A Whole-Process Visible Strategy for the Preparation of Rhizomucor miehei Lipase with Escherichia coli Secretion Expression System and the Immobilization.

BACKGROUND: Rhizomucor miehei (RM) lipase is a regioselective lipase widely used in food, pharmaceutical and biofuel industries. However, the high cost and low purity of the commercial RM lipase limit its industrial applications. Therefore, it is necessary to develop cost-effective strategies for large-scale preparation of this lipase. The present study explored the high-level expression of RM lipase using superfolder green fluorescent protein (sfGFP)-mediated Escherichia coli secretion system. RESULTS: The sfGFP(-15) mutant was fused to the C-terminus of RM lipase to mediate its secretion expression. The yield of the fusion protein reached approximately 5.1 g/L with high-density fermentation in 5-L fermentors. Unlike conventional secretion expression methods, only a small portion of the target protein was secreted into the cell culture while majority of the fusion protein was still remained in the cytoplasm. However, in contrast to intracellular expression, the target protein in the cytoplasm could be transported efficiently to the supernatant through a simple washing step with equal volume of phosphate saline (PBS), without causing cell disruption. Hence, the approach facilitated the downstream purification step of the recombinant RM lipase. Moreover, contamination or decline of the engineered strain and degradation or deactivation of the target enzyme can be detected efficiently because they exhibited bright green fluorescence. Next, the target protein was immobilized with anion-exchange and macropore resins. Diethylaminoethyl sepharose (DEAE), a weak-basic anion-exchange resin, exhibited the highest bind capacity but inhibited the activity of RM lipase dramatically. On the contrary, RM lipase fixed with macropore resin D101 demonstrated the highest specific activity. Although immobilization with D101 didn't improve the activity of the enzyme, the thermostability of the immobilized enzyme elevated significantly. The immobilized RM lipase retained approximately 90% of its activity after 3-h incubation at 80 °C. Therefore, D101 was chosen as the supporting material of the target protein. CONCLUSION: The present study established a highly efficient strategy for large-scale preparation of RM lipase. This innovative technique not only provides high-purity RM lipase at a low cost but also has great potential as a platform for the preparation of lipases in the future.

Expression and purification of an NP-hoc fusion protein: Utilizing influenza a nucleoprotein and phage T4 hoc protein.

Influenza poses a substantial health risk, with infants and the elderly being particularly susceptible to its grave impacts. The primary challenge lies in its rapid genetic evolution, leading to the emergence of new Influenza A strains annually. These changes involve punctual mutations predominantly affecting the two main glycoproteins: Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA). Our existing vaccines target these proteins, providing short-term protection, but fall short when unexpected pandemics strike. Delving deeper into Influenza's genetic makeup, we spotlight the nucleoprotein (NP) - a key player in the transcription, replication, and packaging of RNA. An intriguing characteristic of the NP is that it is highly conserved across all Influenza A variants, potentially paving the way for a more versatile and broadly protective vaccine. We designed and synthesized a novel NP-Hoc fusion protein combining Influenza A nucleoprotein and T4 phage Hoc, cloned using Gibson assembly in E. coli, and purified via ion affinity chromatography. Simultaneously, we explore the T4 coat protein Hoc, typically regarded as inconsequential in controlled viral replication. Yet, it possesses a unique ability: it can link with another protein, showcasing it on the T4 phage coat. Fusing these concepts, our study designs, expresses, and purifies a novel fusion protein named NP-Hoc. We propose this protein as the basis for a new generation of vaccines, engineered to guard broadly against Influenza A. The excitement lies not just in the immediate application, but the promise this holds for future pandemic resilience, with NP-Hoc marking a significant leap in adaptive, broad-spectrum influenza prevention.

Soluble expression of recombinant human interleukin-2 in Escherichia coli and its facile production.

