Evaluation of different ratios of neutral detergent-soluble carbohydrate fractions on performance, ingestive behavior, and nitrogen balance in dairy goats.

Cell components soluble in neutral detergent are a diverse group, both compositionally and nutritionally. The present study aimed to evaluate production responses, behavior (eating, ruminating, and idling), and nitrogen balance of dairy goats fed different ratios of neutral detergent-soluble carbohydrate fractions. Five multiparous Alpine does with mean ± SD initial body mass of 49.5 ± 7.9 kg and 60 days of lactation were randomly assigned in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. The treatments were the ratios of starch (starch associated with soluble sugar [StSS]) to neutral detergent-soluble fiber (NDSF) (StSS:NDSF): 0.89, 1.05, 1.24, 1.73, and 2.92. No effect was observed (P > 0.05) of StSS:NDSF on the intakes of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and NDSC. However, DM intake showed a quadratic behavior (P = 0.049). The ingestive behavior was affected by StSS:NDSF linearly increased (P = 0.002) the feeding efficiency. The increase in StSS:NDSF caused a linear increase in fecal (P = 0.011), urinary (P < 0.001), and milk nitrogen excretion (P = 0.024). The increase in StSS:NDSF affected (P = 0.048) milk yield and net energy lactation (P = 0.036). In conclusion, dairy goats experience reduced dry matter intake and milk yield when subjected to high-NDSC diets, specifically those above 1.24 StSS:NDSF ratio. Elevated NDSC levels in the diets lead to decreased feeding time, whereas rumination remains unaffected. Nitrogen losses in goats increase linearly with high-NDSC diets, and a significant impact on nitrogen balance.

Carbohydrate restriction during lactation: A systematic review.

The quality of a mother's diet is important to ensure child growth and development and keep women healthy. This systematic review aimed to identify the outcomes of a carbohydrate-restricted diet during lactation. PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, and LILACS were searched for studies published between 2012 and 2023; 16 studies were selected, all of them case reports or care series. The carbohydrate restriction described in the papers mainly was ketogenic, low-carb, low-carbohydrate and high-fat, and modified ketogenic diets. The main goal of women undertaking these diets was weight loss, with therapeutic purposes (monitored and supervised by health professionals) in only 2 cases: (1) ketogenic diet therapy for treatment of seizures in the infant and (2) to reduce symptoms of mother's gastroesophageal reflux. Most articles reported that lactating women were hospitalized, experiencing symptoms such as vomiting, muscle weakness, nausea, abdominal pain, general malaise, and fatigue. However, articles did not mention poor outcomes for the infants. Most of the studies in this review were published in the past 3 years, indicating a possible increase in cases of women practicing carbohydrate restriction during lactation for weight loss caused by body dissatisfaction. In conclusion, carbohydrate restriction during lactation may be harmful to the lactating woman and contribute to the state of lactational ketoacidosis, but infant outcomes are mainly a change in feeding patterns. Thus, education on food and nutrition is necessary for this population.

Trehalose Improved 20-min Cycling Time-Trial Performance After 100-min Cycling in Amateur Cyclists.

Carbohydrate (CHO) supplementation during endurance exercise can improve performance. However, it is unclear whether low glycemic index (GI) CHO leads to differential ergogenic and metabolic effects compared with a standard high GI CHO. This study investigated the ergogenic and metabolic effects of CHO supplementation with distinct GIs, namely, (a) trehalose (30 g/hr), (b) isomaltulose (30 g/hr), (c) maltodextrin (60 g/hr), and (d) placebo (water). In this double-blind, crossover, counterbalanced, placebo-controlled study, 13 male cyclists cycled a total of 100 min at varied exercise intensity (i.e., 10-min stages at 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 W/kg; repeated three times plus two 5-min stages at 1.0 W/kg before and after the protocol), followed by a 20-min time trial on four separated occasions. Blood glucose and lactate (every 20 min), heart rate, and ratings of perceived exertion were collected throughout, and muscle biopsies were taken before and immediately after exercise. The results showed that trehalose improved time-trial performance compared with placebo (total work done 302 ± 39 vs. 287 ± 48 kJ; p = .01), with no other differences between sessions (all p ≥ .07). Throughout the 100-min protocol, blood glucose was higher with maltodextrin compared with the other supplements at all time points (all p < .05). Heart rate, ratings of perceived exertion, muscle glycogen content, blood glucose, and lactate were not different between conditions when considering the 20-min time trial (all p > .05). Trehalose supplementation throughout endurance exercise improved cycling performance and appears to be an appropriate CHO source for exercise tasks up to 2 hr. No ergogenic superiority between the different types of CHO was established.

