Nivolumabe para tratamento de adultos com carcinoma espinocelular de cabeça e pescoço recidivado ou metastático após quimioterapia à base de platina (isto é segunda linha de tratamento da doença recidivado ou metastática) / Nivolumab for the treatment of adults with relapsed or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma after platinum-based chemotherapy (second-line treatment of relapsed or metastatic disease)

INTRODUÇÃO: Os CECP desenvolvem-se a partir do epitélio da mucosa na cavidade oral, faringe e laringe e são as neoplasias malignas mais comuns que surgem na cabeça e pescoço. Aproximadamente 40% dos cânceres de cabeça e pescoço ocorrem na região de cavidade oral; 15% na faringe; 25% na laringe; e o restante em glândulas salivares e tireoide. Estudos clínicos em pacientes com CECP recidivado ou metastático indicam que os medicamentos mais ativos são o metotrexato, cisplatina, fluorouracila, bleomicina, paclitaxel e docetaxel. No entanto, esses medicamentos produziram taxas de resposta da ordem de 20%-30%, com curta duração (3-5 meses) e raramente respostas completas. Portanto, pacientes com CECP recidivado ou metastático após quimioterapia à base de platina têm opções limitadas de tratamento. Desta forma, a disponibilidade de opções terapêuticas com diferentes mecanismos de ação e diferentes perfis de toxicidade é necessária para pacientes com CECP. Nivolumabe é um anticorpo monoclonal de imunoglobulina humana G4 (IgG4) (HuMAb), que se liga ao receptor de morte programada-1 (PD-1) e bloqueia sua interação com PD-L1 e PD-L2. A expressão de PD-1 é identificada em aproximadamente 85% dos casos de CECP.

Projecting long-term clinical outcomes with larotrectinib compared with immune checkpoint inhibitors in metastatic nonsmall cell lung cancer and differentiated thyroid cancer.

BACKGROUND: Larotrectinib is approved for patients with advanced NTRK gene fusion-positive solid tumors. Prior studies demonstrated promising results with larotrectinib compared with other systemic therapy. However, comparisons to checkpoint inhibitors, such as nivolumab or pembrolizumab, have not been done. OBJECTIVE: To estimate and compare expected life-years (LYs) and quality-adjusted LYs (QALYs) for patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) eligible for larotrectinib vs patients with unknown NTRK gene fusion status on nivolumab or pembrolizumab. We also assessed patients with metastatic differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC), as pembrolizumab may be considered in certain circumstances. METHODS: We developed partitioned survival models to project long-term comparative effectiveness of larotrectinib vs nivolumab or pembrolizumab. Larotrectinib survival data were derived from an updated July 2021 analysis of 21 adult patients (≥18 years of age) with metastatic NTRK gene fusion-positive NSCLC and 21 with DTC. Survival inputs for nivolumab and pembrolizumab were obtained from published articles. Progression-free and overall survival were estimated using survival distributions (Exponential, Weibull, Log-logistic, and Log-normal). Exponential fits were chosen based on goodness-of-fit and clinical plausibility. RESULTS: In NSCLC, larotrectinib resulted in gains of 5.87 and 5.91 LYs compared to nivolumab and pembrolizumab, respectively, which translated to gains of 3.53 and 3.56 QALYs. In DTC, larotrectinib resulted in a gain of 5.23 LYs and 4.24 QALYs compared to pembrolizumab. CONCLUSIONS: In metastatic NSCLC and DTC, larotrectinib may produce substantial life expectancy and QALY gains compared to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Additional data with longer follow-up will further inform this comparison.

Access to melanoma drugs in Spain: a cross-sectional survey.

