentes previos de alteración de la glicemia. En la actualidad el diagnóstico se realiza en etapas tardías de la enfermedad. El VHC tiene un efecto diabetogénico conocido. Algunas terapias antivirales usadas para VHC evidencian mejoría de las alteraciones metabólicas al lograr respuestas virológicas sostenidas. En DM2, la EHGNA es frecuente, con mayor incidencia de fibrosis, hepatocarcinoma (HCC) y riesgo cardiovascular (RCV). Es necesario realizar una pesquisa e intervención precoz de EHGNA a los pacientes con DM2. En el manejo de éstos, la baja de peso ha demostrado ser efectiva en el control glicémico y en la mejoría histológica. Dentro de las terapias antidiabéticas, además del uso de metformina, debería considerarse aquellas que han demostrado a la fecha beneficios en EHGNA, como son tiazolidinedionas (pioglitazona) y/o análogos de GLP-1 (liraglutide) y optimizar el control de otros factores de RCV.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM2) and chronic liver diseases (CLD) defined in this revision as any functional or structural alteration in the organ, covering from inflammation to fibrosis, are pathologies that are frequently associated, and when found together are related to worse prognosis and higher complications in both conditions. The objective of this article is to describe the relationship between hyperglycemia and liver diseases, their common physio-pathological processes and treatments, identifying the most important pathologies, including Hepatogenic Diabetes (HD), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) liver disease and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). Hepatogenic diabetes (HD) is diagnosed in patients with liver failure associated to cirrhosis with no previous record of impaired glycemia. Currently, diagnosis is made during the late stages of the disease. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has a known diabetogenic effect. Some antiviral therapies used for HCV show improvement in metabolic alterations by achieving sustained virological responses. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in DM2 patients is common, presenting higher risk for fibrosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and increased cardiovascular risk (CVR). Early screening and interventions for NAFLD in DM patients are necessary. Weight loss has been shown to be effective in glycemic control and histological improvement. Anti-diabetic therapies, in addition to the use of metformin, should consider therapies that have shown benefits for managing NAFLD, such as thiazolidinedione (pioglitazones) and/or aGLP-1 (Liraglutide), and optimally controlling other cardiovascular risk (CVR) factors.

Decline in hepatitis B and C prevalence among hemodialysis patients in Tocantins, Northern Brazil.

Infection control measures have been responsible for a decline in the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections in hemodialysis patients. In Brazil, these measures have been in place since 1996. The aim of this study was to evaluate the current HBV and HCV epidemiology among hemodialysis patients in the State of Tocantins comparing them with those found 14 years ago. There was a significant decline in hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-HCV prevalence from 4% and 13% in 2001 to 0.8% and 2.8% in 2014-2015, respectively (p < 0.05). Variables related to hemodialysis environment such as working shift and length of time on hemodialysis treatment were no longer associated to HCV and HBV exposure in 2014-2015. A high prevalence of self-reported hepatitis B vaccination was observed in both periods, but only 30% of the individuals showed serological profile of effective previous immunization, suggesting a low compliance with surveillance of hepatitis B immunization in hemodialysis centers. The significant decline in viral hepatitis B and C prevalence in hemodialysis patients in Tocantins underscores the importance of infection control measures, but the low frequency of protective serological profile after immunization against hepatitis B points to the need for greater vigilance of the patients' vaccination.

Young Drug Users: a Vulnerable Population and an Underutilized Resource in HIV/HCV Prevention.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The social networks of people who inject drugs (PWID) have long been studied to understand disease transmission dynamics and social influences on risky practices. We illustrate how PWID can be active agents promoting HIV, HCV, and overdose prevention. RECENT FINDINGS: We assessed drug users' connections and interactions with others at risk for HIV/HCV in three cities: New York City (NYC), USA (n = 539); Pereira, Colombia (n = 50); and St. Petersburg, Russia (n = 49). In all three cities, the majority of participants' network members were of a similar age as themselves, yet connections across age groups were also present. In NYC, knowing any opioid user(s) older than 29 was associated with testing HCV-positive. In NYC and St. Petersburg, a large proportion of PWID engaged in intravention activities to support safer injection and overdose prevention; in Pereira, PWID injected, had sex, and interacted with other key groups at risk. People who use drugs can be active players in HIV/HCV and overdose risk- reduction; their networks provide them with ample opportunities to disseminate harm reduction knowledge, strategies, and norms to others at risk. Local communities could augment prevention programming by empowering drug users to be allies in the fight against HIV and facilitating their pre-existing health-protective actions.