Carbohydrates and protein digestive traits in beef cattle grazing fertilised or mixed tropical pasture.

This study was performed to investigate the nitrogen (N) and carbohydrate digestive traits of grazing heifers. The experiment was carried out at the Federal University of Lavras. The treatments were a Marandu palisadegrass (Urochloa brizantha [Syn, Brachiaria brizantha] Stapf. A. Rich. cv. Marandu) monoculture fertilised with 150 kg N/[ha ∙ year] (FP) or Marandu palisadegrass mixed pasture with forage peanut (MP). The pastures were grazed by six rumen-cannulated zebu heifers. A double cross-over design was used in four periods. Nutritive value, intake and apparent digestibility of forage, ruminal traits and kinetics and N balance were evaluated. Apparent total-tract digestibility of dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) were greater for FP than for MP. There was no effect in apparent total-tract digestibility of N. The estimated intestinal digestibility of nutrients was greater on MP than FP. Even though N intake and faecal N output were greater on MP than FP, there was no effect in urine N output. The N balance tended to be greater on MP than FP. The forage peanut, which contains condensed tannins, decreased ruminal fibre degradation, apparent digestibility and ruminal protein degradation, increased N flow from the rumen. Inclusion of forage peanut in the mixed pasture decreased the ruminal fibre degradability but increased N retention by the animals.

High starch intake favours body weight control in neutered and spayed cats living in homes fed ad libitum.

Different starch-to-protein ratios were compared among neutered and spayed domiciled cats. Male and female obese and non-obese cats were fed kibble diets ad libitum for 4 months high in starch (HS (38 % crude protein (CP)): starch 32 %, protein 38 %; DM basis) or high in protein (HP (55 % CP): starch 19 %, protein 55 %) but similar in energy and fat in a crossover design. Physical activity was evaluated using an accelerometer, and body composition (BC), energy expenditure (EE) and water turnover (WT) using the doubly labelled water method. Results were compared in a 2 diet × 2 sex × 2 body condition factorial arrangement. Cats fed the HS (38 % CP) diet maintained a constant body weight, but lean mass (LM) tended to be reduced in female obese but to be increased in male non-obese (P < 0·08) and increased in female non-obese cats (P = 0·01). The HP (55 % CP) diet induced an increase in cat body weight and LM (P < 0·05) without altering BC proportion. EE tended to be higher in males (351 (se 8) kJ/kg0·67/d) than females (330 (se 8) kJ/kg0·67/d; P = 0·06), was unaffected by diet or BC, decreased as age increased (R 2 0·44; P < 0·01) and increased as physical activity increased (R 2 0·58; P < 0·01). WT was higher for the HP (55 % CP) diet (P < 0·01) and increased with EE (R 2 0·65; P < 0·01). The HS (38 % CP) diet favoured body weight control during 4 months of ad libitum feeding. Caution is necessary to balance protein in diets of female obese cats over 5 years, as they may have low energy and food intake, with LM loss.

Chromium supplemented carbohydrate diets for Cirrhinus mrigala: effects on body composition, gut enzyme activity and hematological parameters / Dietas com carboidratos suplementados com cromo para Cirrhinus mrigala: efeitos sobre a composição corporal, atividade enzimática intestinal e parâmetros hematológicos

A ninety days nutritional trial was directed to explore the effects of dietary chromium on body composition, gut enzyme activity and physiological status of Cirrhinus mrigala by using G & NG corn. Six experimental diets were prepared by using different levels of chromium chloride hexahydrate (0, 0.2, 0.4 mg/kg, each with G & NG corn). For this experimental trial, 480 fingerlings, irrespective of sex were distributed in six aquariums each with replicate. Results revealed that gelatinized corn along with increasing level of Cr2Cl3.6H2O have a positive impact upon body composition of fish. Hematology was positively correlated with chromium chloride hexahydrate supplementation in gelatinized corn. Amylase gut enzyme also showed significant (P<0.05) increase in group fed with chromium chloride hexahydrate supplemented diet (G corn). However, corn with chromium chloride hexahydrate supplementation did not revealed any significant impact on gut protease enzyme activity. From these results it can be concluded that both chromium chloride hexahydrate and gelatinized corn in fish feed are very beneficial to improve body composition, enzymes activity and physiological health status of fish.(AU)

