Pontos de corte de circunferência da cintura de acordo com o estadiamento puberal para identificar sobrepeso em adolescentes / Cut off values for waist circumference to predict overweight in brazilian adolescents, according to pubertal staging

RESUMO Objetivo: Elaborar pontos de corte de circunferência da cintura de acordo com o estadiamento puberal para identificar sobrepeso em adolescentes. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo longitudinal, aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa, com 557 adolescentes, de 10 a 15 anos de idade, selecionados em escolas públicas. Aferiram-se as medidas de circunferência de cintura, braço, pescoço e quadril, percentual de gordura, massa corporal, estatura e pressão arterial. Para determinar a maturação sexual, foi utilizada a autoavaliação da escala de Tanner. Aplicou-se a curva ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve) para determinar: poder preditivo, sensibilidade, especificidade e os pontos de corte de circunferência de cintura para identificação de sobrepeso. Resultados: Observou-se correlação positiva entre circunferência de cintura e massa corporal, índice de massa corporal (IMC), circunferência do braço e quadril, razão cintura/quadril e pressão arterial em ambos os sexos. Os pontos de corte para circunferência de cintura de acordo com o estadiamento puberal para identificação de sobrepeso que apresentaram maior desempenho na curva ROC foram: 71,65 cm para meninas pré-púberes, 67,90 cm para meninas púberes, 70,25 cm para meninas pós-púberes e 66,45 cm para meninos púberes. Faixa etária, massa corporal, estatura, IMC, porcentagem de gordura, circunferência do braço e do quadril foram considerados fatores preditores da circunferência da cintura alterada. Conclusões: Os pontos de corte de circunferência da cintura de acordo com o estadiamento puberal demonstraram excelente desempenho para a identificação de sobrepeso, podendo ser considerados fidedignos para a população de adolescentes brasileiros, uma vez que utilizar apenas a idade cronológica na adolescência pode subestimar o estado nutricional.

ABSTRACT Objective: To establish waist circumference cut off points according to pubertal staging to identify overweight in adolescents. Methods: Longitudinal study approved by the Ethics Research Committee and conducted with 557 adolescents, aged 10 to 15 years old, selected from public schools. Waist, arm, neck and hip circumferences, body fat percentage, body mass index (BMI), height and blood pressure were measured. Pubertal staging was evaluated by Tanner self assessment scale. The Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (ROC curve) was used to determine predictive power, sensitivity, specificity and waist circumference cut off points to detect overweight. Results: There was a positive correlation between waist circumference and weight, BMI, upper arm and hip circumferences, waist-to-hip ratio and blood pressure in both sexes. Cut off points for waist circumference according to pubertal stage as related to overweight in adolescents with the best performances in ROC curve were: 71.65 cm for prepubescent girls, 67.90 cm for pubescent girls, 70.25 cm for post pubescent girls, and 66.45 cm for pubescent boys. Age, weight, height, BMI, body fat percentage, arm and hip circumferences were associated to altered waist circumference. Conclusions: The establishment of cut off points for waist circumference according to pubertal staging was proven a good means to identify overweight. These cut off points can be considered reliable for the Brazilian adolescent population, as the isolated use of chronological age in adolescents may underestimate their nutritional status.

CUT OFF VALUES FOR WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE TO PREDICT OVERWEIGHT IN BRAZILIAN ADOLESCENTS, ACCORDING TO PUBERTAL STAGING. / PONTOS DE CORTE DE CIRCUNFERÊNCIA DA CINTURA DE ACORDO COM O ESTADIAMENTO PUBERAL PARA IDENTIFICAR SOBREPESO EM ADOLESCENTES.