BACKGROUND: The development of highly active drugs has improved the survival of melanoma patients, but elevated drug prices place a significant burden on health care systems. In Spain, the public health care system is transferred to the 17 autonomous communities (AACC). The objective of this study is to describe the situation of drug access for melanoma patients in Spain and how this decentralized system is affecting equity. METHODS: From July to September 2023, a cross-sectional survey was sent to members of the Spanish Multidisciplinary Melanoma Group (GEM Group). The questionnaire consulted about the real access to new drugs in each hospital. The responses were collected anonymously and analyzed according to several variables, including the AACC. RESULTS: The survey was answered by 50 physicians in 15 AACC. No major differences on access between AACC were observed for indications that are reimbursed by the Spanish Health Care System (adjuvant immunotherapy for stage IIIC-IIID and resected stage IV melanoma). Important differences in drug access were observed among AACC and among centers within the same AACC, for most of the EMA indications that are not reimbursed (adjuvant immunotherapy for stages IIB-IIC-IIIA-IIIB) or that are not fully reimbursed (ipilimumab plus nivolumab in advanced stage). Homogeneously, access to adjuvant targeted drugs, TIL therapy and T-VEC, is extremely low or non-existing in all AACC. CONCLUSIONS: For most indications that reimbursement is restricted out of the EMA indication, a great diversity on access was found throughout the different hospitals in Spain, including heterogeneity intra-AACC.

Lesions in the oral mucosa associated with the use of checkpoint inhibitors: A bibliometric and critical review.

AIMS: Immune-related adverse events (irAEs) linked to the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have become increasingly frequent. To perform a bibliometric and critical review of the general panorama of publications on oral mucosal lesions (OML) associated with ICIs. METHODS AND RESULTS: Systematized searches were performed in four databases. The included studies were organized and bibliometric and clinical data were extracted and analyzed using VantagePoint and Microsoft Excel. Most of the 35 included studies were reports or case series (n = 33/94.2%). The American authors stood out (n = 17/48.5%), with the majority presenting only one publication. Independent groups carried out most of the publications (n = 31/88.5%). Over the years, publications have increased for users of nivolumab and pembrolizumab. In 21 studies (60%), OML were more common in men, between the 6th and 9th decades of life and who had lung carcinoma (n = 13/37.1%). Pembrolizumab (n = 17/48.5%) was the most used ICI. The patients were affected by one or more OML, including: ulcers (n = 28/80%) and erythema (n = 11/31.4%). Systemic corticosteroids (n = 24/68.5%) and the discontinuation of ICI use (n = 18/51.4%) were the main approaches used. CONCLUSION: OML related to the use of ICIs have become increasingly common. More accurate data need to be published.

Toxicidad sistémica y pulmonar por inmunoterapia: revisión narrativa a propósito de un caso / Systemic and pulmonary toxicity from immunotherapy: A narrative review and a clinical case report

En el último tiempo, la inmunoterapia se ha convertido en una opción terapéutica para diversos tipos de neoplasias, aumentando la sobrevida en muchos casos, pero también los efectos adversos asociados. Existen tres tipos de inmunoterapia utilizados en cáncer: Terapia de células T con receptor de antígeno quimérico (CAR-T), destacando como reacciones adversas el síndrome liberador de citoquinas (CRS) y el síndrome de neurotoxicidad (ICANS); Anticuerpos monoclonales (AcM), cuyos efectos adversos más comunes están relacionados con reacciones de hipersensibilidad; y los Inhibidores de puntos de control inmunitario (ICI) con toxicidad pulmonar claramente reportada. Para un correcto manejo de estas reacciones adversas se requiere un alto índice de sospecha, un adecuado diagnóstico diferencial y un tratamiento oportuno, basado principalmente en corticoides y guiado por criterios de gravedad. Se presenta el caso de un paciente con reacción granulomatosa sarcoidea posterior al uso de Nivolumab.

In recent times, immunotherapy has emerged as a therapeutic option for various neoplasms, significantly improving survival rates in many cases, albeit with associated adverse effects. There are three types of immunotherapy commonly used in cancer treatment: Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell Therapy (CAR-T), notable for adverse reactions such as Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS) and Immune Effector Cell-Associated Neurotoxicity Syndrome (ICANS); Monoclonal Antibodies (mAbs), with the most common adverse effects being hypersensitivity reactions; and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (ICI), with well-documented pulmonary toxicity. Adequate management of these adverse reactions requires a high index of suspicion, accurate differential diagnosis, and timely treatment, primarily based on corticosteroids and guided by severity criteria. We present a case of a patient with granulomatous sarcoid-like reaction following the use of Nivolumab.

Optimal Therapeutic Strategy for PD-L1 Negative Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Decision-Making Guide Based on Clinicopathological and Molecular Features.