Um ensaio nutricional de 90 dias foi dirigido para explorar os efeitos do cromo dietético na composição corporal, atividade enzimática intestinal e estado fisiológico de Cirrhinus mrigala usando milho G & NG. Seis dietas experimentais foram preparadas usando diferentes níveis de cloreto de cromo hexa-hidratado (0, 0,2, 0,4 mg/kg, cada um com milho G e NG). Para este ensaio experimental, 480 alevinos, independentemente do sexo, foram distribuídos em seis aquários, cada um com réplicas. Os resultados revelaram que o milho gelatinizado, juntamente com o aumento do nível de Cr2Cl3.6H2O, tem um impacto positivo na composição corporal dos peixes. A hematologia foi positivamente correlacionada com a suplementação de cloreto de cromo hexa-hidratado em milho gelatinizado. A enzima amilase intestinal também apresentou aumento significativo (P <0,05) no grupo alimentado com dieta suplementada com cloreto de cromo hexa-hidratado (milho G). No entanto, o milho com suplementação de hexahidrato de cloreto de cromo não revelou nenhum impacto significativo na atividade da enzima protease intestinal. Desses resultados, pode-se concluir que tanto o cloreto de cromo hexa-hidratado quanto o milho gelatinizado na alimentação de peixes são muito benéficos para melhorar a composição corporal, a atividade de enzimas e o estado fisiológico de saúde dos peixes.(AU)

Chromium supplemented carbohydrate diets for Cirrhinus mrigala: effects on body composition, gut enzyme activity and hematological parameters / Dietas com carboidratos suplementados com cromo para Cirrhinus mrigala: efeitos sobre a composição corporal, atividade enzimática intestinal e parâmetros hematológicos

A ninety days nutritional trial was directed to explore the effects of dietary chromium on body composition, gut enzyme activity and physiological status of Cirrhinus mrigala by using G & NG corn. Six experimental diets were prepared by using different levels of chromium chloride hexahydrate (0, 0.2, 0.4 mg/kg, each with G & NG corn). For this experimental trial, 480 fingerlings, irrespective of sex were distributed in six aquariums each with replicate. Results revealed that gelatinized corn along with increasing level of Cr2Cl3.6H2O have a positive impact upon body composition of fish. Hematology was positively correlated with chromium chloride hexahydrate supplementation in gelatinized corn. Amylase gut enzyme also showed significant (P<0.05) increase in group fed with chromium chloride hexahydrate supplemented diet (G corn). However, corn with chromium chloride hexahydrate supplementation did not revealed any significant impact on gut protease enzyme activity. From these results it can be concluded that both chromium chloride hexahydrate and gelatinized corn in fish feed are very beneficial to improve body composition, enzymes activity and physiological health status of fish.

Um ensaio nutricional de 90 dias foi dirigido para explorar os efeitos do cromo dietético na composição corporal, atividade enzimática intestinal e estado fisiológico de Cirrhinus mrigala usando milho G & NG. Seis dietas experimentais foram preparadas usando diferentes níveis de cloreto de cromo hexa-hidratado (0, 0,2, 0,4 mg/kg, cada um com milho G e NG). Para este ensaio experimental, 480 alevinos, independentemente do sexo, foram distribuídos em seis aquários, cada um com réplicas. Os resultados revelaram que o milho gelatinizado, juntamente com o aumento do nível de Cr2Cl3.6H2O, tem um impacto positivo na composição corporal dos peixes. A hematologia foi positivamente correlacionada com a suplementação de cloreto de cromo hexa-hidratado em milho gelatinizado. A enzima amilase intestinal também apresentou aumento significativo (P <0,05) no grupo alimentado com dieta suplementada com cloreto de cromo hexa-hidratado (milho G). No entanto, o milho com suplementação de hexahidrato de cloreto de cromo não revelou nenhum impacto significativo na atividade da enzima protease intestinal. Desses resultados, pode-se concluir que tanto o cloreto de cromo hexa-hidratado quanto o milho gelatinizado na alimentação de peixes são muito benéficos para melhorar a composição corporal, a atividade de enzimas e o estado fisiológico de saúde dos peixes.

Alternative Foods in Cardio-Healthy Dietary Models That Improve Postprandial Lipemia and Insulinemia in Obese People.

Obesity is one of the major health problems worldwide. Following healthy dietary patterns can be difficult in some countries due to the lack of availability of certain foods; thus, alternative foods are needed. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of a dietary pattern consisting of fruit, avocado, whole grains, and trout (FAWGT) on postprandial insulinemia and lipemia in obese Colombian subjects. A randomized controlled crossover study was conducted, in which 44 subjects with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 followed either a FAWGT diet or a diet high in saturated fat and rich in processed carbohydrates. Levels of lipids and carbohydrates were measured during the postprandial state. The FAWGT diet reduced fasting insulin, VLDL, and HOMA-IR after 8 weeks (p < 0.05), while there was a lower postprandial increase in TG, VLDL, and insulin levels after both acute and chronic intake of FAWGT diet (p < 0.05). The intake of FAWGT-diet was characterized by high consumption of foods rich in fiber, MUFAs, and vitamins C and E (p < 0.05). The consumption of a diet composed of fruit, avocado, whole grains, and trout has emerged as a valid alternative to the foods included in other heart-healthy diets since it improves postprandial lipemia and insulinemia in obese people and has similar beneficial effects to these healthy models.