Recombinant human interleukin-2 (rhIL-2) represents one of the most difficult-to-produce cytokines in E. coli due to its extreme hydrophobicity and high tendency to formation of inclusion bodies. Refolding of rhIL-2 inclusion bodies always represents cumbersome downstream processes and low production efficiency. Herein, we disclosed a fusion strategy for efficiently soluble expression and facile production of rhIL-2 in E. coli Origami B (DE3) host. A two-tandem SUMO fusion partner (His-2SUMO) with a unique SUMO protease cleavage site at C-terminus was devised to fuse with the N-terminus of rhIL-2 and the fusion protein (His-2SUMO-rhIL-2) was almost completely expressed in a soluble from. The fusion partner could be efficiently removed by Ulp1 cleavage and the rhIL-2 was simply produced by a two-step Ni-NTA affinity chromatography with a considerable purity and whole recovery. The eventually obtained rhIL-2 was well-characterized and the results showed that the purified rhIL-2 exhibits a compact and ordered structure. Although the finally obtained rhIL-2 exists in a soluble aggregates form and the aggregation probably has been occurred during expression stage, the soluble rhIL-2 aggregates remain exhibit comparable bioactivity with the commercially available rhIL-2 drug formulation.

Engineering and characterization of GFP-targeting nanobody: Expression, purification, and post-translational modification analysis.

Nanobodies are single-variable domain antibodies with excellent properties, which are evolving as versatile tools to guide cognate antigens in vitro and in vivo for biological research, diagnosis, and treatment. Given their simple structure, nanobodies are readily produced in multiple systems. However, selecting an appropriate expression system is crucial because different conditions might cause proteins to produce different folds or post-translational modifications (PTMs), and these differences often result in different functions. At present, the strategies of PTMs are rarely reported. The GFP nanobody can specifically target the GFP protein. Here, we engineered a GFP nanobody fused with 6 × His tag and Fc tag, respectively, and expressed in bacteria and mammalian cells. The 6 × His-GFP-nanobody was produced from Escherichia coli at high yields and the pull-down assay indicated that it can precipitate the GFP protein. Meanwhile, the Fc-GFP-nanobody can be expressed in HEK293T cells, and the co-immunoprecipitation experiment can trace and target the GFP-tagged protein in vivo. Furthermore, some different PTMs in antigen-binding regions have been identified after using mass spectrometry (MS) to analyze the GFP nanobodies, which are expressed in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In this study, a GFP nanobody was designed, and its binding ability was verified by using the eukaryotic and prokaryotic protein expression systems. In addition, this GFP nanobody was transformed into a useful instrument for more in-depth functional investigations of GFP fusion proteins. MS was further used to explore the reason for the difference in binding ability, providing a novel perspective for the study of GFP nanobodies and protein expression purification.

[Preparation of recombinant mussel mucin Mfp-3P and its promotion of wound healing].

To investigate the role of recombinant mussel mucin in wound healing, we aimed to prepare this mucin using Pichia pastoris as the host microbe. Our method involved constructing a genetically engineered strain of P. pastoris that expressed a fusion protein consisting of Mfp-3 and preCol-P peptide segments of mussel. After fermentation and purification, we obtained a pure recombinant mussel mucin product. We then conducted experiments to evaluate its effect at both the cellular and animal levels. At the cellular level, we examined its impact on the proliferation and migration of mouse fibroblast L929. At the animal level, we assessed its ability to promote wound healing after full-layer skin resection in rats. Our results showed that the recombinant mussel mucin protein has a content of 90.28% and a purity of 96.49%. The content of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) was 0.73 wt%, and the endotoxin content was less than 0.5 EU/mg. Importantly, the recombinant mussel mucin protein significantly promoted both the migration and proliferation of mouse fibroblast, as well as the wound healing in rat skin. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that recombinant mussel mucin has the potential to promote wound healing and can be considered a promising medical biomaterial.

High-yield and cost-effective biosynthesis process for producing antimicrobial peptide AA139.

