Comprehensive analysis of risk factors for postoperative wound infection following radical mastectomy in breast cancer patients.

Surgical site infections (SSIs) following radical mastectomy in breast cancer patients can significantly affect patient recovery and healthcare resources. Identifying and understanding the risk factors for postoperative wound infections (PWIs) are crucial for improving surgical outcomes. This retrospective study was conducted from June 2020 to June 2023, including 23 breast cancer patients who developed PWIs post-radical mastectomy and a control group of 46 patients without such infections. Comprehensive patient data, including variables such as intraoperative blood loss, hospital stay duration, body mass index (BMI), operation time, anaemia, drainage time, diabetes mellitus, cancer stage, white blood cell (WBC) count, serum albumin levels and preoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy, were meticulously gathered. Statistical analyses, including univariate and multivariate logistic regression, were performed using SPSS software (Version 27.0). The univariate analysis identified several factors significantly associated with an increased risk of PWIs, including preoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy, low serum albumin levels, advanced cancer stage, diabetes mellitus and reduced WBC count. Multivariate logistic regression highlighted anaemia, prolonged drainage time, diabetes mellitus, advanced cancer stage, reduced WBC count, hypoalbuminemia and preoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy as significant contributors to the increased risk of PWIs. Anaemia, extended drainage time, diabetes mellitus, advanced cancer stage, low WBC count, hypoalbuminemia and preoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy are key risk factors for SSIs post-radical mastectomy. Early identification and proactive management of these factors are imperative to reduce the incidence of postoperative infections and enhance recovery outcomes in breast cancer patients.

Effects of intraoperative Magnesium sulfate infusion on emergency agitation during general anesthesia in patients undergoing radical mastectomy: a randomized controlled study.

BACKGROUND: Emergency agitation is a common postoperative complication in patients under general anesthesia, which can lead to unpredictable damages such as shedding of drainage tube and bleeding from the wound. The purpose of the study is to investigate whether intraoperative infusion of Magnesium Sulfate reduces the incidence of emergency agitation (EA) in patients undergoing radical mastectomy, and to evaluate its safety and efficacy. METHODS: A total of 70 patients were randomly assigned to two groups: the Magnesium group (M group) and the control group (C group). After a routine intravenous anesthetic induction, patients in the M group received a 30 mg/kg bolus of intravenous magnesium during the first hour and then a continuous infusion of 10 mg/kg ×h until the end of the surgery, patients in the C group received 0.9% saline at the same volume and rate. The sedation-agitation scale (SAS) and the visual analogue scale were used to assess agitation and pain, respectively. RESULTS: Compared to the C group, the M group reduced the incidence of EA significantly (odds ratio 0.26, 95% confidence interval 0.09-0.71, P = 0.009). The postoperative pain score of the magnesium sulfate group(0(0,1)) was lower than that of the control group(2(0,3)) at T0 (P = 0.011). Additionally, the M group required a lower dosage of remifentanil during surgery compared to the C group(300.4 ± 84 versus 559.3 ± 184 µg, respectively, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: the intraoperative infusion of magnesium sulfate is a safe and effective method for reducing the incidence of emergency agitation in patients undergoing radical mastectomy. TRAIL REGISTRATION: The study was registered in Chictr.org with the identifier: ChiCTR2300070595 on 18/04/2023.

Evaluation of the management of intracystic papillary carcinoma.

INTRODUCTION: Intracystic papillary carcinoma is defined as papillary carcinoma located in a dilated or cystic duct. There is no consensus regarding the management of this lesion. The aim of our study is to evaluate the frequency of associated invasive lesions and the need to perform an axillary staging during surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a retrospective study concerning intracystic papillary carcinomas diagnosed at the Georges-François Leclerc Cancer Center between January 2010 and December 2021. Inclusion criteria were an age superior to 18 years and a histologic diagnosis confirmed at biopsy. RESULTS: Fifty-nine patients were included in this study. All but one patient underwent surgery: 39 patients (67.2%) underwent lumpectomy, and 18 patients (31.1%) underwent total mastectomy. An axillary staging was performed in 51 patients (86.4%). On final histologic analysis, 31 patients (52.5%) had pure intracystic papillary carcinoma and/or associated with in situ and 27 patients (45.8%) had invasive and/or microinvasive lesions. After univariate analysis, the only variable significantly associated with the presence of invasive lesions on final histologic analysis was the palpation of the lesion with a P-value of 0.09. DISCUSSION: Through this study, it appears necessary to discuss the realization of an axillary staging by conducting an axillary sentinel node procedure because of the high frequency of invasive lesions associated with intracystic papillary carcinoma.