Increasing Prevalence of Hepatitis C among Hospitalized Children Is Associated with an Increase in Substance Abuse.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of substance abuse on pediatric hepatitis C virus (HCV) prevalence, we examined geographic and demographic data on inpatient hospitalizations in children with HCV. STUDY DESIGN: We examined hospitalizations in children using the Kids' Inpatient Database, a part of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. We identified cases using the International Classification of Diseases, 9th edition, codes for HCV infection during 2006, 2009, and 2012. Nonparametric tests for trend were used to calculate trend statistics. RESULTS: From 2006 to 2012 nationally, the number of hospitalizations of children with HCV increased 37% (2.69 to 3.69 per 10 000 admissions; P < .001). The mean age of children hospitalized was 17.6 years (95% CI, 17.4-17.8). HCV cases among those 19-20 years of age represented 68% of the total HCV diagnoses, with a 54% increase over the years sampled (P < .001 for trend). The burden of HCV in children was highest in whites, those in the lowest income quartile, and in the Northeast and Southern regions of the US (all P < .0001). The prevalence of substance use among children with HCV increased from 25% in 2006 to 41% in 2012 (P < .001). CONCLUSION: The increases of HCV in hospitalized children are largely in teenagers, highly associated with substance abuse, and concentrated in Northeast and Southern states. These results strongly suggest that public health efforts to prevent and treat HCV will also need to include adolescents.

"It Ruined My Life": The effects of the War on Drugs on people who inject drugs (PWID) in rural Puerto Rico.

BACKGROUND: The War on Drugs has raised the incarceration rates of racial minorities for non-violent drug-related crimes, profoundly stigmatized drug users, and redirected resources from drug prevention and treatment to militarizing federal and local law enforcement. Yet, while some states consider shifting their punitive approach to drug use, to one based on drug treatment and rehabilitation, nothing suggests that these policy shifts are being replicated in Puerto Rico. METHODS: This paper utilizes data from 360 PWID residing in four rural towns in the mountainous area of central Puerto Rico. We initially recruited 315 PWID using respondent-driven sampling (RDS) and collected data about risk practices and conducted HIV and HCV testing. During a second phase, we conducted 34 micro-ethnographic assays, in which we randomly recruited 34 participants from the first phase and included their ego networks in this phase. Our ethnographic inquiry produced significant data regarding the effects of the war on drugs on the local drug trade, drug availability, and injectors' social networks. RESULTS: Findings suggest that repressive policing has been ineffective in preventing drug distribution and use among those in our study. This type of law enforcement approach has resulted in the disproportionate incarceration of poor drug users in rural Puerto Rico, and mainly for nonviolent drug-related crimes. In addition, incarceration exposes PWID to a form of a cruel and unusual punishment: having to quit heroin "cold turkey" while the prison environment also represents a HIV/HCV risk. In turn, the war on drugs not only diverts resources from treatment but also shapes treatment ideologies, punishing non-compliant patients. CONCLUSION: Shifting the emphasis from repression to treatment and rehabilitation is likely to have a positive impact on the health and overall quality of life of PWID and their communities.

Immunogenetic studies of the hepatitis C virus infection in an era of pan-genotype antiviral therapies - Effective treatment is coming.