AA139, a variant of natural antimicrobial peptide (AMP) arenicin-3, displayed potent activity against multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Gram-negative bacteria. Nevertheless, there were currently few reports on the bioprocess of AA139, and the yields were less than 5 mg/L. Additionally, it was difficult and expensive to prepare AA139 through chemical synthesis due to its complex structure. These factors have impeded the further research and following clinical application of AA139. Here, we reported a bioprocess for the preparation of AA139, which was expressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli) BL21 (DE3) intracellularly in a soluble form via SUMO (small ubiquitin-related modifier) fusion technology. Then, recombinant AA139 (rAA139, refer to AA139 obtained by recombinant expression in this study) was obtained through the simplified downstream process, which was rationally designed in accordance with the physicochemical characteristics. Subsequently, the expression level of the interest protein was increased by 54% after optimization of high cell density fermentation (HCDF). Finally, we obtained a yield of 56 mg of rAA139 from 1 L culture with a purity of 98%, which represented the highest reported yield of AA139 to date. Furthermore, various characterizations were conducted to confirm the molecular mass, disulfide bonds, and antimicrobial activity of rAA139.

Prokaryotic Expression and Affinity Purification of DDX3 Protein.

BACKGROUND: DDX3 is a protein with RNA helicase activity that is involved in a variety of biological processes, and it is an important protein target for the development of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs, multiple cancers and chronic inflammation. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to establish a simple and efficient method to express and purify DDX3 protein in E. coli, and the recombinant DDX3 should maintain helicase activity for further tailor-made screening and biochemical function validation. METHODS: DDX3 cDNA was simultaneously cloned into pET28a-TEV and pNIC28-Bsa4 vectors and transfected into E. coli BL21 (DE3) to compare one suitable prokaryotic expression system. The 6×His-tag was fused to the C-terminus of DDX3 to form a His-tagging DDX3 fusion protein for subsequent purification. Protein dissolution buffer and purification washing conditions were optimized. The His-tagged DDX3 protein would bind with the Ni-NTA agarose by chelation and collected by affinity purification. The 6×His-tag fused with N-terminal DDX3 was eliminated from DDX3 by TEV digestion. A fine purification of DDX3 was performed by gel filtration chromatography. RESULTS: The recombinant plasmid pNIC28-DDX3, which contained a 6×His-tag and one TEV cleavage site at the N terminal of DDX3 sequence, was constructed for DDX3 prokaryotic expression and affinity purification based on considering the good solubility of the recombinant His-tagging DDX3, especially under 0.5 mM IPTG incubation at 18°C for 18 h to obtain more soluble DDX3 protein. Finally, the exogenous recombinant DDX3 protein was obtained with more than 95% purity by affinity purification on the Ni-NTA column and removal of miscellaneous through gel filtration chromatography. The finely-purified DDX3 still retained its ATPase activity. CONCLUSION: A prokaryotic expression pNIC28-DDX3 system is constructed for efficient expression and affinity purification of bioactive DDX3 protein in E. coli BL21(DE3), which provides an important high-throughput screening and validation of drugs targeting DDX3.

Improving Photocleavage Efficiency of Photocleavable Protein for Antimicrobial Peptide Histatin 1 Expression.

BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are promising alternative agents for antibiotics to overcome antibiotic resistance problems. But, it is difficult to produce large-scale antimicrobial research due to the toxicity towards expression hosts or degradation by peptidases in the host. Therefore, heterologous recombinant expression of antimicrobial peptides has always been a challenging issue. OBJECTIVES: To overcome toxicity to the expression host and low expression level, a new photocleavable protein fusion expression method for antimicrobial peptides is provided.3 Methods: Through directed evolution and high throughput screening, a photocleavable protein mutant R6-2-6-4 with a higher photocleavage efficiency was obtained. The DNA coding sequence of antimicrobial peptide Histatin 1 was fused within the sequence of R6-2-6-4 gene. The fusion gene was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli expression system. RESULTS: Antimicrobial peptide Histatin 1 could be successfully expressed and purified by fusing within PhoCl mutant R6-2-6-4. The antimicrobial activity was rarely affected, and the MIC value was 33 ug/mL, which was basically equivalent to 32 ug/mL of the chemically synthesized Histatin 1. After amplification in a 5 L fermenter, the expression of PhoCl mutant (R6-2-6-4)-Histatin1 improved up to 87.6 mg/L in fermenter, and Histatin1 obtained by photocleavage also could up to 11 mg/L. The prepared Histatin1 powder remained stable when stored at 4oC for up to 4 months without any degradation. In addition, the expression and photocleavage of ß -Defensin105 and Lysostaphin verified the certain universality of the PhoCl mutant fusion expression system. CONCLUSION: Antimicrobial peptides Histatin 1, ß -Defensin 105 and Lysostaphin were successfully expressed and purified by photocleavable protein mutant. This may provide a novel strategy to express and purify antimicrobial peptides in the Escherichia coli expression system.