Efficacy of press needle on immune function and quality of life in female breast cancer patients after radical mastectomy: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

Radical mastectomy may lead to suppression of cellular immune function in patients with malignant tumors, and affect the quality of life (QOL) of patients. Immune suppression is a common cause of complications and adverse reactions in adjuvant therapy after radical mastectomy of breast cancer. Currently, there are few proven effective treatments for immune suppression. Therefore, it's necessary to develop a new treatment method. Press needle is widely used in clinical practice. However, there have been relatively few studies that evaluate the effects of press needle on postoperative immune function. The aim of the present study is to assess the effects of press needle on immune function and QOL in female breast cancer patients undergoing radical mastectomy. This study will be a single-center, randomized and single-blinded trial. Totally 78 eligible patients will be randomized in a ratio of 1:1 to the press needle group or the sham press needle group. During the treatment phase, patients will undergo five times weekly of verum press needle or sham press needle for 2 weeks. The primary outcome measures will be the peripheral blood levels of CD8+, CD4+, CD3+, and CD4+/CD8+ T cells. The secondary outcome measures will be the changes of patients' QOL, evaluated by the Karnofsky Performance Scale score and the EORTC core quality of life questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30). Furthermore, 5-year survival rate and recurrence rate will be evaluated. Safety and adverse events will be assessed at each visit. The results of this on-going study will provide clinical evidence for the effects and safety of press needle on immune function and QOL in patients after breast cancer resection compared with sham press needle. Trial registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR2000040100. Registered on 21 November 2020.

Modified pectoral nerve block versus bi-level erector spinae plane block for postoperative analgesia after radical mastectomy surgery: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Regional anesthesia techniques constitute an important part of successful analgesia strategies in the perioperative care of patients undergoing breast surgery. The advent of ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia has led to the development of fascial plane blocks. The large array of blocks available for postoperative analgesia in breast surgery has increased the accessibility of regional anesthesia but has also created a dilemma of choice. This study compared the analgesic efficacy of the ultrasound-guided modified pectoral nerve (PECS) block and erector spinae plane block (ESPB) in patients undergoing radical mastectomy. METHODS: Seventy women were enrolled in this prospective, double-blind, randomized control trial. After exclusion, 67 female patients who underwent radical mastectomy were finally analyzed. Ultrasound-guided PECS blocks and ESPBs were performed with 30 ml 0.25% bupivacaine. Postoperative morphine and pain scores were compared between the groups. RESULTS: Postoperative total morphine consumption in the first 24 h was significantly higher in the PECS group (P < 0.001). The ESPB group exhibited significantly reduced morphine consumption at all postoperative time points. Numeric rating scale scores were lower in the ESPB group at 6, 12, and 24 h postoperatively at rest and when coughing. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound-guided bi-level ESPBs provided better postoperative analgesia than PECS blocks after radical mastectomy surgery.

Resultados de la cirugía conservadora y radical de la mama en pacientes operadas en el Centro de Investigaciones Médico Quirúrgicas, Cuba / Results of Conservative or Radical Breast Surgeries in Patients Operated on at Centro de Investigaciones Médico Quirúrgicas, Cuba