What are the factors that influence human hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, hepatitis status establishment, and disease progression? Firstly, one has to consider the genetic background of the host and HCV genotypes. The immunogenetic host profile will reflect how each infected individual deals with infection. Secondly, there are environmental factors that drive susceptibility or resistance to certain viral strains. These will dictate (I) the susceptibility to infection; (II) whether or not an infected person will promote viral clearance; (III) the immune response and the response profile to therapy; and (IV) whether and how long it would take to the development of HCV-associated diseases, as well as their severity. Looking at this scenario, this review addresses clinical aspects of HCV infection, following by an update of molecular and cellular features of the immune response against the virus. The evasion mechanisms used by HCV are presented, considering the potential role of exosomes in infection. Genetic factors influencing HCV infection and pathogenesis are the main topics of the article. Shortly, HLAs, MBLs, TLRs, ILs, and IFNLs genes have relevant roles in the susceptibility to HCV infection. In addition, ILs, IFNLs, as well as TLRs genes are important modulators of HCV-associated diseases. The viral aspects that influence HCV infection are presented, followed by a discussion about evolutionary aspects of host and HCV interaction. HCV and HIV infections are close related. Thus, we also present a discussion about HIV/HCV co-infection, focusing on cellular and molecular aspects of this interaction. Pharmacogenetics and treatment of HCV infection are the last topics of this review. The understanding of how the host genetics interacts with viral and environmental factors is crucial for the development of new strategies to prevent HCV infection, even in an era of potential development of pan-genotypic antivirals.

Use of injected heroin and risk of hepatitis C in three cities in Colombia. / Uso de heroína inyectada y el riesgo de hepatitis C en tres ciudades de Colombia.

INTRODUCTION: Hepatitis C is one of the most neglected diseases by governments internationally. OBJECTIVE: Identify the prevalence of hepatitis C and associated injection drug users in three cities of factors Colombia. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of 668 injecting drug users recruited through respondent-driven sampling, inquired about demographic characteristics and risk behaviors. Laboratory testing was used on filter paper and cases of hepatitis C viral load tests with RNA were confirmed. Hepatitis C prevalence and associated factors was estimated with Chi-square test statistics and reasons for crude and adjusted prevalence were calculated using logistic regression. RESULTS: The prevalence of hepatitis C was 17.5% and were found as factors that increase the prevalence of hepatitis: having HIV, injecting another person carrying the virus dose used was sharing a syringe, injected with a syringe and consume marijuana. As a factor that reduces the prevalence, purchase syringes in drug stores or other stores. CONCLUSION: This research evidence established consumption of drugs by injection , and the presence of hepatitis C in social networks of IDUs and highlights the importance of developing interventions for harm reduction and prevention of hepatitis C in this population these three cities.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La hepatitis C es uno de los grandes problemas de salud pública en el mundo, especialmente por su alta transmisibilidad por vía inyectada. OBJETIVO: Identificar la prevalencia de la infección por VHC, y factores asociados en usuarios de drogas psicoactivas inyectables en tres ciudades (Armenia, Bogotá y Cúcuta) de Colombia. MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo transversal en 668 usuarios de drogas inyectables captados a través de muestreo guiado por el respondiente, a quienes se indagó sobre características demográficas y comportamientos de riesgo. Se utilizó la prueba de Anticuerpos, tomado en papel de filtro y se confirmaron los casos de VHC, con pruebas de carga viral de RNA. Se estimó la prevalencia de VHC y los factores asociados con pruebas estadísticas Chi-cuadrado y se calcularon razones de prevalencia crudas y ajustadas con regresión logística usando RDSAT y SPSS. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de infección por VHC fue del 17,5% y se encontraron como factores que aumentan la prevalencia de hepatitis: tener VIH, inyectarse con otra persona portadora del virus, utilizar dosis de una jeringa que estaba compartiendo, inyectarse con una jeringa casera y consumir marihuana. Como factor que reduce la prevalencia, el adquirir jeringas en droguerías u otras tiendas. CONCLUSIÓN: Se evidencia un consumo establecido de drogas por vía inyectada, poniendo de relieve la importancia de generar intervenciones para la reducción de daños y la prevención de hepatitis C en estas tres ciudades del país.

