The anesthetic management of a child with ohtahara syndrome and severe stridor: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Ohtahara syndrome is a progressive developmental and epileptic encephalopathy that manifests in the early infantile period. This rare condition is characterized by intractable seizures, psychomotor retardation, and poor prognosis. To date, there are a handful of case reports regarding the anesthetic management of children with Ohtahara syndrome. However, limited reports exist of patients with Ohtahara syndrome who present with difficult airways. This report describes our airway findings and general anesthetic management of a pediatric patient with Ohtahara syndrome undergoing diagnostic bronchoscopy for severe inspiratory stridor. CASE PRESENTATION: A 14-month-old, 9 kg, male patient with Ohtahara syndrome presented with a year-long history of severe inspiratory stridor and was scheduled for bronchoscopy with lavage. On exam, the patient had noisy breathing, was non-verbal with developmental delay, and had poor head control with significant central hypotonia. The patient was induced with ketamine and general anesthesia was maintained with propofol. Bronchoscopic evaluation was completed uneventfully and revealed a diagnosis of laryngotracheomalacia. The patient's breathing was maintained spontaneously throughout the procedure and no seizures were noted. In the post anesthesia care unit, the patient's respiratory and cardiovascular function were stable. CONCLUSIONS: This report documents the unusual finding of severe inspiratory stridor in a 14-month-old child diagnosed with Ohtahara syndrome and our anesthetic management during their diagnostic bronchoscopy. Currently, documentation of complex airway pathology present in patients with Ohtahara syndrome is limited and should be further evaluated. This will assist pediatric anesthesiologists as these patients may require careful preoperative assessment, thoughtful airway management, and surgical alternatives on standby.

Effects of perioperative application of esketamine on postpartum depression in cesarean section: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the effect of perioperative esketamine administration on postpartum depression in pregnant women undergoing cesarean section. METHODS: Data sources was PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library from inception to February 1, 2024. Randomized controlled trials in pregnant women undergoing cesarean section were selected and compared to the use of esketamine in the perioperative period. The primary outcome measure was the incidence of postpartum maternal depression. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses were used. Data pooled by random-effects models are presented as risk ratios (RR) (95% confidence intervals, 95% CI) or mean differences (95% CI). This review was registered in PROSPERO (ID: CRD42023431197). RESULTS: We included 8 studies with a total of 1655 participants. The quality of the studies was rated high or unclear. Seven studies involving 1485 participants reported the incidence of postpartum depression. Compared with pregnant women undergoing cesarean section without the use of esketamine, those using esketamine in the perioperative period showed a 48% decreased risk of developing postpartum depression (RR: 0.52, 95% CI: 0.35-0.79) and a 1.43-point reduction in EPDS (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale) (mean difference: -1.43, 95% CI: -2.32 to -0.54). For immediate intraoperative adverse reactions, the application of esketamine caused maternal nausea and vomiting (RR: 2.16, 95% CI: 1.22-3.81), dizziness (RR: 6.11, 95% CI: 1.49-24.98), and hallucinations (RR: 6.83, 95% CI: 1.57-29.68) compared to no esketamine use. CONCLUSIONS: Perioperative use of esketamine in pregnant women undergoing cesarean section may reduce postpartum depression and increase intraoperative adverse reactions, but has no significant effect on postoperative adverse reactions.

Intravenous ketamine for emergency department treatment of suicidal ideation in a paediatric population: protocol for a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, parallel-arm pilot trial (KSI study).

