Gut-Muscle AxisExists and May Affect Skeletal Muscle Adaptation to Training.

Excessive training may limit physiological muscle adaptation through chronic oxidative stress and inflammation. Improper diet and overtraining may also disrupt intestinal homeostasis and in consequence enhance inflammation. Altogether, these factors may lead to an imbalance in the gut ecosystem, causing dysregulation of the immune system. Therefore, it seems to be important to optimize the intestinal microbiota composition, which is able to modulate the immune system and reduce oxidative stress. Moreover, the optimal intestinal microbiota composition may have an impact on muscle protein synthesis and mitochondrial biogenesis and function, as well as muscle glycogen storage. Aproperly balanced microbiome may also reduce inflammatory markers and reactive oxygen species production, which may further attenuate macromolecules damage. Consequently, supplementation with probiotics may have some beneficial effect on aerobic and anaerobic performance. The phenomenon of gut-muscle axis should be continuously explored to function maintenance, not only in athletes.

[Chlamydia pneumoniae as a biological factor contributing to pathological changes of arterial walls in patients with atherosclerosis]. / Chlamydia pneumoniae--grozny czynnik biologiczny wspólodpowiedzialny za patologiczne zmiany w scianach tetnic ludzkich w procesach miazdzycowych.

In this study, using scanning and transmission electron microscope, we attempt to evaluate ultrastructural alterations of endothelial cells, macrophages and smooth muscles cells. The inflammatory process has an essential impact on the development of Chlamydia infection. Specimens from human carotid were obtained from patients who underwent endarterectomy. For examination under scanning and transmission electron microscope vessel sections were fixed in paraformaldehyde and glutaraldehyde. We analysed alterations of endothelial cells covering advanced atherosclerotic plaque in carotid using scanning electron microscope. Smooth muscle cells had undergone the heaviest proliferation among the cells on artery wall. In the tested material we detect diversified morphological forms of Chlamydia sp. We found that one of the pathogens that may lead to atherosclerotic lesions is Chlamydia pneumoniae.