Exposure source prevalence is associated with gender in hepatitis C virus patients from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a worldwide public health problem. A characterisation of the differences in exposure sources among genders will enable improvements in surveillance actions. METHODS: Exposure data were obtained for 1180 confirmed HCV cases Brazil's mandatory reporting to epidemiological surveillance, which was directed by a reference laboratory in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The Chi-square test (χ2) was used to assess the associations between exposure sources and gender. The prevalence ratio (PR) was calculated for exposures that showed an association. RESULTS: The results showed 57.7% cases were female, and associations with snorting drugs, sexual activity, surgery, aesthetic procedures, blood transfusions, and educational level were observed (p < 0.001). Men showed 2.53 (1.33-3.57), 4.83 (3.54-6.59), and 2.18 (1.33-3.57) times more exposure to sniffing drugs, risky sex and higher levels of education, respectively, than women. Women demonstrated 4.46 (3.21-6.21), 1.94 (1.43-2.63), and 3.10 (2.09-4.61) times more exposure to surgery, aesthetic procedures, and blood transfusions, respectively, than men. CONCLUSION: Our results showed differences in risk behaviours associated with gender among HCV carriers. These data are likely to significantly influence clinical practice regarding the adoption of specific approaches for counselling and control policies to prevent the emergence of new cases and break the chain of transmission of the virus.

Exposure source prevalence is associated with gender in hepatitis C virus patients from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a worldwide public health problem. A characterisation of the differences in exposure sources among genders will enable improvements in surveillance actions. METHODS Exposure data were obtained for 1180 confirmed HCV cases Brazil's mandatory reporting to epidemiological surveillance, which was directed by a reference laboratory in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The Chi-square test (χ2) was used to assess the associations between exposure sources and gender. The prevalence ratio (PR) was calculated for exposures that showed an association. RESULTS The results showed 57.7% cases were female, and associations with snorting drugs, sexual activity, surgery, aesthetic procedures, blood transfusions, and educational level were observed (p < 0.001). Men showed 2.53 (1.33-3.57), 4.83 (3.54-6.59), and 2.18 (1.33-3.57) times more exposure to sniffing drugs, risky sex and higher levels of education, respectively, than women. Women demonstrated 4.46 (3.21-6.21), 1.94 (1.43-2.63), and 3.10 (2.09-4.61) times more exposure to surgery, aesthetic procedures, and blood transfusions, respectively, than men. CONCLUSION Our results showed differences in risk behaviours associated with gender among HCV carriers. These data are likely to significantly influence clinical practice regarding the adoption of specific approaches for counselling and control policies to prevent the emergence of new cases and break the chain of transmission of the virus.

Uso de heroína inyectada y el riesgo de hepatitis C en tres ciudades de Colombia / Use of injected heroin and risk of hepatitis C in three cities in Colombia