INTRODUCTION: Suicidal ideation (SI) is a common and severe cause of morbidity in adolescents. Patients frequently present to the emergency department (ED) for care, yet there is no acute therapeutic intervention for SI. A single dose of intravenous ketamine has demonstrated efficacy in rapidly reducing SI in adults; however, ketamine has not been studied in paediatrics. We aim to determine the feasibility of a trial of a single intravenous ketamine dose to reduce SI for patients in the paediatric ED. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This will be a single-centre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, parallel-arm pilot trial of intravenous ketamine for ED treatment of SI in a paediatric population. INTERVENTION: one intravenous dose of 0.5 mg/kg of ketamine (max 50 mg), over 40 min. Placebo: one intravenous dose of 0.5 mL/kg (max 50 mL) of normal saline, over 40 min. Participants will be randomised in a 1:1 ratio. SI severity will be measured at baseline, 40 min, 80 min, 120 min, 24 hours and 7 days. We aim to recruit 20 participants. The primary feasibility outcome is the proportion of eligible patients who complete the study protocol. We will pilot three SI severity tools and explore the efficacy, safety and tolerability of the intervention. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This study will be conducted according to Canadian Biomedical Research Tutorial, international standards of Good Clinical Practice and the Health Canada, Food and Drug Act, Part C, Division 5. The study documents have been approved by the CHEO Research Institute Research Ethics Board (CHEO REB (23/02E)). Participants must provide free and informed consent to participate. If incapable due to age, assenting participants with parental/legal guardian consent may participate. On completion, we will endeavour to present results at international conferences, and publish the results in a peer-reviewed journal. Participants will receive a results letter. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT05468840.

Treatment of Brachioradial Pruritus: A Tertiary Center Retrospective Analysis.

This retrospective study investigates the efficacy of 2 treatment regimens, pregabalin alone versus pregabalin combined with ketamine, amitriptyline, and lidocaine cream, in reducing itch in patients with brachioradial pruritus at a tertiary care center. Electronic medical records of 64 brachioradial pruritus patients seen at the University of Miami Itch Center were analyzed. A significant reduction in itch scores was seen with both treatments, with no significant difference between the groups. A small number of patients experienced adverse effects, including drowsiness and weight gain with pregabalin and skin irritation with ketamine, amitriptyline, and lidocaine cream. Ultimately, our findings underscore the potential of utilizing combined therapy for difficult-to-treat brachioradial pruritus cases and implementing individualized approaches for managing neuropathic pruritus. Further controlled clinical trials are needed to establish optimal treatment protocols.

Use of Early Ketamine Sedation and Association With Clinical and Cost Outcomes Among Mechanically Ventilated Patients With COVID-19: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the utilization of early ketamine use among patients mechanically ventilated for COVID-19, and examine associations with in-hospital mortality and other clinical outcomes. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Six hundred ten hospitals contributing data to the Premier Healthcare Database between April 2020 and June 2021. PATIENTS: Adults with COVID-19 and greater than or equal to 2 consecutive days of mechanical ventilation within 5 days of hospitalization. INTERVENTION: The exposures were early ketamine use initiated within 2 days of intubation and continued for greater than 1 day. MEASUREMENTS: Primary was hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes included length of stay (LOS) in the hospital and ICUs, ventilator days, vasopressor days, renal replacement therapy (RRT), and total hospital cost. The propensity score matching analysis was used to adjust for confounders. MAIN RESULTS: Among 42,954 patients, 1,423 (3.3%) were exposed to early ketamine use. After propensity score matching including 1,390 patients in each group, recipients of ketamine infusions were associated with higher hospital mortality (52.5% vs. 45.9%, risk ratio: 1.14, [1.06-1.23]), longer median ICU stay (13 vs. 12 d, mean ratio [MR]: 1.15 [1.08-1.23]), and longer ventilator days (12 vs. 11 d, MR: 1.19 [1.12-1.27]). There were no associations for hospital LOS (17 [10-27] vs. 17 [9-28], MR: 1.05 [0.99-1.12]), vasopressor days (4 vs. 4, MR: 1.04 [0.95-1.14]), and RRT (22.9% vs. 21.7%, RR: 1.05 [0.92-1.21]). Total hospital cost was higher (median $72,481 vs. $65,584, MR: 1.11 [1.05-1.19]). CONCLUSIONS: In a diverse sample of U.S. hospitals, about one in 30 patients mechanically ventilated with COVID-19 received ketamine infusions. Early ketamine may have an association with higher hospital mortality, increased total cost, ICU stay, and ventilator days, but no associations for hospital LOS, vasopressor days, and RRT. However, confounding by the severity of illness might occur due to higher extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and RRT use in the ketamine group. Further randomized trials are needed to better understand the role of ketamine infusions in the management of critically ill patients.