Introducción: El cáncer ha causado más muertes que todas las guerras y catástrofes conocidas. En particular, el cáncer de mama se ha convertido en una pandemia que amenaza con seguir propagándose. Objetivo: Describir las diferencias en cuanto a los resultados obtenidos de la cirugía conservadora y radical como tratamiento del cáncer de mama. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio analítico, observacional, descriptivo y retrospectivo en un universo de 177 pacientes con diagnóstico de cáncer de mama en el servicio de Cirugía General del Centro de Investigaciones Médico Quirúrgicas de La Habana, Cuba. Todas recibieron tratamiento quirúrgico en el período comprendido de enero de 2011 a diciembre de 2016. Resultados: De las pacientes estudiadas, el 92,09 por ciento no presentaron antecedentes de patología mamaria, mientras que el 36,72 por ciento tuvieron como antecedente patológico familiar cáncer de mama. Predominaron las pacientes mayores de 70 años en ambas técnicas quirúrgicas. En el grupo de 30-40 años solamente se practicaron técnicas conservadoras. Con respecto al estadiamiento, predominó la etapa II de la enfermedad. La sobrevida global a los 5 años fue superior al 90 por ciento, mientras que el intervalo libre de enfermedad se mantuvo en valores similares para ambas técnicas. Conclusiones: Se realizaron mayor número de cirugías conservadoras de mama en pacientes que se encontraban en etapas clínicas más tempranas de la enfermedad y la sobrevida global de los procedimientos conservadores fue ligeramente mayor(AU)

Introduction: Cancer has caused more deaths than all known wars and catastrophes. Particularly speaking, breast cancer has become a pandemic that threatens to continue to spread. Objective: To describe the differences based on the results obtained from conservative and radical surgery as a treatment for breast cancer. Methods: An analytical, observational, descriptive and retrospective study was carried out with a universe of 177 female patients diagnosed with breast cancer in the general surgery service of Centro de Investigaciones Médico Quirúrgicas, of La Habana, Cuba. All of them received surgical treatment in the period from January 2011 to December 2016. Results: 92.09 percent of the patients studied had no history of breast pathology, while 36.72 percent had breast cancer as a family pathological history. Patients over 70 years of age predominated in both surgical techniques. In the group of 30-40 years of age only conservative techniques were performed. With respect to staging, there was a predominance of the disease in stage II. Overall survival at 5 years was higher than 90 percent, while the disease-free interval remained at similar values for both techniques. Conclusions: A greater amount of breast-conserving surgeries were performed in patients at earlier clinical stages of the disease, while overall survival of conservative procedures was slightly higher(AU)

Accelerated Perioperative Rehabilitation for Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Radical Mastectomy: A Systematic Review.

PURPOSE: To summarize and analyze available evidence on perioperative accelerated rehabilitation programs for patients diagnosed with breast cancer that have had a radical mastectomy. DESIGN: This article is a systematic review of literature based on evidence-based methodology. METHODS: The '6S' evidence resource pyramid model was used to systematically search a range of databases. FINDINGS: A total of 19 articles were extracted from the literature and used in this study, including 9 clinical decisions, 4 systematic evaluations, 4 expert consensuses, and 2 guidelines. We summarized a total of 47 lines of evidence with regard to various aspects, including preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative nursing measures. CONCLUSIONS: In this systematic review, an evidence-based methodology was used to summarize and analyze the best suggestions for perioperative accelerated rehabilitation nursing programs for breast cancer inpatients undergoing radical mastectomy. We aimed to provide a good reference value and evidence-based guidelines for the continuous improvement and development of nursing practice for the breast cancer patient population.

[Lung, Lymph Nodes and Pleural Metastasis of Breast Cancer Developed Thirty-two Years after Radical Mastectomy:Report of a Case].

We report a case of distant metastases developed 32 years after radical mastectomy for right breast cancer. A 70s-year-old women visited the local hospital because of productive cough. Chest computed tomography (CT) showed a 10 mm nodule in the right middle lobe, multiple lymph nodes swelling and small pleural nodules. Surgical biopsy of lung and pleural tumor provides the pathological diagnosis of solid-tubular carcinoma expressing estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor, suggesting metastatic lesions of breast cancer.

Feasibility and Efficacy of Low Thoracic Ultrasound-Guided Erector Spinae Plane Blocks in Patients Undergoing Radical Total Mastectomy With Deep Inferior Epigastric Perforator Flap Reconstruction.

ABSTRACT: The analgesic efficacy of bilateral low thoracic erector spinae blocks for combined major breast and abdominal surgery has not been reported. The aim of this case series was to assess the feasibility and efficacy of T8 thoracic preincisional erector spinae blocks in patients undergoing total radical mastectomies with axillary lymph node dissections in addition to reconstruction with abdominal deep inferior epigastric flaps. The aim was to supply dermatomal coverage to provide analgesia for T2-L1 that formed the basis for an opioid-sparing multimodal technique in the context of our early recovery after breast surgery with deep inferior epigastric flap program.