Intestinal microbiota fingerprint in subjects with irritable bowel syndrome responders to a low FODMAP diet.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain and altered bowel habit. IBS patients report that FODMAP (Fermentable Oligosaccharides, Disaccharides, Monosaccharides, and Polyols) diet induce or exacerbate their symptoms. It has been reported that low-FODMAP diet (LFD) improves the symptoms in 50%-80% of IBS patients. We aimed to identify IBS responders and non-responders' patients to LFD by determining baseline fecal microbial composition, sequencing the 16S rRNA gene V3-V4 region. Thirty-two participants with IBS were included, 29 women (90.62%) and three men (9.37%), and instructed to follow a four-week LFD, Visual Analogue Scale for IBS was used to assess intervention response. Twenty-two participants were responders (68.75%), and ten were non-responders (31.25%). Differential abundance analysis of Amplicon Sequence Variant (ASVs), before LFD, identified Prevotella 9 and Veillonella genus in responder group, and Barnesiella, Paraprevotella, Bifidobacterium and Ruminococcus 1 genus in non-responder group. After LFD, differentially abundant ASVs were only identified in R, belonging to Veilonella, Butyrivibrio, and 5 ASVs belonging to Ruminiclostridium 6 genus. Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), was used to classify patients by responsiveness, considering baseline abundance of 5 bacterial genera, LDA accuracy model was 96.87%, correctly classifying 95.45% of in responder group and 100% and non-responder group. In conclusion, bacterial biomarkers are useful to classify IBS individuals by responsiveness to LFD.

Effect of dietary carbohydrate and lipid modification on clinical and anthropometric parameters in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

CONTEXT: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is estimated to affect approximately 25% of the adult population, making it one of the most common chronic liver diseases worldwide and a major public health problem. Still, there is no consensus on the most appropriate nutritional intervention for disease treatment. OBJECTIVE: To systematize and synthesize the results of randomized controlled trials that have evaluated the effect of dietary interventions with different, quantitative, macronutrient compositions on hepatic steatosis attenuation, serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lipid profile, glucose metabolism markers, and anthropometric parameters of adults and the elderly (age ≥ 60 years) with NAFLD. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE databases via PubMed, Embase, Science Direct, LILACS, Web of Science, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Cochrane Library were searched. Randomized controlled trials that compared interventions as diets with values ≤ 45% or 20% of the total daily energy intake from carbohydrates or lipids, respectively, compared with dietary reference intakes, were included. DATA EXTRACTION: Risk of bias was assessed through the Cochrane Collaboration tool. The meta-analysis was only performed to evaluate the effect of carbohydrate-modified diets on the outcome variables. The number of participants and mean values and respective standard deviations of the outcome variables were extracted and used to calculate weighted mean differences and their respective 95%CIs. RESULTS: The search strategy resulted in 21 146 studies, of which 10 were retained for qualitative analysis and 6 were included in the meta-analysis. From the analysis of 10 studies were identified 8 articles in which low-calorie diets were evaluated and 3 interventions that used an isocaloric diet. Only 3 studies were classified as having low risk of bias. CONCLUSION: The observed effects on hepatic steatosis, serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels, parameters of lipid and glucose metabolism, and anthropometric variables were mostly related to a hypocaloric diet. The use of reduced macronutrient interventions had no efficacy. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO registration no. CRD42018088824.

Effect of Protein and Carbohydrate Combined with Resistance Training on Muscular Adaptation.

The purpose was to compare the effects of protein (whey protein) and carbohydrate supplementation and protein alone both combined with resistance training on muscle strength, muscle mass and total training volume progression in untrained young men. Resistance training was performed using the leg press and knee extension until concentric failure (8-12 repetition maximum), three times a week for eight weeks. Muscle strength and muscle cross-sectional area were assessed before and after training. Total training volume progression was calculated considering the first and eighth week. Seventeen men completed the study (protein and carbohydrate, n=9, age 23.44 ± 4.56 years, weight: 62.13±6.17 kg, height: 1.75±0.02 m, body mass index: 20.29±2.08 kg/m2; protein, n=8, age 24.63±2.39 years, weight: 69.01±5.57 kg, height: 1.77±0.07 m; body mass index: 21.64±1.05 kg/m2. Both protocols showed similar increases in muscle strength (effect size: protein and carbohydrate=1.28; protein=0.97; p<0.001), muscle cross sectional area (effect size: protein and carbohydrate=0.66; protein=0.47; p<0.001) and total training volume progression (effect size: protein and carbohydrate=2.68; protein=1.63; p<0.001) after training. No differences were found between groups p>0.05). Protein and carbohydrate supplementation combined with resistance training does not induce greater gains in muscle strength, hypertrophy and total training volume compared to resistance training combined with protein alone in untrained individuals.