RESUMEN: Introducción: La hepatitis C es uno de los grandes problemas de salud pública en el mundo, especialmente por su alta transmisibilidad por vía inyectada. Objetivo: Identificar la prevalencia de la infección por VHC, y factores asociados en usuarios de drogas psicoactivas inyectables en tres ciudades (Armenia, Bogotá y Cúcuta) de Colombia. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal en 668 usuarios de drogas inyectables captados a través de muestreo guiado por el respondiente, a quienes se indagó sobre características demográficas y comportamientos de riesgo. Se utilizó la prueba de Anticuerpos, tomado en papel de filtro y se confirmaron los casos de VHC, con pruebas de carga viral de RNA. Se estimó la prevalencia de VHC y los factores asociados con pruebas estadísticas Chi-cuadrado y se calcularon razones de prevalencia crudas y ajustadas con regresión logística usando RDSAT y SPSS. Resultados: La prevalencia de infección por VHC fue del 17,5% y se encontraron como factores que aumentan la prevalencia de hepatitis: tener VIH, inyectarse con otra persona portadora del virus, utilizar dosis de una jeringa que estaba compartiendo, inyectarse con una jeringa casera y consumir marihuana. Como factor que reduce la prevalencia, el adquirir jeringas en droguerías u otras tiendas. Conclusión: Se evidencia un consumo establecido de drogas por vía inyectada, poniendo de relieve la importancia de generar intervenciones para la reducción de daños y la prevención de hepatitis C en estas tres ciudades del país.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Hepatitis C is one of the most neglected diseases by governments internationally. Objective: Identify the prevalence of hepatitis C and associated injection drug users in three cities of factors Colombia. Methods: Cross-sectional study of 668 injecting drug users recruited through respondent-driven sampling, inquired about demographic characteristics and risk behaviors. Laboratory testing was used on filter paper and cases of hepatitis C viral load tests with RNA were confirmed. Hepatitis C prevalence and associated factors was estimated with Chi-square test statistics and reasons for crude and adjusted prevalence were calculated using logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of hepatitis C was 17.5% and were found as factors that increase the prevalence of hepatitis: having HIV, injecting another person carrying the virus dose used was sharing a syringe, injected with a syringe and consume marijuana. As a factor that reduces the prevalence, purchase syringes in drug stores or other stores. Conclusion: This research evidence established consumption of drugs by injection , and the presence of hepatitis C in social networks of IDUs and highlights the importance of developing interventions for harm reduction and prevention of hepatitis C in this population these three cities.

Infección por virus de Hepatitis B y C en pacientes hemodializados / Hepatitis B and C virus' infection in hemodialysed patients

Introducción: Los pacientes en tratamiento con hemodiálisis constituyen un grupo de alto riesgo para la infección por virus de hepatitis B y C. Objetivo: Identificar marcadores serológicos y moleculares de infección viral de hepatitis B y C en pacientes hemodializados. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal que incluyó a 103 pacientes con IRC sometidos a régimen de hemodiálisis de las regiones occidental y central de Cuba. Las muestras fueron recibidas entre enero y abril del 2016 para estudio de marcadores serológicos y moleculares de hepatitis B y C a realizar en el Instituto de Gastroenterología. Se estimó la seroprevalencia de anti HCV, HBsAg y Anti S, además se realizaron determinaciones de carga viral mediante prueba de amplificación de ácidos nucleicos para la cuantificación de ADN y ARN para virus de hepatitis B y C respectivamente. Las asociaciones fueron evaluadas mediante el estadígrafo x2. Resultados: EL 7.8 por ciento de los hemodializados fueron portadores inactivos de hepatitis B. El 70.8 por ciento de los pacientes poseían marcadores de infección por virus de hepatitis C con viremia oculta en 18.4 por ciento de los mismos. Conclusiones: Elevada prevalencia de infección y viremia oculta por virus de hepatitis C en los pacientes hemodializados(AU)

Introduction: Patients subjected to hemodialysis treatment are a high risk group for hepatitis B and C infection. Objective: To identify molecular and serologic markers of hepatitis B and C viral infection in hemodialysis patients. Materials and Methods: Was performed an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study including 103 patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis regime from Cuba's Western and Central regions. The samples were received between January and April 2016 to study serologic and molecular markers of hepatitis B and C to be performed at the Gastroenterology's Institute. Seroprevalence of anti HCV, HBsAg and Anti S was estimated, plus viral load determinations using amplification test to measuring nucleic acids DNA and RNA for hepatitis B and C respectively. Associations were evaluated using the x2 statistician. Results: 7.8 por ciento of hemodialysis patients were inactive carriers of hepatitis B. The 70.8 por ciento of patients had infection markers of hepatitis C virus; being hepatitis C hidden viremia in 18.4 por ciento of them. Conclusions: High prevalence of infection and hepatitis C hidden viremia in hemodialysis patients(AU)

[Hepatitis C incidence in hemodialysis patients in Brazil from 2000 to 2003]. / Incidência de hepatite viral C em pacientes em hemodiálise no Brasil entre 2000 e 2003.