Expression, purification and investigation of antibacterial activity of a novel hybrid peptide LL37/hBD-129 by applied comprehensive computational and experimental approaches.

Antibiotic-resistant pathogens have become a great universal health concern. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small amphipathic and cationic polypeptides with high therapeutic potential against various microorganisms containing drug-resistant strains. Two major groups of these peptides, which have antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, antiviral activity, and even antifungal activity, are defensins and cathelicidins. Hybridization of various AMPs is an appropriate approach to achieving new fusion AMPs with high antibacterial activity but low cellular toxicity. In the current research, the amino-acid sequence of human cathelicidin LL-37 (2-31) and Human beta-defensin (hBD)-129 were combined, and the fusion protein was evaluated by bioinformatics tool. The designed AMP gene sequence was commercially synthesized and cloned in the pET-28a expression vector. The LL-37/hBD-129 fusion protein was expressed in E.coli BL21-gold (DE3). The expression of the recombinant protein was evaluated using the SDS-PAGE method. The LL37/hBD-129 was successfully expressed as a recombinant hybrid AMP in E.coli BL21-gold (DE3) strain. Purification of the expressed AMP was performed by Ni-NTA column affinity chromatography, and the purified AMP was validated using the Western blot technic. Finally, the antimicrobial activity of the fusion AMP against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria was assessed. Based on the in silico analysis and experimental evaluations, the fusion AMP showed a significant antimicrobial effect on E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.

High-Yield Production of Chimeric Hepatitis E Virus-Like Particles Bearing the M2e Influenza Epitope and Receptor Binding Domain of SARS-CoV-2 in Plants Using Viral Vectors.

Capsid protein of Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is capable of self-assembly into virus-like particles (VLPs) when expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Such VLPs could be used as carriers of antigens for vaccine development. In this study, we obtained VLPs based on truncated coat protein of HEV bearing the M2e peptide of Influenza A virus or receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein (RBD). We optimized the immunogenic epitopes' presentation by inserting them into the protruding domain of HEV ORF2 at position Tyr485. The fusion proteins were expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana plants using self-replicating potato virus X (PVX)-based vector. The fusion protein HEV/M2, targeted to the cytosol, was expressed at the level of about 300-400 µg per gram of fresh leaf tissue and appeared to be soluble. The fusion protein was purified using metal affinity chromatography under native conditions with the final yield about 200 µg per gram of fresh leaf tissue. The fusion protein HEV/RBD, targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum, was expressed at about 80-100 µg per gram of fresh leaf tissue; the yield after purification was up to 20 µg per gram of fresh leaf tissue. The recombinant proteins HEV/M2 and HEV/RBD formed nanosized virus-like particles that could be recognized by antibodies against inserted epitopes. The ELISA assay showed that antibodies of COVID-19 patients can bind plant-produced HEV/RBD virus-like particles. This study shows that HEV capsid protein is a promising carrier for presentation of foreign antigen.