Role of Electroconvulsive Therapy, Ketamine Infusion, and Deep Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Treatment-Resistant Bipolar Depression: A Case Report.

Background and Objectives: Options for treatment-resistant bipolar depression (TRBPD) are limited. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has shown efficacy in TRBPD. However, the cognitive deficits and memory concerns associated with ECT are problematic for a significant number of patients. It remains unclear what the next step is for patients with TRBPD who fail ECT. Materials and Methods: In this case report, we present a patient with TRBPD who sequentially received 12 sessions of brief-pulse right unilateral ECT, 22 sessions of ketamine infusion at 0.5-0.75 mg/kg for 40 min, and 39 sessions of deep repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (dTMS). Results: The patient had some benefit from ECT, but declined continuation of ECT due to memory concerns. The patient tolerated ketamine infusion well but had limited benefit. However, the patient responded well to acute treatment with dTMS and maintained relative stability for more than 2 years. Conclusions: This case suggests that patients with TRBPD who fail ECT and/or ketamine infusion might benefit from dTMS.

Ketamine vs Electroconvulsive Therapy for Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: The ELEKT-D: Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) vs Ketamine in Patients With Treatment Resistant Depression (TRD) (ELEKT-D) trial demonstrated noninferiority of intravenous ketamine vs ECT for nonpsychotic TRD. Clinical features that can guide selection of ketamine vs ECT may inform shared decision-making for patients with TRD. Objective: To evaluate whether selected clinical features were associated with differential improvement with ketamine vs ECT. Design, Setting, and Participants: This secondary analysis of an open-label noninferiority randomized clinical trial was a multicenter study conducted at 5 US academic medical centers from April 7, 2017, to November 11, 2022. Analyses for this study, which were not prespecified in the trial protocol, were conducted from May 10 to Oct 31, 2023. The study cohort included patients with TRD, aged 21 to 75 years, who were in a current nonpsychotic depressive episode of at least moderate severity and were referred for ECT by their clinicians. Exposures: Eligible participants were randomized 1:1 to receive either 6 infusions of ketamine or 9 treatments with ECT over 3 weeks. Main Outcomes and Measures: Association between baseline factors (including 16-item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Self-Report [QIDS-SR16], Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale [MADRS], premorbid intelligence, cognitive function, history of attempted suicide, and inpatient vs outpatient status) and treatment response were assessed with repeated measures mixed-effects model analyses. Results: Among the 365 participants included in this study (mean [SD] age, 46.0 [14.5] years; 191 [52.3%] female), 195 were randomized to the ketamine group and 170 to the ECT group. In repeated measures mixed-effects models using depression levels over 3 weeks and after false discovery rate adjustment, participants with a baseline QIDS-SR16 score of 20 or less (-7.7 vs -5.6 points) and those starting treatment as outpatients (-8.4 vs -6.2 points) reported greater reduction in the QIDS-SR16 with ketamine vs ECT. Conversely, those with a baseline QIDS-SR16 score of more than 20 (ie, very severe depression) and starting treatment as inpatients reported greater reduction in the QIDS-SR16 earlier in course of treatment (-8.4 vs -6.7 points) with ECT, but scores were similar in both groups at the end-of-treatment visit (-9.0 vs -9.9 points). In the ECT group only, participants with higher scores on measures of premorbid intelligence (-14.0 vs -11.2 points) and with a comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder diagnosis (-16.6 vs -12.0 points) reported greater reduction in the MADRS score. Those with impaired memory recall had greater reduction in MADRS during the second week of treatment (-13.4 vs -9.6 points), but the levels of MADRS were similar to those with unimpaired recall at the end-of-treatment visit (-14.3 vs -12.2 points). Other results were not significant after false discovery rate adjustment. Conclusions and Relevance: In this secondary analysis of the ELEKT-D randomized clinical trial of ECT vs ketamine, greater improvement in depression was observed with intravenous ketamine among outpatients with nonpsychotic TRD who had moderately severe or severe depression, suggesting that these patients may consider ketamine over ECT for TRD.