Higher blood glucose impairs cardiac autonomic modulation in fasting and after carbohydrate overload in adults.

This study aimed to assess whether the blood glucose levels influence cardiac autonomic modulation under fasting and after carbohydrate overload conditions. Participants (n = 108) were separated into lower blood glucose and higher blood glucose groups, based on the median (90.5 mg·dL-1) of fasting glucose assessed. The SD2, SDNN, LF indices, and LF/HF increased, and HF decreased after dextrose overload compared with fasting (p < 0.05). Body mass (78.9 vs 69.7 kg), abdominal circumference (90.2 vs 82.2 cm), systolic (113 vs 108 mm Hg) and diastolic (72 vs 67 mm Hg) blood pressure were higher (p < 0.05) in the higher blood glucose group. Heart rate variability (HRV) indices (SD1: 21.0 vs 26.5; SD2: 76.8: vs 86.1; RMSSD: 28.7 vs 37.5; SDNN: 56.1 vs 62.5 ms; pNN50: 10.6 vs 18.9%, HF: 328.4 vs 506.0; LF: 982.8 vs 1259.0 ms2), and the area under the curve of these indices after dextrose overload were lower in the higher blood glucose group (p < 0.05). Additionally, glycemia after dextrose overload was correlated with HRV indices (ρ = -0.216 to -0.273, p < 0.05). Individuals with higher blood glucose, even in the normality range, showed impairment in the cardiac autonomic modulation both at fasting and after carbohydrate overload. Novelty: Higher fasting blood glucose impairs cardiac autonomic modulation. Carbohydrate overload impairs cardiac autonomic modulation.

Caffeine Supplementation or Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse Improves Performance.

Training volume is one of the critical variables required to promote resistance training benefits (e. g., hypertrophy, muscular strength). Thus, strategies to improve training volume are required. We tested the hypothesis that there is an increase in performance and reduction in the rate of perceived exertion in strength training with caffeine supplementation, carbohydrate mouth rinse, and a synergistic effect of caffeine supplementation plus carbohydrate mouth rinse. We recruited 29 physically active women: 24±4 years, 60.0±7.9 kg, 161.0±6.0 cm. This study was a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, and crossover one. The subjects performed all sessions of strength training under different conditions: caffeine (6.5 mg·kg-1 body mass); carbohydrate (6 g of maltodextrin rinsed for 10 s); caffeine plus carbohydrate; or placebo. We applied the ANOVA for repeated measures through the null-hypothesis statistical test, and the Bayes factors analyses approach. The subjects showed significant improvement in the total repetitions (P<0.01; BF10 ~99%) for both lower and upper limb exercises in all conditions compared to placebo without difference among interventions. The rate of perceived exertion (P>0.05) did not differ among interventions. However, BF10 analyses showed a higher probability of lower RPE for CAF intervention. We conclude that either caffeine supplementation or carbohydrate mouth rinse can improve performance in resistance training. There is no additional effect of caffeine plus carbohydrate.

Sweet Potato Flour as a Replacement for Ground Corn as an Energetic Concentrate / Utilização de farinha de batata-doce como substituto ao milho moído como concentrado energético

This study evaluated the effects of different levels of substitution of ground corn by sweet potato flour on intake, digestibility, microbial protein synthesis and total Nitrogen (N) retention in sheep fed mixed diets based on corn silage. Eight castrated male sheep were used, kept in metabolic cages. The animals received fixed proportions of oat hay, corn silage and soybean meal. The control group (0%) received only ground corn, while the other groups received different levels of inclusion of sweet potato flour (SPF) to replace ground corn, in the proportions of 33%, 66%, and 100%. The 0% and 33% groups had lower neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake than the 66% and 100% groups. There was a trend (P = 0.07) of effect of treatments on crude protein (CP) intake with a significant positive linear effect (P = 0.03). There was a trend (P = 0.07) for treatment effects in N intake with a significant positive linear effect (P = 0.03). The other parameters as urine N excretion (P = 0.91) and feces N excretion (P = 0.16) were not affected by the replacement of ground corn by SPF. Moreover, there was no effect on N retention (P = 0.43) and on efficiency of N use (P = 0.69). Adding SPF to a diet instead of corn did not alter the microbial protein parameters. The inclusion of sweet potato flour did not cause changes in the protein metabolism of animals, suggesting it can be used instead of corn.(AU)