The study aimed to estimate the incidence of HCV seroconversion in hemodialysis patients in the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS). This was a prospective, non-concurrent study using patients' data identified by deterministic and probabilistic record linkage in the SUS information system. The study included 47,079 patients started on hemodialysis between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2003, followed until seroconversion or conclusion of the study in 2004. Three percent of hemodialysis patients HCV-seroconverted (1.7 per 100 patient-years). Increased risk of HCV seroconversion was associated with age, glomerulonephritis, geographic region, HIV-positivity, and dialysis service. The observed HCV seroconversion rate was similar to that in developed countries, highlighting evidence of transmission among hemodialysis patients.

Incidência de hepatite viral C em pacientes em hemodiálise no Brasil entre 2000 e 2003 / Hepatitis C incidence in hemodialysis patients in Brazil from 2000 to 2003 / Incidencia de hepatitis viral C en pacientes en hemodiálisis en Brasil entre 2000 y 2003

Resumo: O estudo visou estimar a incidência dos fatores associados à soroconversão para o anti-HCV em pacientes em hemodiálise no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Trata-se de um estudo prospectivo, não concorrente, utilizando dados de pacientes identificados por relacionamento determinístico-probabilístico nos registros dos sistemas de informação do SUS. Foram incluídos 47.079 pacientes que iniciaram em hemodiálise no período de 1º de janeiro de 2000 a 31 de dezembro de 2003, acompanhados até a soroconversão ou o término do estudo em 2004. Nesta pesquisa, 3% dos pacientes em hemodiálise apresentaram soroconversão para anti-HCV (incidência de 1,7 soroconversão por 100 pacientes/ano). Maior risco de soroconversão para o anti-HCV foi associado com idade, glomerulonefrites, região de residência, anti-HIV positivo e efeito da unidade de diálise. A incidência observada de soroconversão para anti-HCV foi semelhante à registrada em alguns países desenvolvidos, destacando-se a evidência de transmissão entre os pacientes em hemodiálise.

Abstract: The study aimed to estimate the incidence of HCV seroconversion in hemodialysis patients in the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS). This was a prospective, non-concurrent study using patients' data identified by deterministic and probabilistic record linkage in the SUS information system. The study included 47,079 patients started on hemodialysis between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2003, followed until seroconversion or conclusion of the study in 2004. Three percent of hemodialysis patients HCV-seroconverted (1.7 per 100 patient-years). Increased risk of HCV seroconversion was associated with age, glomerulonephritis, geographic region, HIV-positivity, and dialysis service. The observed HCV seroconversion rate was similar to that in developed countries, highlighting evidence of transmission among hemodialysis patients.

Resumen: El estudio tuvo como objetivo estimar la incidencia de los factores asociados a la seroconversión para el anti-VHC en pacientes en hemodiálisis dentro del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS). Se trata de un estudio prospectivo, no concurrente, utilizando datos de pacientes identificados por relación determinístico-probabilística en los registros de los sistemas de información del SUS. Se incluyeron a 47.079 pacientes que comenzaron la hemodiálisis durante el período del 1º de enero de 2000 a 31 de diciembre de 2003, seguidos hasta la seroconversión al final del estudio en 2004. En este estudio, un 3% de los pacientes en hemodiálisis presentaron seroconversión para anti-VHC (incidencia de 1,7 seroconversiones por 100 pacientes/año). El mayor riesgo de seroconversión para el anti-VHC fue asociado a la edad, glomerulonefritis; región de residencia, presentar anti-VIH positivo y a los efectos de la unidad de diálisis. En ese estudio, la incidencia observada de seroconversión para anti-VHC fue semejante a la registrada en algunos países desarrollados, destacándose la evidencia de transmisión entre los pacientes en hemodiálisis.