OPINION STATEMENT: Strategies using immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), which can enhance antitumor immune responses, have revolutionized the lung cancer therapeutic landscape. The ICI mechanism of action involves the blockade of regulatory cell surface molecules using antibodies against the Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4 (CTLA-4) (ipilimumab, tremelimumab); the programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1; nivolumab, pembrolizumab); or the PD ligand-1 (PD-L1; atezolizumab, durvalumab). Notably, anti-PD-1 demonstrated long-term survival benefits, durable objective responses, and a manageable safety profile in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The combination of anti-PD1 or anti-PD-L1 and platinum chemotherapy achieved better survival outcomes than chemotherapy alone, which was observed irrespective of PD-L1 expression on cancer cells. Although promising results have been reported from large clinical trials, especially for patients with high PD-L1 expression, the optimal treatment approach for patients with PD-L1-negative NSCLC has yet to be defined. We propose a guide for clinicians in the therapeutic decision-making process based on the latest data available about treatments, prognostic factors, predictive biomarkers, and real-world evidence in PD-L1-negative NSCLC patients.

Cost-effectiveness of nivolumab and ipilimumab versus pembrolizumab and axitinib in advanced renal cell carcinoma with intermediate or poor prognostic risk: a Brazilian private healthcare system perspective.

OBJECTIVE: Nivolumab plus ipilimumab (NIVO + IPI) and pembrolizumab plus axitinib (PEM + AXI) have demonstrated significant clinical benefits as first-line (1 L) treatments for intermediate/poor-risk advanced renal cell carcinoma (aRCC) patients. This study aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of NIVO + IPI versus PEM + AXI from a Brazilian private healthcare system perspective, utilizing a novel approach to estimate comparative efficacy between the treatments. METHODS: A three-state partitioned survival model (progression-free, progressed, and death) was developed to estimate costs, life-years (LYs), quality-adjusted LYs (QALYs), and the incremental cost-utility ratio (ICUR) over a 40-year time horizon. In the absence of head-to-head comparisons between NIVO + IPI and PEM + AXI, clinical data for NIVO + IPI was obtained from CheckMate 214 (NCT02231749) and for PEM + AXI from KEYNOTE-426 (NCT02853331). A matching-adjusted indirect comparison was conducted to account for the imbalance of treatment effect modifiers between the trials. Patient characteristics, resource use, health state utilities, and costs were based on Brazilian-specific sources. Costs and health outcomes were both discounted by 5% annually in line with Brazilian guidelines. The robustness of the results was evaluated through extensive sensitivity analysis and scenario analyses. RESULTS: When comparing the matched versus unmatched OS, PFS, and TTD curves there was no noteworthy difference. NIVO + IPI was associated with cost savings (R$ 350,232), higher LYs (5.54 vs. 4.61), and QALYs (4.74 vs. 3.76) versus PEM + AXI, resulting in NIVO + IPI dominating PEM + AXI. Key model drivers were the treatment duration for PEM, NIVO, and AXI. NIVO + IPI remained dominant in all scenario analyses, which indicated that model results were robust to alternative modelling inputs or assumptions. CONCLUSIONS: This analysis shows that NIVO + IPI is estimated to be a life-extending and potentially cost-saving 1 L treatment option when compared with PEM + AXI for intermediate/poor-risk a RCC patients in the Brazilian private healthcare system.

SEOM SOGUG clinical guideline for treatment of kidney cancer (2022).

Renal cancer is the seventh most common cancer in men and the tenth in women. The aim of this article is to review the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of renal carcinoma accompanied by recommendations with new evidence and treatment algorithms. A new pathologic classification of RCC by the World Health Organization (WHO) was published in 2022 and this classification would be considered a "bridge" to a future molecular classification. For patients with localized disease, surgery is the treatment of choice with nephron-sparing surgery recommended when feasible. Adjuvant treatment with pembrolizumab is an option for intermediate-or high-risk cases, as well as patients after complete resection of metastatic disease. More data are needed in the future, including positive overall survival data. Clinical prognostic classification, preferably IMDC, should be used for treatment decision making in mRCC. Cytoreductive nephrectomy should not be deemed mandatory in individuals with intermediate-poor IMDC/MSKCC risk who require systemic therapy. Metastasectomy can be contemplated in selected subjects with a limited number of metastases or long metachronous disease-free interval. For the population of patients with metastatic ccRCC as a whole, the combination of pembrolizumab-axitinib, nivolumab-cabozantinib, or pembrolizumab-lenvatinib can be considered as the first option based on the benefit obtained in OS versus sunitinib. In cases that have an intermediate IMDC and poor prognosis, the combination of ipilimumab and nivolumab has demonstrated superior OS compared to sunitinib. As for individuals with advanced RCC previously treated with one or two antiangiogenic tyrosine-kinase inhibitors, nivolumab and cabozantinib are the options of choice. When there is progression following initial immunotherapy-based treatment, we recommend treatment with an antiangiogenic tyrosine-kinase inhibitor. While no clear sequence can be advocated, medical oncologists and patients should be aware of the recent advances and new strategies that improve survival and quality of life in the setting of metastatic RC.