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar os efeitos dos diferentes níveis de substituição de milho moído por farinha de batata-doce na ingestão, digestibilidade, síntese de proteína microbiana e a retenção de Nitrogênio (N) em ovinos alimentados por dietas com base em silagem de milho. Foram utilizados oito ovinos machos castrados, mantidos em gaiolas metabólicas, divididos em quatro grupos no quadrado latino 4 x 4, totalizando quatro períodos de 15 dias cada. Os animais receberam proporções fixas de feno de aveia, silagem de milho e farelo de soja. O grupo controle (0%) recebeu apenas milho moído, enquanto os outros grupos receberam diferentes níveis de inclusão de farinha de batata doce (FBD) em substituição ao milho moído, nas proporções de 33%, 66% e 100%. Amostras de alimentos e sobras foram coletadas para avaliação do consumo e análise bromatológica. A urina foi coletada para avaliação da síntese proteica microbiana através dos derivados da purina (DP). As fezes foram coletadas para análise e estimativa da digestibilidade. Os grupos de 0% e 33% apresentaram menor consumo de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) do que os grupos de 66% e 100%. Houve uma tendência (P = 0,07) de efeito dos tratamentos na ingestão de proteína bruta (PB) com efeito linear positivo significativo (P = 0,03). Houve uma tendência (P = 0,07) para os efeitos do tratamento na ingestão de N com um efeito linear positivo significativo (P = 0,03). Os demais parâmetros como excreção de N na urina (P = 0,91) e excreção de N nas fezes (P = 0,16) não foram afetados pela substituição do milho moído pela FBD. Além disso, não houve efeito na retenção de N (P = 0,43) e na eficiência do uso de N (P = 0,69). A adição de FBD a uma dieta em vez de milho não alterou os parâmetros das proteínas microbianas. A inclusão de farinha de batata-doce não causou alterações no metabolismo proteico dos animais, sugerindo que pode ser utilizada no lugar do milho.(AU)

Sweet Potato Flour as a Replacement for Ground Corn as an Energetic Concentrate / Utilização de farinha de batata-doce como substituto ao milho moído como concentrado energético

This study evaluated the effects of different levels of substitution of ground corn by sweet potato flour on intake, digestibility, microbial protein synthesis and total Nitrogen (N) retention in sheep fed mixed diets based on corn silage. Eight castrated male sheep were used, kept in metabolic cages. The animals received fixed proportions of oat hay, corn silage and soybean meal. The control group (0%) received only ground corn, while the other groups received different levels of inclusion of sweet potato flour (SPF) to replace ground corn, in the proportions of 33%, 66%, and 100%. The 0% and 33% groups had lower neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake than the 66% and 100% groups. There was a trend (P = 0.07) of effect of treatments on crude protein (CP) intake with a significant positive linear effect (P = 0.03). There was a trend (P = 0.07) for treatment effects in N intake with a significant positive linear effect (P = 0.03). The other parameters as urine N excretion (P = 0.91) and feces N excretion (P = 0.16) were not affected by the replacement of ground corn by SPF. Moreover, there was no effect on N retention (P = 0.43) and on efficiency of N use (P = 0.69). Adding SPF to a diet instead of corn did not alter the microbial protein parameters. The inclusion of sweet potato flour did not cause changes in the protein metabolism of animals, suggesting it can be used instead of corn.

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar os efeitos dos diferentes níveis de substituição de milho moído por farinha de batata-doce na ingestão, digestibilidade, síntese de proteína microbiana e a retenção de Nitrogênio (N) em ovinos alimentados por dietas com base em silagem de milho. Foram utilizados oito ovinos machos castrados, mantidos em gaiolas metabólicas, divididos em quatro grupos no quadrado latino 4 x 4, totalizando quatro períodos de 15 dias cada. Os animais receberam proporções fixas de feno de aveia, silagem de milho e farelo de soja. O grupo controle (0%) recebeu apenas milho moído, enquanto os outros grupos receberam diferentes níveis de inclusão de farinha de batata doce (FBD) em substituição ao milho moído, nas proporções de 33%, 66% e 100%. Amostras de alimentos e sobras foram coletadas para avaliação do consumo e análise bromatológica. A urina foi coletada para avaliação da síntese proteica microbiana através dos derivados da purina (DP). As fezes foram coletadas para análise e estimativa da digestibilidade. Os grupos de 0% e 33% apresentaram menor consumo de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) do que os grupos de 66% e 100%. Houve uma tendência (P = 0,07) de efeito dos tratamentos na ingestão de proteína bruta (PB) com efeito linear positivo significativo (P = 0,03). Houve uma tendência (P = 0,07) para os efeitos do tratamento na ingestão de N com um efeito linear positivo significativo (P = 0,03). Os demais parâmetros como excreção de N na urina (P = 0,91) e excreção de N nas fezes (P = 0,16) não foram afetados pela substituição do milho moído pela FBD. Além disso, não houve efeito na retenção de N (P = 0,43) e na eficiência do uso de N (P = 0,69). A adição de FBD a uma dieta em vez de milho não alterou os parâmetros das proteínas microbianas. A inclusão de farinha de batata-doce não causou alterações no metabolismo proteico dos animais, sugerindo que pode ser utilizada no lugar do milho.