Quality by Design in Downstream Process Development of Romiplostim

Background: Background: Downstream processing of therapeutic recombinant proteins expressed as the inclusion bodies (IBs) in E. coli is quite challenging. This study aimed to use the quality by design approach for developing the multi-step downstream process of a structurally complex therapeutic Fc-Peptide fusion protein, romiplostim. Methods: Methods: For development of a successful downstream process, risk analysis and experimental designs were used to characterize the most critical quality attributes (CQAs) and effects of process parameters on these quality attributes. Results: Results: The solubilization of IBs was optimized by design of experiment on three parameters with a focus on solubility yield, which resulted in >75% increase of the target protein solubilization. The pH of sample was identified as CQA in anion exchange chromatography that might have an impact on achieving >85% host cell proteins removal and >90% host cell DNA reduction. In the refolding step, process parameters were screened. Cystine/cysteine ratio, pH, and incubation time identified as CPPs were further optimized using Box-Behnken analysis, which >85% of the target protein was refolded. The design space for further purification step by HIC was mapped with a focus on high molecular weight impurities. After polishing by gel filtration, the final product's biological activity showed no statistically significant differences among the groups received romiplostim and Nplate®, as the reference product. Conclusions: Conclusion: This research presents a precise and exhaustive model for mapping the design space in order to describe and anticipate the link between the yield and quality of romiplostim and its downstream process parameters.

Production of autolysis-proof Kex2 protease from Candida albicans in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for in vitro processing of fusion proteins.

Protein expression with a fusion partner followed by the removal of the fusion partner via in vitro processing with a specific endoprotease is a favored method for the efficient production of intact recombinant proteins. Due to the high cost of commercial endoproteases, this process is restricted to laboratories. Kex2p is a membrane-bound serine protease that cleaves after dibasic residues of substrates in the late Golgi network. Although Kex2p is a very efficient endoprotease with exceptional specificity, it has not yet been used for the in vitro processing of fusion proteins due to its autolysis and high production cost. In this study, we developed an alternative endoprotease, autolysis-proof Kex2p, via site-directed mutagenesis of truncated KEX2 from Candida albicans (CaKEX2). Secretory production of manipulated CaKex2p was improved by employing target protein-specific translational fusion partner in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The mass production of autolysis-proof Kex2p could facilitate the use of Kex2p for the large-scale production of recombinant proteins. KEY POINTS: • A soluble and active CaKex2p variant was produced by autocatalytic cleavage of the pro-peptide after truncation of C-terminus • Autolysis-proof CaKex2p was developed by site-directed mutagenesis • Secretion of autolysis-proof CaKex2p was improved by employing optimal translational fusion partner in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Improved Soluble Expression in Escherichia coli and Easily Purified Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic 7-2 Fusion Protein.

BACKGROUND: Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) is a cysteine-rich growth factor and plays a key role in early bone tissue development and bone defect repair. However, the low yield, high cost and complicated process in BMP significantly limit its clinical application. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we developed an efficient method for soluble expression and preparation of recombinant human bone morphogenetic 7-2 fusion protein (rhBMP7-2) and determined its molecular weight and biological activity. METHODS: The fusion gene for rhBMP-2 and rhBMP-7 was inserted into the pET-ELP expression vector. Correct DNA sequence was confirmed, the rhBMP7-2-ELP was transformed into Escherichia coli strain BL21 (DE3), and the rhBMP7-2 was produced in the recombinant E. coli. Recombinant BMP7-2 purify was identified using Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The cell proliferation and biological activity of rhBMP7-2 were measured by Cell Counting Kit-8 and Alkaline Phosphatase assay using C2C12 cells, respectively. RESULTS: The result of digestion of NdeI, BamHI and XhoI enzymes showed that the rhBMP7-2-ELP was correctly constructed. The recombinant BMP7-2 was successfully expressed in soluble form; the purified rhBMP7-2 showed biological activity and significantly promoted cell proliferation and differentiation in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION: The rhBMP7-2 fusion protein with osteogenic activity was prepared through a lowcost and time-efficient method. Our preparation method presents the potential to be applied to the large-scale production of rhBMP7-2 and is expected to play a significant role in clinical treatment.

An ultrapotent RBD-targeted biparatopic nanobody neutralizes broad SARS-CoV-2 variants.