Nivolumab for newly and recurrent glioblastoma multiforme treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis aiming to assess the efficacy and safety of Nivolumab treatment in patients with newly diagnosed and recurrent glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). DATA SOURCES: Our study followed the guidelines outlined in the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) recommendations. The protocol for this review can be found in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews Database (CRD42022340071). We performed searches on the Medline, PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. DATA SUMMARY: A total of 545 studies were identified through our comprehensive search across the five databases (PubMed: 78, Embase: 82, Medline: 173, Scopus: 138, Web of Science: 74). After conducting a thorough analysis, our meta-analysis indicated that treatment with Nivolumab led to improved overall survival (OS) outcomes in newly diagnosed glioblastoma patients, as evidenced by a prolonged median OS based on trial data. However, there was no significant beneficial effect observed in terms of median progression-free survival (PFS), as well as OS at 6, 12, and 24 months. Furthermore, our results demonstrated no efficacy of Nivolumab in the treatment of recurrent GBM patients. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, Nivolumab demonstrated promising results that warrant further investigation for its use in newly diagnosed glioblastoma patients. However, its effectiveness was not observed in the context of recurrent GBM.

Autoimmune encephalitis related to nivolumab followed by tumor regression.

Immune checkpoints inhibitors have shown a remarkable improvement in overall survival of stage IV renal cell carcinoma patients. Nevertheless, there is a wide range of immune-related adverse events (IRAE) that arise from these revolutionary treatments. Autoimmune encephalitis is a rare but severe central nervous system IRAE in these cancer patients. The severities of these IRAEs preclude patients from continuing immunotherapy treatment. Few cases of autoimmune encephalitis with immunotherapy have been described in the literature and optimal clinical management of these events as well as patient's immune-mediated response after treatment suspension is still unclear. Here, we report a case of a 67 years-old woman with stage IV renal cell carcinoma under treatment with nivolumab who developed autoimmune encephalitis. After high doses of corticosteroids patient's condition improved significantly with full recovery after 5 days of treatment. Even though nivolumab was not reinstalled, a persistent response of her oncologic disease was evidenced. We expect that this case can contribute to the existing literature of both subjects, the management of autoimmune encephalitis as grade IV immune related adverse event and the responses of immune checkpoint inhibitors after IRAE.

Los inhibidores de puntos de control inmunológico han mostrado una importante mejoría en la supervivencia global de los pacientes con carcinoma de riñón estadio IV. Sin embargo, existe una amplia variedad de efectos adversos inmunomediados que surgen a partir de estos tratamientos revolucionarios. La encefalitis autoinmune es un infrecuente pero grave efecto adverso inmunomediado del sistema nervioso central en estos pacientes. La gravedad de este cuadro impide que los pacientes continúen con el tratamiento de inmunoterapia. Se han descrito pocos casos de encefalitis autoinmune con inmunoterapia en la literatura y aún no está claro el manejo clínico óptimo de estos eventos, ni cómo continua la respuesta inmunomediada después de la suspensión del tratamiento. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 67 años con carcinoma de células renales estadio IV que desarrolló encefalitis autoinmune durante el tratamiento con nivolumab. La paciente mejoró significativamente luego del inicio del tratamiento con altas dosis de corticoides, con una recuperación completa después de 5 días del mismo. Si bien el nivolumab no se reinició, se evidenció una respuesta persistente de su enfermedad oncológica. Esperamos que este caso pueda contribuir a la literatura existente de ambos temas, el manejo de la encefalitis autoinmune como efecto adverso inmunomediado grado IV y las respuestas que se obtienen con la inmunoterapia luego de estos efectos adversos.