Carbohydrate and Glutamine Supplementation Attenuates the Increase in Rating of Perceived Exertion during Intense Exercise in Hypoxia Similar to 4200 m.

The rating of perceived exertion (RPE) indicates the feeling of fatigue. However, hypoxia worsens the condition and can worsen RPE. We evaluated whether carbohydrate and glutamine supplementation alters RPE and physiological markers in running at 70% peak oxygen uptake until exhaustion in a simulated altitude of 4500 m. Nine volunteers underwent three running tests at 70% peak oxygen uptake until exhaustion: (1) hypoxia and placebo, (2) hypoxia and 8% maltodextrin, and (3) hypoxia after six days of glutamine supplementation (20 g/day) and 8% maltodextrin. The exercise and supplementation were randomized and double-blinded. Lactate, heart rate, haemoglobin O2 saturation (SpO2%), and RPE (6-20 scale) were analyzed at the 15th and 30th min. The level of significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. SpO2% decreased at the 15th and 30th minutes compared to resting in placebo, carbohydrate, and glutamine supplementation. RPE increased at the 30th minute compared to the 15th minute in placebo and carbohydrate supplementation; however, there was no difference in the glutamine supplementation condition. Heart rate and lactate increased after the 15th and 30th minutes compared to resting, similar to the three conditions studied. We conclude that previous supplementation with glutamine and carbohydrate during intense exercise in hypoxia similar to 4500 m can attenuate the increase in RPE by the increase in glycemia and can be a useful strategy for people who exercise in these conditions.

The 4R's Framework of Nutritional Strategies for Post-Exercise Recovery: A Review with Emphasis on New Generation of Carbohydrates.

Post-exercise recovery is a broad term that refers to the restoration of training capacity. After training or competition, there is fatigue accumulation and a reduction in sports performance. In the hours and days following training, the body recovers and performance is expected to return to normal or improve. ScienceDirect, PubMed/MEDLINE, and Google Scholar databases were reviewed to identify studies and position declarations examining the relationship between nutrition and sports recovery. As an evidence-based framework, a 4R's approach to optimizing post-exercise recovery was identified: (i) Rehydration-a fundamental process that will depend on the athlete, environment and sports event; (ii) Refuel-the consumption of carbohydrates is not only important to replenish the glycogen reserves but also to contribute to the energy requirements for the immune system and tissue reparation. Several bioengineered carbohydrates were discussed but further research is needed; (iii) Repair-post-exercise ingestion of high-quality protein and creatine monohydrate benefit the tissue growth and repair; and (iv) Rest-pre-sleep nutrition has a restorative effect that facilitates the recovery of the musculoskeletal, endocrine, immune, and nervous systems. Nutritional consultancy based on the 4R's is important for the wise stewardship of the hydration, feeding, and supplementation strategies to achieve a timely recovery.

Daily intake of macronutrients and energy in childhood and its association with cardiometabolic risk factors in Colombians.

OBJECTIVES: Determine the intake and percentage of adequacy of macronutrients and their association with cardiovascular risk factors in a sample of Colombian schoolchildren. METHODS: Cross-sectional study nested in a prospective population-based cohort in schoolchildren between 6 and 10 years of age; cardiovascular risk markers and anthropometric measures were measured. Macronutrient intake was established through a food consumption frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The percentage of adequacy was evaluated by comparison with the dietary reference intakes (DRI) and the recommendations for energy and nutrient intake (RIEN) for the Colombian population. Linear regression analysis was performed to assess the association between daily macronutrient/energy intake and cardiometabolic risk factors. RESULTS: A total of 1,282 school children (51.09% boys and 48.91% girls; mean age 8.4 ± 1.4 years). The percentage of energy adequacy was 107% (Q1=87.5; Q3=127.2). The macronutrients in overadequacy were proteins and carbohydrates. The total fiber had a low adequacy around 26.0% (Q1=15.8; Q3=38.6). Fat intake was positively associated with BMI, insulin, and HOMA-IR index, while carbohydrate consumption was related to these same factors, although negatively in tight models. CONCLUSIONS: Schoolchildren in this study had an inadequate protein, carbohydrate, and fiber intake. The results suggest a significant positive and negative relationship between the consumption of both fat and carbohydrates and cardiometabolic risk factors such as BMI, insulin levels, and HOMA-IR.