(R)-(-)-Ketamine: The Promise of a Novel Treatment for Psychiatric and Neurological Disorders.

NMDA receptor antagonists have potential for therapeutics in neurological and psychiatric diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, epilepsy, traumatic brain injury, substance abuse disorder (SUD), and major depressive disorder (MDD). (S)-ketamine was the first of a novel class of antidepressants, rapid-acting antidepressants, to be approved for medical use. The stereoisomer, (R)-ketamine (arketamine), is currently under development for treatment-resistant depression (TRD). The compound has demonstrated efficacy in multiple animal models. Two clinical studies disclosed efficacy in TRD and bipolar depression. A study by the drug sponsor recently failed to reach a priori clinical endpoints but post hoc analysis revealed efficacy. The clinical value of (R)-ketamine is supported by experimental data in humans and rodents, showing that it is less sedating, does not produce marked psychotomimetic or dissociative effects, has less abuse potential than (S)-ketamine, and produces efficacy in animal models of a range of neurological and psychiatric disorders. The mechanisms of action of the antidepressant effects of (R)-ketamine are hypothesized to be due to NMDA receptor antagonism and/or non-NMDA receptor mechanisms. We suggest that further clinical experimentation with (R)-ketamine will create novel and improved medicines for some of the neurological and psychiatric disorders that are underserved by current medications.

Is there evidence for using ketamine among individuals with dementia?

The aim of this short narrative review was to evaluate the existing literature regarding the clinical use of ketamine among individuals with dementia, especially those with behavioral disturbances. PubMed, Cochrane, and Ovid (Embase, APA PsycINFO, and MEDLINE) databases were searched for abstracts using the search terms "ketamine" AND "dementia." Only articles describing the use of ketamine in individuals with dementia were included. Articles that did not include individuals with dementia, did not use ketamine, were published in a non-English language, primarily described animal studies, or were reviews were excluded. Three case reports met the inclusion criteria. One described the use of subcutaneous ketamine for depression, one described the use of intramuscular ketamine for acute agitation, and one described the use of S-ketamine as anesthesia during electroconvulsive therapy for depression and catatonia. No significant adverse effects were reported in any of the cases. Although the use of ketamine in the treatment of depression and agitation associated with dementia has potential, the current evidence remains limited. High-quality prospective studies are needed to confirm the observations of these case reports before ketamine can be used to treat behavioral disturbances in individuals with dementia.

Methadone in combination with magnesium, ketamine, lidocaine, and dexmedetomidine improves postoperative outcomes after coronary artery bypass grafting: an observational multicentre study.

BACKGROUND: An optimal pharmacological strategy for fast-track cardiac anesthesia (FTCA) is unclear. This study evaluated the effectiveness and safety of an FTCA program using methadone and non-opioid adjuvant infusions (magnesium, ketamine, lidocaine, and dexmedetomidine) in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. METHODS: This retrospective, multicenter observational study was conducted across private and public teaching sectors. We studied patients managed by a fast-track protocol or via usual care according to clinician preference. The primary outcome was the total mechanical ventilation time in hours adjusted for hospital, body mass index, category of surgical urgency, cardiopulmonary bypass time and EuroSCORE II. Secondary outcomes included successful extubation within four postoperative hours, postoperative pain scores, postoperative opioid requirements, and the development of postoperative complications. RESULTS: We included 87 patients in the fast-track group and 88 patients in the usual care group. Fast-track patients had a 35% reduction in total ventilation hours compared with usual care patients (p = 0.007). Thirty-five (40.2%) fast-track patients were extubated within four hours compared to 10 (11.4%) usual-care patients (odds ratio: 5.2 [95% CI: 2.39-11.08; p < 0.001]). Over 24 h, fast-track patients had less severe pain (p < 0.001) and required less intravenous morphine equivalent (22.00 mg [15.75:32.50] vs. 38.75 mg [20.50:81.75]; p < 0.001). There were no significant differences observed in postoperative complications or length of hospital stay between the groups. CONCLUSION: Implementing an FTCA protocol using methadone, dexmedetomidine, magnesium, ketamine, lignocaine, and remifentanil together with protocolized weaning from a mechanical ventilation protocol is associated with significantly reduced time to tracheal extubation, improved postoperative analgesia, and reduced opioid use without any adverse safety events. A prospective randomized trial is warranted to further investigate the combined effects of these medications in reducing complications and length of stay in FTCA. TRIALS REGISTRATION: The study protocol was registered in the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ( https://www.anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12623000060640.aspx , retrospectively registered on 17/01/2023).