Real-world evidence of nivolumab for non-small-cell lung cancer in a developing country.

Nivolumab is a human programmed death receptor-1 blocking antibody, used as treatment option in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We assessed the nivolumab efficacy in terms of survival and response to treatment as second-line (2L) or third-line (3L) therapy in patients with advanced NSCLC. This is a multicentric observational study. Data of patients with advanced NSCLC who received nivolumab as 2L or 3L treatment were analyzed retrospectively. Information regarding patient demographics and clinical backgrounds, treatment patterns from diagnosis to post-nivolumab treatment, effectiveness, and safety of nivolumab treatment were collected. The outcomes evaluated were overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and objective response rate (ORR) to treatment. OS and PFS were estimated with the Kaplan-Meier method and the differences were evaluated through the log-rank test. Data of 178 patients were included. The median follow-up was 26.8 months (interquartile range (IQR): 20.3-40.4). Nivolumab was commonly used as a 2L treatment (77.5%). The outcomes in this setting (2L) were as follows: ORR was 21.0%, and the median PFS and OS were 5.5 months (95% confidence interval (CI): 4.5-6.5) and 12.4 months (95% CI: 10.8-14.0), respectively. In 3L, the ORR with nivolumab was 15.0%, the median PFS and OS were 4.1 months (95% CI: 3.1-5.1) and 10.1 months (95% CI: 9.4-10.6), respectively. Three patients (1.7%) required discontinuation due to toxicity. Nivolumab effectiveness and safety in this scenario was consistent with that reported by previous trials and other real-world data.

Response to Abemaciclib and Immunotherapy Rechallenge with Nivolumab and Ipilimumab in a Heavily Pretreated TMB-H Metastatic Squamous Cell Lung Cancer with CDKN2A Mutation, PIK3CA Amplification and TPS 80%: A Case Report.

Inactivation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A) gene is considerably more frequent in squamous cell lung cancer (SqCLC) than in other subtypes of lung cancer and may be a promising target for this histology. Here, we present the course of diagnosis and treatment of a patient with advanced SqCLC, harboring not only CDKN2A mutation but also PIK3CA amplification, Tumor Mutational Burden-High (>10 mutations/megabase), and a Tumor Proportion Score of 80%. After disease progression on multiple lines of chemotherapy and immunotherapy, he responded favorably to treatment with the CDK4/6i Abemaciclib and later achieved a durable partial response to immunotherapy rechallenge with a combination of anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4, nivolumab, and ipilimumab.

Evaluación de evidencia para drogas oncológicas de alto costo / Evaluating evidence for high-cost oncology drugs

INTRODUCCIÓN: El presente informe reporta la evaluación de tecnologías sanitarias realizada por el Departamento de Evaluación de Tecnologías Sanitarias de la División de Planificación Sanitaria, de la Subsecretaría de Salud Pública a solicitud del Departamento de Coordinación de Garantías y Prestaciones en Salud de la misma División, para tecnologías que actualmente son financiadas por Mecanismo de Financiamiento de Drogas Oncológicas de Alto Costo. METODOLOGÍA :Se solicitó la evaluación de 40 fármacos, entre los cuales se encuentran 8 corresponden a evaluaciones de alternativas terapéuticas (comparaciones head-to-head) y las restantes, a evaluaciones de un fármaco en comparación al tratamiento estándar o habitual. RESULTADOS: Cada una de las evaluaciones solicitadas se precisó en términos de una población, intervención y comparación específica, con un grupo de expertos clínicos. Este proceso estuvo compuesto por la evaluación de efectividad clínica y análisis económico. Por un lado, la evaluación de efectividad clínica se realizó a través de la revisión sistemática de la literatura y síntesis de la evidencia mediante metodología GRADE; considerando para la magnitud de los efectos la realización de un análisis de umbrales de beneficio, de acuerdo con los publicados por la European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO), y en el caso de no contar con ellos, se realizó una estimación con las utilidades en salud para cada desenlace. Por otro lado, el análisis económico incluyó distintos escenarios de impacto presupuestario para cada una de las solicitudes. CONCLUSIÓN: De las 40 solicitudes de evaluación, se llevaron a cabo 37, ya que no se realizó la evaluación de carfilzomib en población infantil con leucemia linfoblástica aguda, debido a que el fármaco no cuenta con registro sanitario en el Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile (ISP) y, adicionalmente se fusionaron 2 preguntas correspondientes al uso de timoglobulina y linfoglobulina; y otras dos preguntas correspondientes al uso de pembrolizumab en comparación con nivolumab en personas con melanoma.