The wide transmission and host adaptation of SARS-CoV-2 have led to the rapid accumulation of mutations, posing significant challenges to the effectiveness of vaccines and therapeutic antibodies. Although several neutralizing antibodies were authorized for emergency clinical use, convalescent patients derived natural antibodies are vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 Spike mutation. Here, we describe the screen of a panel of SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) targeted nanobodies (Nbs) from a synthetic library and the design of a biparatopic Nb, named Nb1-Nb2, with tight affinity and super-wide neutralization breadth against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. Deep-mutational scanning experiments identify the potential binding epitopes of the Nbs on the RBD and demonstrate that biparatopic Nb1-Nb2 has a strong escape-resistant feature against more than 60 tested RBD amino acid substitutions. Using pseudovirion-based and trans-complementation SARS-CoV-2 tools, we determine that the Nb1-Nb2 broadly neutralizes multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants at sub-nanomolar levels, including Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1), Delta (B.1.617.2), Lambda (C.37), Kappa (B.1.617.1), and Mu (B.1.621). Furthermore, a heavy-chain antibody is constructed by fusing the human IgG1 Fc to Nb1-Nb2 (designated as Nb1-Nb2-Fc) to improve its neutralization potency, yield, stability, and potential half-life extension. For the new Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) that harbors unprecedented multiple RBD mutations, Nb1-Nb2-Fc keeps a firm affinity (KD < 1.0 × 10-12 M) and strong neutralizing activity (IC50 = 1.46 nM for authentic Omicron virus). Together, we developed a tetravalent biparatopic human heavy-chain antibody with ultrapotent and broad-spectrum SARS-CoV-2 neutralization activity which highlights the potential clinical applications.

Escherichia coli recombinant expression of SARS-CoV-2 protein fragments.

We have developed a method for the inexpensive, high-level expression of antigenic protein fragments of SARS-CoV-2 proteins in Escherichia coli. Our approach uses the thermophilic family 9 carbohydrate-binding module (CBM9) as an N-terminal carrier protein and affinity tag. The CBM9 module was joined to SARS-CoV-2 protein fragments via a flexible proline-threonine linker, which proved to be resistant to E. coli proteases. Two CBM9-spike protein fragment fusion proteins and one CBM9-nucleocapsid fragment fusion protein largely resisted protease degradation, while most of the CBM9 fusion proteins were degraded at some site in the SARS-CoV-2 protein fragment. All of the fusion proteins were highly expressed in E. coli and the CBM9-ID-H1 fusion protein was shown to yield 122 mg/L of purified product. Three purified CBM9-SARS-CoV-2 fusion proteins were tested and found to bind antibodies directed to the appropriate SARS-CoV-2 antigenic regions. The largest intact CBM9 fusion protein, CBM9-ID-H1, incorporates spike protein amino acids 540-588, which is a conserved region overlapping and C-terminal to the receptor binding domain that is widely recognized by human convalescent sera and contains a putative protective epitope.

Robust Recombinant Expression of Human Placental Ribonuclease Inhibitor in Insect Cells.

Ribonuclease inhibitors (RIs) are an indispensable biotechnological tool for the detection and manipulation of RNA. Nowadays, due to the outbreak of COVID-19, highly sensitive detection of RNA has become more important than ever. Although the recombinant expression of RNase inhibitors is possible in E. coli, the robust expression is complicated by maintaining the redox potential and solubility by various expression tags. In the present paper we describe the expression of RI in baculovirus-infected High Five cells in large scale utilizing a modified transfer vector combining the beneficial properties of Profinity Exact Tag and pONE system. The recombinant RI is expressed at a high level in a fusion form, which is readily cleaved during on-column chromatography. A subsequent anion exchange chromatography was used as a polishing step to yield 12 mg native RI per liter of culture. RI expressed in insect cells shows higher thermal stability than the commercially available RI products (mainly produced in E. coli) based on temperature-dependent RNase inhibition studies. The endotoxin-free RI variant may also be applied in future therapeutics as a safe additive to increase mRNA stability in mRNA-based vaccines.

Functional analysis of the nonstructural protein NSs of tomato zonate spot virus.