Chronic Neuropathic Pain and Comorbid Depression Syndrome: From Neural Circuit Mechanisms to Treatment.

Chronic neuropathic pain and comorbid depression syndrome (CDS) is a major worldwide health problem that affects the quality of life of patients and imposes a tremendous socioeconomic burden. More than half of patients with chronic neuropathic pain also suffer from moderate or severe depression. Due to the complex pathogenesis of CDS, there are no effective therapeutic drugs available. The lack of research on the neural circuit mechanisms of CDS limits the development of treatments. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the various circuits involved in CDS. Notably, activating some neural circuits can alleviate pain and/or depression, while activating other circuits can exacerbate these conditions. Moreover, we discuss current and emerging pharmacotherapies for CDS, such as ketamine. Understanding the circuit mechanisms of CDS may provide clues for the development of novel drug treatments for improved CDS management.

The Use of Ketamine for the Treatment of Anhedonia in Depression.

Anhedonia, a complex symptom rooted in deficits across reward processes, is primarily linked to depression and schizophrenia but transcends diagnostic boundaries across various mental disorders. Its presence correlates with poorer clinical outcomes, including an increased risk of suicide and diminished response to treatment. The neurobiological underpinnings of anhedonia remain incompletely understood despite advancements in biomarkers and imaging that contribute to deeper insights. Ketamine, known for its rapid-acting antidepressant properties, appears to possess antianhedonic effects through a mechanism of action not fully elucidated. This effect appears to be independent of its antidepressant properties. Explorations into alternative antianhedonic treatments have been underway, yet lingering questions persist, underscoring the imperative need for ongoing research to advance the field.

Perioperative esketamine administration for prevention of postpartum depression after the cesarean section: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Postpartum Depression (PPD) exerts a substantial negative effect on maternal well-being post-delivery, particularly among Cesarean Section (C/S) recipients. In this study, we aimed to review the efficacy of perioperative esketamine, the S-enantiomer of ketamine, in preventing PPD incidence and depressive symptoms as measured with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) after C/S. METHODS: A systematic search for relevant articles was conducted in Scopus, PubMed, Web of Sciences, and PsycINFO until April 6, 2024. Meta-analyses were conducted using random-effect models to compare the PPD incidence and EPDS scores via log odds ratio and Hedge's g, respectively, during the first week post-C/S and at 42 days post-C/S in the esketamine and control group. RESULTS: Fourteen studies, including 12 randomized controlled trials and 2 retrospective cohorts, were reviewed. Our meta-analyses found lower PPD incidence during the first week (log odds ratio: -0.956 [95 % confidence interval: -1.420, -0.491]) and at day 42 post-C/S (log odds ratio: -0.989 [95 % confidence interval: -1.707, -0.272]) among patients administered esketamine compared to controls. Additionally, EPDS scores for the esketamine group were significantly lower than controls during the first week (Hedge's g: -0.682 [95 % confidence interval: -1.088, -0.276]) and at day 42 post-C/S (Hedge's g: -0.614 [95 % confidence interval: -1.098, -0.129]). LIMITATIONS: Presence of various concomitant medications and heterogeneous study designs. CONCLUSION: Our review highlights the potential impact of esketamine in PPD prevention, as well as in alleviating depressive symptoms post-C/S, regardless of PPD occurrence, therefore suggesting the benefits of adding esketamine to peri-C/S analgesic regimen.