Clinical Value of Total Intravenous Anesthesia with Sufentanil and Propofol in Radical Mastectomy.

Objective: To investigate the clinical value of sufentanil combined with propofol for total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) in radical mastectomy. Methods: The data of 120 patients undergoing radical mastectomy of breast cancer in our hospital from February 2020 to February 2021 were retrospectively analyzed, and they were randomly assigned to the experimental group (EXG) (n = 60) and the control group (COG) (n = 60). The anesthesia maintenance scheme was 0.01-0.03 µg/(kg·min) of sufentanil + 80-100 µg/(kg·min) of propofol in EXG and 3 µg/(kg·h) of fentanyl + 80-100 µg/(kg·min) of propofol in COG. The hemodynamic indices, stress indexes, postoperative pain scores, and incidence of adverse reactions were compared between EXG and COG. Results: The heart rates (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) after tracheal intubation (T2) and at separation of deep tissues (T3), tracheal extubation (T4), and the end of surgery (T5) were markedly lower in EXG than in COG (P < 0.001). The stress indexes and postoperative pain scores at 1 h (T6), 6 h (T7), and 12 h (T8) after surgery were lower in EXG than in COG (P < 0.001). The incidence of dizziness, headache, pruritus, and emergence agitation in EXG was lower compared with that in COG (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Sufentanil combined with propofol for TIVA can stabilize intraoperative hemodynamic indices of patients undergoing radical mastectomy, alleviate perioperative stress response, and reduce pain perception. Therefore, this anesthesia method is safe and merits clinical promotion.

[Effect of ultrasound-guided serratus plane block combined with pectoral nerve block I on postoperative analgesia after radical mastectomy].

Objective: To study the effect of ultrasonic-guided serratus plane block combined with pectoral nerve block Ⅰ on postoperative analgesia after radical mastectomy. Methods: A total of 30 patients, all female, aged [M (Q1, Q3)] 53 (43, 62) years old, who underwent radical mastectomy in Beijing Tongren Hospital from May to August 2021 were selected. The patients were divided into two groups (n=15 in each group) using a random number table: general anesthesia alone+patient controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) group (control group) and serratus plane block combined with pectoral nerve block Ⅰ before general anesthesia+PCIA group (combined group). Numerical rating scale (NRS) at rest in both groups were detected in the post anesthesia care unit (PACU) and 4, 8, 12, 24, 36 and 48 h after operation. The time of first pain, the time of first pressing of the automatic analgesic device after the operation, the dosage of remifentanil during operation, cumulative dosages of sufentanil at 24 h and 48 h postoperatively, and the incidence of adverse effects were all recorded. Results: The NRS scores in combined group in the PACU and 4, 8, 12 and 24 h after surgery were (2.1±1.7), (1.7±1.5), (1.5±1.4), (1.5±1.3) and (1.7±1.3), respectively, while the NRS scores in control group at each time points were (4.5±2.0), (3.2±1.4), (2.7±0.9), (2.8±0.9) and (2.4±0.8), respectively, and the NRS scores in combined group were significantly lower than those in control group (all P<0.05). The NRS scores in combined group at 36 and 48 h after surgery were (1.8±1.6) and (1.6±1.2), while the NRS scores in control group were (2.2±0.9) and (2.1±0.8), and the differences between the two groups were not statistically significant (both P>0.05). The time of first pain and the time of the first pressing of the automatic analgesic device in combined group were (573±174) min and (962±313) min, which were significantly longer than those of control group [(13±6) min and (135±41) min] (both P<0.05). The dosage of remifentanil during operation and cumulative dosage of sufentanil at 24 h postoperatively in combined group were (410±129) µg and (14±4) µg, which were lower than those in control group [(580±225) µg and (21±11) µg] (both P<0.05). Cumulative dosage of sufentanil at 48 h postoperatively in combined group was (29±11) µg, while in control group was (36±14) µg, and the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant (P=0.131). The incidence of postoperative dizziness in combined group was 6.7% (1/15), which was lower than that of control group [40.0% (6/15)] (P=0.031). The incidence of nausea and pruritus was 6.7% (1/15) and 0 in combined group, while 20.0% (3/15) and 6.7% (1/15) in control group, with no statistical significance (both P>0.05). Conclusion: Serratus plane block combined with pectoral nerve block Ⅰ can effectively relieve postoperative pain, decrease the need for opioids, and reduce the incidence of adverse effects.