Tomato zonate spot virus (TZSV), a member of the genus orthotospovirus, causes severe damage to vegetables and ornamental crops in southwest China. The NSs protein is an RNA silencing suppressor in various orthotospovirus like TZSV, but its mechanism and role in virus infection are poorly understood. Here, we observed that an NSs-GFP fusion protein was transiently expressed on the plasma membrane and Golgi bodies in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. The TZSV NSs gene was silenced and infiltrated into N. benthamiana and N. tabacum cv. K326. RT-qPCR and Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ID-ELISA) showed that the transcription and the protein expression of the NSs gene were inhibited by more than 90.00%, and the symptoms on silenced plants were alleviated. We also found that the expression of the Zingipain-2-like gene significantly decreased when the NSs gene was silenced, resulting in co-localization of the NSs-GFP and the Zingipain-2-like-mCherry fusion protein. The findings of this study provide new insights into the mechanism of silencing suppression by NSs, as well as its effect on systemic virus infection, and also support the theory of disease resistance breeding and control and prevention of TZSV in the field.

Linkers: A synergistic way for the synthesis of chimeric proteins.

In the cell, the protein domains are attached with the short oligopeptide, commonly known as linker peptide. Besides bridging, the linker assists in the domain-domain interaction and protein folding into the peculiar conformations. Linkers allow or control the movement of protein domains in the dynamic cellular environment. The recent advances in the recombinant DNA technology enable the construction of multiple gene constructs in an open reading frame. The express sequences can work in a cascade to cater for myriad functions. This trend has given momentum to incorporating bridge sequences (linker) that essentially separates the independent domains. According to the cellular need, the bridging partner can be spaced at a secure gap or requires attaching or interacting physically. The flexible or rigid linker can help to achieve such conformations in chimeric fusion proteins. The linker can improve solubility, proteolytic resistance and stability of such fusion proteins. Recently, linker aided protein switches and antibody-drug conjugates are gaining the attention of researchers worldwide. Here, we thoroughly reviewed the types of the linker, strategies for linker engineering and the composition of a linker.

High level expression and purification of recombinant 3ABC non-structural protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus using SUMO fusion system.

The detection of antibody to non-structural protein (NSP) of Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is the reliable diagnostic method for differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA). For this purpose, the detection of antibodies to non-structural 3ABC protein is suitable for identification of virus activity in the animals exposed to FMDV infection. However, large-scale production of recombinant 3ABC protein is challenging due to the formation of inclusion bodies in Escherichia coli and low yield due to protein aggregation during in vitro refolding. In this study, 3ABC gene was fused with SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifiers) fusion system which significantly enhanced expression of recombinant 3ABC protein in E. coli. The solubility of the recombinant 6xHis-SUMO 3ABC fusion protein was improved by mild detergent treatment and purified through Ni-NTA chromatography under non-denaturing conditions which yielded 9 mg protein obtained from 1-L bacterial fermentation culture. The diagnostic potential of recombinant 3ABC protein was also tested by ELISA that provided reliable diagnostic performance (DSn = 92%, DSp = 94%) upon comparison with commercially available kit. The thermal stability of fusion protein was also tested which presented reliable performance at different temperatures. In conclusion, we presented SUMO fusion for the enhanced expression in E. coli and purification of active recombinant 3ABC protein using non-denaturing conditions without refolding steps. This protein can be used as a suitable diagnostic antigen to detect antibodies following FMDV infection.

Production, purification and characterization of a double-tagged TEV protease.

Many recombinant proteins are products of great value in biomedical and industrial fields. The use of solubility and affinity tags are commonly used to increase yields and facilitate the purification process. However, it is of paramount importance in several applications to remove the fusion tag from the final product. In this regard, the Tobacco Etch Virus protease (TEV) is one of the most widely used for tag removal. The presence in the TEV of the same tag to be removed facilitates the separation of TEV and the tag from the cleaved recombinant protein in a single purification step. We generated a double-tagged (StrepTagII and HisTag) TEV variant with reported mutations that improve the activity, the expression yield in E.coli, and that decrease the auto-proteolysis. This TEV can be easily purified by two consecutive affinity chromatography steps with high yields and purity. The cleavage reaction can be done to almost completeness in as fast as 15 min at room temperature and the removal of the protease and tags is performed in a single purification step, independent of the previous presence of a StrepTagII or a HisTag on the target.