The influence of low-dose s-ketamine on postoperative delirium and cognitive function in older adults undergoing thoracic surgery.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative delirium (POD) and cognitive dysfunction (POCD) are common complications following thoracic surgery, particularly in patients aged 65 years and above. These complications can significantly affect recovery and increase healthcare costs. This study investigates the effects of low-dose S-ketamine on reducing POD and POCD in this patient demographic. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, medical records of patients aged ≥ 65 years who underwent elective thoracic surgery from January 2019 to August 2023 were reviewed. Patients were categorized into S-ketamine and Control groups based on intraoperative S-ketamine exposure. POD was assessed using the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM), while cognitive function was evaluated using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) at baseline, 1 week, 1 month, and 6 months post-surgery. Intraoperative and postoperative parameters, including hemodynamic stability, blood loss, pain scores, and ICU stay length, were also recorded. RESULTS: The study comprised 140 participants, with 70 in each group. The S-ketamine group demonstrated a significantly lower incidence of POD at 7 days post-surgery (12.0% vs. 26.7%, P < 0.001), and reduced POCD at 1 month (18.7% vs. 36.0%, P < 0.05) and 6 months (10.7% vs. 21.3%, P < 0.05). The Ketamine group had a significantly higher median MoCA score compared to the Control group both at 1 month (P = 0.021) and 6 months (P = 0.007). Adverse events, such as infection, bleeding, and respiratory failure, showed no significant differences between the groups, suggesting a safe profile for S-ketamine. CONCLUSION: Administering low-dose S-ketamine during thoracic surgery in patients aged 65 years and above significantly reduces the incidence of POD and POCD, highlighting its neuroprotective potential. These findings advocate for the inclusion of S-ketamine in anesthetic protocols to improve postoperative outcomes and reduce healthcare costs in this patient population.

A meta-analysis of the effects of ketamine on suicidal ideation in depression patients.

The treatment of suicidal ideation in patients with depression has been a major problem faced by psychiatric and emergency departments, and reasonable drug selection is particularly important. Ketamine has been shown to reduce suicidal ideation rapidly, but the strength of the effect is unclear and there is little evidence-based medical evidence to support this. We systematically searched all articles published on PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CNKI and EMBASE. Stata 15 and R 4.1.3 were used for meta-analysis, and odds ratios were calculated in fixed effects or random effects models based on the heterogeneity test results. Our search resulted in 505 articles; we analyzed 14 studies, which included 1,380 participants. The 14 studies included 10 randomized controlled trial (RCT) studies and 4 single-arm studies. Our study suggests that, ketamine has a significant therapeutic effect on suicidal ideation throughout the treatment cycle. We performed network meta-analyses(NMA) and pairwise meta-analyses to compare the efficacy of ketamine in the reduction of suicidal ideation. There was a significant reduction in suicidal ideation within the first day after treatment (NMA ketamine day1 RR = 10.02, 95%CI = 4.24 to 23.68). In repeated treatment, the degree of recovery of suicidal ideation after the last dose was significantly greater than that after the first dose (RR = 0.56, 95%CI = 0.51 to 0.62). Recovery of suicidal ideation was also significantly better in the treatment end point than in the placebo group at the same time point (NMA ketamine day26 RR = 4.29, 95%CI = 1.41 to 13.08). This is the first network meta-analysis to demonstrate the role of ketamine in the alleviation of suicidal ideation. Our network meta-analysis also compared the effects of different drugs at different time points, which was not done in previous studies. This is of great reference significance for future drug research andrational drug use.

Esketamine induces tripartite motif-containing protein 24 to improve cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease.