Study of ultrasound-guided ropivacaine combined with butorphanol continuous paravertebral block to prevent pain syndrome by evaluating ccl2 gene expression after radical mastectomy.

This study aimed to investigate the clinical effect of ultrasound-guided ropivacaine combined with butorphanol continuous paravertebral block in preventing postoperative pain syndrome of breast cancer. For this purpose, 100 women treated for breast cancer from April 2018 to July 2019 were enrolled as research objects. Surgical procedures included local sentinel lymph node biopsy, mastectomy, sentinel lymph node biopsy for mastectomy, modified radical mastectomy, and implantation. The selected patients were randomly divided into two groups: control group (routine operation anesthesia; n = 50) and observation group (ultrasound-guided thoracic paravertebral block before induction of ropivacaine+butorphanol anesthesia; n = 50). The Real-time PCR technique was performed to evaluate CCL2 gene expression. VAS scores were recorded during the postoperative period. Compared with the control group, the observation group had lower VAS scores at six h, 24h, and 48h (P<0.05). The pain effect of the observation group was less than that of the control group. The observation group had better analgesic effects after anesthesia. The observation group had a lower incidence of pain syndrome at the 6th, 8th, and 12th months (P<0.05), and the incidence of pain syndrome in the two groups decreased with the extension of time. The observation group had lower levels of related factors (P<0.05), and the observation group had lower traumatic stress responses. The protein expression of IL-6, IL-17, and CRP in the observation group was lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). The results of CCL2 gene expression also showed that gene expression in the control group increased significantly (P=0.0047). Since the expression of this gene is one of the factors that stimulate pain signals in the body, the method used in the present study was able to reduce the amount of pain significantly. Therefore, the combination of ropivacaine combined with butorphanol ultrasound-assisted paravertebral block can reduce the intensity of postoperative pain in patients with breast cancer surgery, decrease the incidence of pain syndrome, and increase pain tolerance.

Correlation between perioperative parecoxib use and postoperative acute kidney injury in patients undergoing radical mastectomy: a retrospective cohort analysis.

BACKGROUND: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most widely prescribed drugs worldwide. However, the effect of NSAIDS on postoperative renal function is still unclear. Few studies have assessed the effects of parecoxib on renal function. Our aim is to investigate a correlation between parecoxib and the presence or absence of AKI postoperatively after a breast cancer surgery operation. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study that we performed on our hospitalized database. From January 2012 to August 2021, 3542 female patients undergoing radical mastectomy were enrolled, all data including the patients' information and laboratory results were obtained from electronic medical system. The main outcome was the incidence of AKI postoperatively. AKI was defined in accordance with the KDIGO criteria. Study groups were treated with or without parecoxib. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed. RESULTS: In our study, about 5.76% experienced AKI. The incidence rate of postoperative AKI (3.49%) within 7 days in the parecoxib group was lower than that in the control group (6.00%, P = 0.05). Compared to the control group, the AKI's incidence was reduced by 49% (OR = 0.46; 95%CI 0.27-0.97) in parecoxib group in multivariable logistic regression analysis. There was a reduction in the incidence of postoperative AKI in other three subgroups: preoperative eGFR < 90 mL/min·1.73/m2 (OR = 0.52; 95%CI 0.27-0.97), blood loss < 1000 ml (OR = 0.48; 95%CI 0.24-0.96) and non-diabetes (OR = 0.51; 95%CI 0.26-0.98). CONCLUSIONS: Parecoxib was associated with incidence of postoperative acute kidney injury.