Prevalence of HCV infection and associated factors among illicit drug users in Breves, State of Pará, northern Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: Illicit drug users (DUs) are vulnerable to hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. The shared use of illicit drugs is the main method of HCV transmission. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Breves, in northern Brazil. We surveyed 187 DUs to determine the prevalence of and factors associated with HCV infection. RESULTS: The prevalence of anti-HCV antibodies was 36.9%, and the prevalence of hepatitis C virus-ribonucleic acid (HCV-RNA) was 31%. Hepatitis C virus infection was associated with tattoos, intravenous drug use, shared use of equipment for drug use, drug use for longer than 3 years, and daily drug use. CONCLUSIONS: Strategies for preventing and controlling HCV transmission should be implemented among DUs.

Prevalence of risk factors for hepatitis C and associated factors: a population-based study in southern Brazil.

CONTEXT: The hepatitis C is a severe public health problem worldwide because its consequences. Studies which aim at determining the prevalence of risk factors are really important to understand the problem. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence and factors associated with some risk factors for the disease in a community, called Restinga, located in the city of Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. METHOD: This paper is based on a population-based cross-sectional study, with systematic sampling and proportional to the size of census tracts in which 3,391 adults answered a standardized questionnaire. RESULTS: The prevalence of blood transfusion among the people who were interviewed was 14.98%, 60.83% of those had it before 1993. A total of 16.16% of the people had a tattoo, 7.23% wore a piercing, 1.09% said they had already injected illicit drugs and 12.39% reported previous hospitalization. Prevalence ratios showed that tattoos were more common among young people, piercings among women and illicit drugs among men. CONCLUSIONS: To summarize, the recognition of risk factors for hepatitis C enables proper screening of possible carriers of the hepatitis C virus, thus enabling a reduction in virus shedding. However, being only possible if health services are prepared to deal with hepatitis C virus, through education and public awareness.

PREVALENCE OF RISK FACTORS FOR HEPATITIS C AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS: a population-based study in southern Brazil

Context The hepatitis C is a severe public health problem worldwide because its consequences. Studies which aim at determining the prevalence of risk factors are really important to understand the problem. Objective To estimate the prevalence and factors associated with some risk factors for the disease in a community, called Restinga, located in the city of Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Method This paper is based on a population-based cross-sectional study, with systematic sampling and proportional to the size of census tracts in which 3,391 adults answered a standardized questionnaire. Results The prevalence of blood transfusion among the people who were interviewed was 14.98%, 60.83% of those had it before 1993. A total of 16.16% of the people had a tattoo, 7.23% wore a piercing, 1.09% said they had already injected illicit drugs and 12.39% reported previous hospitalization. Prevalence ratios showed that tattoos were more common among young people, piercings among women and illicit drugs among men. Conclusions To summarize, the recognition of risk factors for hepatitis C enables proper screening of possible carriers of the hepatitis C virus, thus enabling a reduction in virus shedding. However, being only possible if health services are prepared to deal with hepatitis C virus, through education and public awareness. .

Contexto A hepatite C é um grave problema de saúde pública mundial, devido as suas consequências. Trabalhos voltados à determinação da prevalência dos fatores de risco são essenciais para a compreensão do problema. Objetivo Estimar a prevalência e os fatores associados a alguns fatores de risco da enfermidade na comunidade da Restinga, localizada na cidade de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Método Realizou-se estudo transversal de base populacional, com amostragem sistemática e proporcional ao tamanho dos setores censitários, no qual 3391 adultos responderam a um questionário padronizado. Resultados A prevalência de transfusão de sangue foi 14,98% sendo que desses, 60,83% realizaram antes de 1993, 16,16% possuíam tatuagem, 7,23% usavam piercing. 1,09% afirmou já ter usado drogas injetáveis e 12,39% relatou internação hospitalar. As razões de prevalência demonstraram que a utilização da tatuagem era mais comum entre os jovens, o uso de piercing mais comum entre as mulheres e o consumo de drogas maior entre o sexo masculino. Conclusões Em suma, o reconhecimento dos fatores de risco para hepatite C permitem a correta triagem dos possíveis portadores do vírus da hepatite C, possibilitando assim, diminuição na disseminação do vírus. Porém, só sendo possível se os serviços de saúde estejam preparados para lidar com o vírus da hepatite C, através da educação e conscientização da população. .