Nivolumab comparado con Pembrolizumab en tratamiento adyuvante de pacientes con melanoma cutáneo operado / Nivolumab Compared With Pembrolizumab In Adjuvant Treatment Of Patients With Operated Cutaneous Melanoma

INTRODUCCIÓN: En el Perú, el melanoma maligno es la décimo tercera neoplasia con mayor frecuencia, alcanzando una incidencia de 1.8 por cada 100 000 personas con una mortalidad de 1.0 por 100 000, registrándose una incidencia de 1282 nuevos casos y una mortalidad de 364 casos anualmente. La resección quirúrgica de la lesión cutánea primaria y ganglionar con intención curativa es el estándar de tratamiento para los pacientes con melanoma primario de piel en estadios tempranos. Sin embargo, a pesar de la cirugía con intención curativa, un porcentaje de pacientes presentan recurrencia de enfermedad durante su evolución, especialmente aquellos con melanoma cutáneo estadio III. En pacientes con melanoma cutáneo estadio clínico IIIA y IIIB la sobrevida a 10 años es del 88% y 77%; y la sobrevida disminuye de forma más marcada en el estadio IIIC y IIID, siendo del 60% y 24%, respectivamente, por tal motivo se ha evaluado agentes adyuvantes que ayuden a reducir el riesgo de recurrencia. TECNOLOGÍA: Nivolumab y Pembrolizumab son agentes anti-PD1 y están reconocido por la FDA y EMA como parte del tratamiento adyuvante en melanoma cutáneo operado estadio III. MÉTODOS: La perspectiva adoptada fue la del financiador/pagador, que en este caso es el Sistema Integrado de Salud (S.I.S); por ello los costos directos (el costo de adquisición, el costo de administración de medicamentos, el costo de monitoreo de medicamentos y el costo de los eventos adversos), están seleccionados en función de los costos que el S.I.S debe asumir. No se consideró una tasa de descuento, ya que los flujos financieros se comparan a lo largo del tiempo, además, desde la perspectiva de los costos diferenciales, al no comparar entre dos intervenciones sino solo el impacto bajo un comparador, la utilización del descuento como reflejo de oportunidades perdidas de inversión deja de tener valor. El horizonte temporal que se está tomando para el Análisis de Impacto Presupuestario es de 3 años (2022 - 2024). Siendo el año base el 2021. La población elegible para este análisis será una estimación que hizo el departamento de Oncología Médica de los pacientes con melanoma cutáneo estadio IIIA-B-C-D con tratamiento adyuvante que se registraron en estos 3 últimos años. RESULTADOS: El modelo estima que de 15 a 16 pacientes del INEN en el año 1-3 serán diagnosticados con melanoma cutáneo operado estadio III. La Tabla 8 y la Tabla 9 detallan el número de pacientes en cada régimen dentro de la población de pacientes objetivo bajo el escenario de referencia (suponiendo que no haya entrada de Nivolumab como tratamiento adyuvante) y el nuevo escenario (asumiendo la entrada Nivolumab como tratamiento adyuvante), respectivamente. CONCLUSIONES: El costo de tratamiento por paciente de Nivolumab es mayor que el de Pembrolizumab (S/ 341.765,89 vs. S/ 307.387,05) debido al mayor costo de adquisición, administración y monitoreo del fármaco. Nivolumab tiene un menor riesgo de presentar eventos adversos grado 3 y 4 en comparación con Pembrolizumab, pero a pesar de ello; este ahorro en costos por eventos adversos no logra superar a los otros costos en los que Pembrolizumab es menor. El Análisis de Sensibilidad mostro que solo reduciendo en 15% el costo de adquisición del medicamento, se podrá obtener ahorro desde el primer año. Si bien Nivolumab presenta similar eficacia que Pembrolizumab, el impacto económico que genera la adopción de este medicamento para este análisis resulta en un mayor esfuerzo presupuestal de S/1,427,914 durante los 3 años, para poder financiar esta nueva tecnologia.