Clinical utility of a new immobilization method in image-guided intensity-modulated radiotherapy for breast cancer patients after radical mastectomy.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate clinical utility of a new immobilization method in image-guided intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) for breast cancer patients after radical mastectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty patients with breast cancer who underwent radical mastectomy and postoperative IMRT were prospectively enrolled. The patients were randomly and equally divided into two groups using both a carbon-fiber support board and a hollowed-out cervicothoracic thermoplastic mask (Group A) and using only the board (Group B). An iSCOUT image-guided system was used for acquiring and correcting pretreatment setup errors for each treatment fraction. Initial setup errors and residual errors were obtained by aligning iSCOUT images with digitally reconstructed radiograph (DRR) images generated from planning CT. Totally 600 initial and residual errors were compared and analyzed between two groups, and the planning target volume (PTV) margins before and after the image-guided correction were calculated. RESULTS: The initial setup errors of Group A and Group B were (3.14±3.07), (2.21±1.92), (2.45±1.92) mm and (3.14±2.97), (2.94±3.35), (2.80±2.47) mm in the left-right (LAT), superior-inferior (LONG), anterior-posterior (VERT) directions, respectively. The initial errors in Group A were smaller than those in Group B in the LONG direction (P < 0.05). No significant difference was found in the distribution of three initial error ranges (≤3 mm, 3-5 mm and > 5 mm) in each of the three translational directions for the two groups (P > 0.05). The residual errors of Group A and Group B were (1.74±1.03), (1.62±0.92), (1.66±0.91) mm and (1.70±0.97), (1.68±1.18), (1.58±0.98) mm in the three translational directions, respectively. No significant difference was found in the residual errors between two groups (P > 0.05). With the image-guided correction, PTV margins were reduced from 8.01, 5.44, 5.45 mm to 3.54, 2.99, 2.89 mm in three translational directions of Group A, respectively, and from 8.14, 10.89, 6.29 mm to 2.67, 3.64, 2.74 mm in those of Group B, respectively. CONCLUSION: The use of hollowed-out cervicothoracic thermoplastic masks combined with a carbon-fiber support board showed better inter-fraction immobilization than the single use of the board in reducing longitudinal setup errors for breast cancer patients after radical mastectomy during IMRT treatment course, which has potential to reduce setup errors and improve the pretreatment immobilization accuracy for breast cancer IMRT after radical mastectomy.

Prognostic significance of the skeletal muscle index and systemic inflammatory index in patients with lymph node-positive breast cancer after radical mastectomy.

BACKGROUND: The role of skeletal muscle index (SMI) and systemic inflammation index (SII) for patients with lymph node-positive breast cancer remain controversial. This retrospective study aims to evaluate the individual and synergistic value of SMI and SII in outcomes prediction in this population. METHODS: Lymph node-positive breast cancer patients who received mastectomy between January 2011 and February 2013 were included in this retrospective study. We used abdominal computed tomography (CT) to measure skeletal muscle mass at the third lumbar (L3) level. The optimal cut-off values of SMI and SII were determined through maximizing the Youden index on the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Kaplan-Meier method was used to assess the correlation between SMI, SII, and overall survival (OS). The prognostic value of SMI and SII were analyzed with the multivariable Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: Of 97 patients included in our study (mean age: 46 [range: 27-73] years; median follow-up: 62.5 months), 71 had low SMI (sarcopenia), 59 had low SII, and 56 had low SMI + SII. Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that both high SMI (P = 0.021, 5-year OS: 84.0% vs. 94.1%) and high SII (P = 0.043, 5-year OS: 81.0% vs. 97.3%) were associated with worse OS. Additionally, patients with either low SMI or low SII had significantly better OS (P = 0.0059, 5-year OS: 100.0% vs. 84.6%) than those with high SMI + SII. Multivariable analysis confirmed the predictive values of high SMI (P = 0.024, hazard ratio [HR]: 9.87) and high SII (P = 0.048, HR: 6.87) for poor OS. Moreover, high SMI + SII was significantly associated with poor survival (P = 0.016, HR: 16.36). CONCLUSIONS: In this retrospective analysis, both SMI and SII independently predicted the prognosis of patients with lymph node-positive breast cancer. SMI + SII might be a stronger prognostic factor than either alone based on our findings, but should be further verified in a larger study.