Breakfast Consumption Habit and Its Nutritional Contribution in Latin America: Results from the ELANS Study.

The aim of this study was to provide updated data on breakfast consumption, associated factors and its contribution to daily intakes among Latin American populations. A total of 9218 subjects, 15 to 65 years old, were evaluated in the ELANS study, a multicenter cross-sectional study conducted in eight Latin American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela). Dietary data were obtained by two 24 h dietary recalls. Overall, 78.6% of the population were regular breakfast consumer, 15.9% occasional and 5.5% skippers. Adolescents were found to be the most frequent occasional consumers (19.2%) and skippers (6.8%). Among breakfast consumers (n = 8714), breakfast contributed to 444 ± 257 kcal, i.e., 23% of the total daily EI (16-27%). Breakfast consumers were more likely to be older adults than adolescents (OR = 1.49, 95% CI:1.06-2.10) and physically active than insufficiently active (OR = 1.29, 95% CI:1.07-1.55), and were less likely to be underweight than normal weight (OR = 0.63, 95% CI:0.41-0.98). In most countries, breakfast was rich in carbohydrates, added sugars, saturated fat and calcium relative to the entire day, and the energy contribution of protein and fats was lower at breakfast than for the entire day. These findings will contribute to the development of data-driven nutrient recommendations for breakfast in Latin America.

Supplementation with different non-fiber carbohydrate sources in dairy cow diets with high or low rumen-undegradable protein content / Suplementação com diferentes fontes de carboidratos não fibrosos em dietas para vacas leiteiras com alto ou baixo teor de proteína não degradável no rúmen

The objective for this study was to evaluate the supplementation with different non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC) sources for grazing dairy cows in diets with high or low concentrations of rumen undegradable protein (RUP). Twelve multiparous cows averaging 30kg/d of milk production and 45±23 days in milk in a 4x4 Latin square design with 2 × 2 factorial arrangement were used. The difference in NFC content of the diets was achieved using ground corn (GC) or dried citrus pulp (DCP). Dietary RUP was altered by the partial replacement of soybean meal (LRUP) by roasted whole soybean and corn gluten meal (HRUP). Greater dry matter intake (DMI) was observed in DCP treatments compared to GC treatments (19.2 and 17.7kg/day of DM, respectively). Milk fat concentration was lower for LRUP treatments (3.4%) when compared to HRUP (3.6%). The milk protein concentration was greater for GC treatments (2.9%) in relation to DCP treatments (2.8%). Lower milk ureic nitrogen was observed when DCP diets were fed compared to those with GC (17.8 and 21.2mg/dL, respectively). The use of DCP as CNF source increased dry matter intake as well as milk fat concentration, although no differences in milk production were observed for RUP level.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar a suplementação com diferentes fontes de carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF) em vacas manejadas a pasto em dietas com alta ou baixa concentração de proteína não degradável no rúmen (PNDR). Doze vacas multíparas com média de 30kg leite/ dia e 45±23 dias em lactação foram utilizadas em delineamento quadrado latino 4x4 com arranjo fatorial 2 × 2. As fontes de CNF foram milho moído (MM) e polpa cítrica seca (PC). A PNDR da dieta foi alterada pela substituição parcial do farelo de soja da dieta de baixa PNDR (BPNDR) por grão de soja tostado e farelo de glúten de milho dieta de alta PNDR (APNDR). Foi observado maior consumo de matéria seca (CMS) nos tratamentos com PC quando comparado aos tratamentos com MM (19,2 e 17,7kg / dia de MS, respectivamente). O teor de gordura do leite foi menor para os tratamentos com BPNDR (3,4%) em comparação aos tratamentos com APNDR (3,6%). O teor de proteína do leite foi maior nos tratamentos com MM (2,9%) em relação aos tratamentos com PC (2,8%). Foram observados menores teores de nitrogênio ureico no leite dos animais alimentados com PC em relação aos com MM (17,8 e 21,2mg / dL, respectivamente). O uso de PC como fonte de CNF aumentou o consumo de matéria seca, bem como o teor de gordura do leite, embora não tenham sido observadas diferenças na produção de leite relacionada a alteração nos teores de PNDR.(AU)