Sub-acute and long-term effects of ayahuasca on affect and cognitive thinking style and their association with ego dissolution.

RATIONALE: Ayahuasca is a psychotropic plant tea from South America used for religious purposes by indigenous people of the Amazon. Increasing evidence indicates that ayahuasca may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of mental health disorders and can enhance mindfulness-related capacities. Most research so far has focused on acute and sub-acute effects of ayahuasca on mental health-related parameters and less on long-term effects. OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to assess sub-acute and long-term effects of ayahuasca on well-being and cognitive thinking style. The second objective was to assess whether sub-acute and long-term effects of ayahuasca depend on the degree of ego dissolution that was experienced after consumption of ayahuasca. RESULTS: Ayahuasca ceremony attendants (N = 57) in the Netherlands and Colombia were assessed before, the day after, and 4 weeks following the ritual. Relative to baseline, ratings of depression and stress significantly decreased after the ayahuasca ceremony and these changes persisted for 4 weeks. Likewise, convergent thinking improved post-ayahuasca ceremony up until the 4 weeks follow-up. Satisfaction with life and several aspects of mindfulness increased the day after the ceremony, but these changes failed to reach significance 4 weeks after. Changes in affect, satisfaction with life, and mindfulness were significantly correlated to the level of ego dissolution experienced during the ayahuasca ceremony and were unrelated to previous experience with ayahuasca. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that ayahuasca produces sub-acute and long-term improvements in affect and cognitive thinking style in non-pathological users. These data highlight the therapeutic potential of ayahuasca in the treatment of mental health disorders, such as depression.

Impacto das drogas na saúde física e mental de dependentes químicos / Drug use impact in drug addicts' physical and mental health

Pesquisa qualitativa e exploratória -desenvolvida em 2012 e 2013 -em uma unidade de reabilitação para dependentes químicos no Paraná, com objetivo de verificar o impacto do uso de drogas na saúde física e mental do dependente químico. Foram entrevistados vinte dependentes químicos em tratamento. Os dados foram coletados mediante entrevista semiestruturada e tratados com a técnica de análise categorial temática. Os resultados demonstraram impactos na condição física do dependente químico relacionados à intoxicaçãopor drogas, estado de abstinência, alterações de alimentação, sono, higiene e aparência pessoal. Em relação ao impacto das drogas na saúde mental, os resultados apontaram a presença de comorbidades psiquiátricas, como: esquizofrenia e transtorno afetivo bipolar, bem como alterações de pensamento, percepção, memória, cognição e comportamento. Conclui-se que as drogas ocasionam graves impactos na saúde física e mental dos dependentes químicos a partir de consequências nocivas na condição física, no autocuidado, no pensamento, na cognição e no comportamento.

This is a qualitative study of exploratory method, developedin2012 and 2013,in a rehab unity to drug addicts, Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil, its aim is verify the drug use impact in addicts' physical and mental health. Twenty drug addicts in treatment were interviewed.Data collected by through of semi-structured interviews andprocessed using the categorical thematic analysis.The results showed impacts on physical medical condition related to drug poisoning, the state of abstinence, changes on feed, sleep, rest, hygiene and personal appearance.Regarding the impact of substance abuse in mental health, the results indicated the presence of psychiatric comorbidies as schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder, thought changes, perception, memory and cognition, also behavioral changes. As conclusion, drugs are responsible for huge impacts in addicts' physical and mental health considering the harmful consequences in the physical conditions, self-care, thought, cognition and in the behavior.

Effects of selective serotonin reuptake and dual serotonergic-noradrenergic reuptake treatments on memory and mental processing speed in patients with major depressive disorder.

Patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) usually suffer from altered cognitive functions of episodic memory, working memory, mental processing speed and motor response. Diverse studies suggest that different antidepressant agents may improve cognitive functions in patients with MDD. The aim of this work is to study the effects of serotonergic reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonergic-noradrenergic reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) treatments to improve the performance on memory tasks and mental processing speed in MDD. Seventy-three subjects meeting criteria for major depressive disorder were assessed with the Hamilton depression rating scale and a neuropsychological battery. The subjects were medicated with escitalopram (n=36) or duloxetine (n=37) for 24 weeks. At the end of the trial, the subjects were assessed again with the same neuropsychological battery used prior to the treatment. Both treatments improved importantly the episodic memory and to a lesser extent, working memory, mental processing speed and motor performance. Our results suggest that cognition is partially independent from improvement in clinical symptoms. Both groups achieved remission rates in the HAM-D-17 after 24 weeks of treatment, but SNRI was superior to SSRI at improving episodic and working memory. Our work indicates that the superiority of SNRI over the SSRI at episodic memory improvement is clinically relevant.