Esketamine has been revealed to improve cognitive impairments under different conditions, while its function in Alzheimer's disease (AD) has not been well characterized. We expounded the effects and detailed mechanism of esketamine in triple transgenic AD (3xTg-AD) mice in the present study. The impaired spatial learning and memory retention of 3xTg-AD mice were ameliorated by esketamine, whereas tripartite motif-containing protein 24 (TRIM24) depletion reversed the ameliorative effects of esketamine in 3xTg-AD mice. Esketamine elevated the extent of PI3K and AKT phosphorylation in the hippocampus by promoting TRIM24 expression, and knockdown of TRIM24 impaired the PI3K/AKT pathway. AD-like mice had increased expression of pro-inflammatory molecules and elevated expression of GFAP and p-Tau. Esketamine reduced inflammation, but its therapeutic effect was reversed by TRIM24 knockdown. The PI3K/AKT pathway blockage exacerbated cognitive deficits and neuroinflammatory responses in mice. Thus, esketamine has the potential to improve the cognitive and memory functions of 3xTg-AD mice by repressing neuroinflammation by activating TRIM24 and the downstream PI3K/AKT pathway.

Effects of ketamine on penile tissues in an experimental priapism model in rats.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to evaluate the histopathological and biochemical effects of ketamine on penile tissues following ischemia-reperfusion injury induced by priapism. METHODS: Twenty-four male rats were randomized into three groups. Group 1 served as the control group. Group 2 underwent the priapism model to induce ischemia-reperfusion injury. Group 3, the treatment group, experienced a similar ischemia-reperfusion model as Group 2; additionally, 50 mg/kg of ketamine was administered intraperitoneally just before reperfusion. Blood biochemical analyses and penile histopathological evaluations were performed. RESULTS: In Group 3, significant improvements were observed in all histopathological scores, including desquamation, edema, inflammation, and vasocongestion compared to Group 2 (p<0.001). Blood biochemical analyses showed that the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were recorded as 10 in Group 2, with a significant decrease in Group 3 (p=0.013). Similarly, proinflammatory cytokine levels, including interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), were found to be suppressed in Group 3 compared to Group 2 (p=0.003, p=0.022, and p=0.028, respectively). Antioxidant enzyme activities, such as glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), were higher in Group 3 compared to Group 2 (p=0.016 and p=0.024, respec-tively). CONCLUSION: Ketamine is an effective anesthetic agent in alleviating the effects of penile ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Exploring the impact of music on response to ketamine/esketamine: A scoping review.

Music and ketamine are both known to affect therapeutic outcomes, but few studies have investigated their co-administration. This scoping review describes the existing literature on the joint use of music and ketamine-or esketamine (the S(+) enantiomer of ketamine)-in humans. The review considers that extant studies have explored the intersection of ketamine/esketamine and music in healthy volunteers and in patients of various age groups, at different dosages, through different treatment processes, and have varied the sequence of playing music relative to ketamine/esketamine administration. Studies investigating the use of music during ketamine anesthesia are also included in the review because anesthesia and sedation were the early drivers of ketamine use. Studies pertaining to recreational ketamine use were omitted. The review was limited to articles published in the English language but not restricted by publication year. To the best of our knowledge, this scoping review is the first comprehensive exploration of the interplay between music and ketamine/esketamine and offers valuable insights to researchers interested in designing future studies.

Effect of Ketamine Treatment on Social Withdrawal in Autism and Autism-Like Conditions.

OBJECTIVE: Ketamine and esketamine have been used in the field of psychiatry to alleviate conditions such as major depressive disorder. Our objective was to evaluate the current literature on the use of ketamine for symptoms of social withdrawal in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and autism-like conditions. METHODS: A comprehensive search of PubMed and Web of Science was conducted to identify literature involving the use of ketamine to treat symptoms of autism and social withdrawal. Patients with comorbid disorders were also included. RESULTS: Two original studies were found, showing mixed results on the use of ketamine for ASD. The use of esketamine found no statistically significant results, whereas the use of intravenous ketamine was shown to alleviate symptoms of social withdrawal especially in the short term. Neither study reported a significant amount of serious adverse events. Five case reports were also included, showing decreased depressive symptoms and evidence of increased social condition. CONCLUSIONS: Research on the use of ketamine for ASD and ASD-related conditions is limited. Evidence of improved social condition exists, but further studies should be conducted to increase sample power and test various doses and methods of administration.