OBJECTIVE: To establish waist circumference cut off points according to pubertal staging to identify overweight in adolescents. METHODS: Longitudinal study approved by the Ethics Research Committee and conducted with 557 adolescents, aged 10 to 15 years old, selected from public schools. Waist, arm, neck and hip circumferences, body fat percentage, body mass index (BMI), height and blood pressure were measured. Pubertal staging was evaluated by Tanner self assessment scale. The Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (ROC curve) was used to determine predictive power, sensitivity, specificity and waist circumference cut off points to detect overweight. RESULTS: There was a positive correlation between waist circumference and weight, BMI, upper arm and hip circumferences, waist-to-hip ratio and blood pressure in both sexes. Cut off points for waist circumference according to pubertal stage as related to overweight in adolescents with the best performances in ROC curve were: 71.65 cm for prepubescent girls, 67.90 cm for pubescent girls, 70.25 cm for post pubescent girls, and 66.45 cm for pubescent boys. Age, weight, height, BMI, body fat percentage, arm and hip circumferences were associated to altered waist circumference. CONCLUSIONS: The establishment of cut off points for waist circumference according to pubertal staging was proven a good means to identify overweight. These cut off points can be considered reliable for the Brazilian adolescent population, as the isolated use of chronological age in adolescents may underestimate their nutritional status.

OBJETIVO: Elaborar pontos de corte de circunferência da cintura de acordo com o estadiamento puberal para identificar sobrepeso em adolescentes. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo longitudinal, aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa, com 557 adolescentes, de 10 a 15 anos de idade, selecionados em escolas públicas. Aferiram-se as medidas de circunferência de cintura, braço, pescoço e quadril, percentual de gordura, massa corporal, estatura e pressão arterial. Para determinar a maturação sexual, foi utilizada a autoavaliação da escala de Tanner. Aplicou-se a curva ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve) para determinar: poder preditivo, sensibilidade, especificidade e os pontos de corte de circunferência de cintura para identificação de sobrepeso. RESULTADOS: Observou-se correlação positiva entre circunferência de cintura e massa corporal, índice de massa corporal (IMC), circunferência do braço e quadril, razão cintura/quadril e pressão arterial em ambos os sexos. Os pontos de corte para circunferência de cintura de acordo com o estadiamento puberal para identificação de sobrepeso que apresentaram maior desempenho na curva ROC foram: 71,65 cm para meninas pré-púberes, 67,90 cm para meninas púberes, 70,25 cm para meninas pós-púberes e 66,45 cm para meninos púberes. Faixa etária, massa corporal, estatura, IMC, porcentagem de gordura, circunferência do braço e do quadril foram considerados fatores preditores da circunferência da cintura alterada. CONCLUSÕES: Os pontos de corte de circunferência da cintura de acordo com o estadiamento puberal demonstraram excelente desempenho para a identificação de sobrepeso, podendo ser considerados fidedignos para a população de adolescentes brasileiros, uma vez que utilizar apenas a idade cronológica na adolescência pode subestimar o estado nutricional.

Preditores de Síndrome Metabólica em Idosos: Uma Revisão / Predictors of Metabolic Syndrome in the Elderly: A Review

O artigo teve como objetivo analisar criticamente estudos que avaliaram a habilidade dos indicadores antropométricos e clínicos enquanto capazes de predizer a SM em idosos. Foi realizado uma pesquisa bibliográfica nas bases de dados Medline/PubMed, LILACS e SciELO, além das referências de artigos selecionados e contato com autores. Foram analisados 21 artigos envolvendo indicadores antropométricos e clínicos em idosos, através de diferentes critérios da SM. Catorze estudos reportam aos indicadores antropométricos, sendo a circunferência da cintura (CC) e a razão cintura-estatura (RCEst) descritos como os melhores preditores de SM, com área sob a curva ROC (AUC) superior a 0,70 (p < 0,05). A circunferência do pescoço também foi descrita como indicador alternativo, porém com menor poder discriminatório. Para os indicadores clínicos, o lipid product accumulation (LAP) foi o parâmetro com melhor desempenho em identificar a SM em idosos, com AUC superior 0,85 e eficiência superior a 70%. Os indicadores CC, RCEst e LAP foram os mais sensiveis na predicação da SM. Desta forma, o emprego desses parâmetros podem facilitar a identificação precoce da SM através de métodos diagnósticos de fácil aplicação, boa precisão e baixo custo. Além disso, é importante a determinação de pontos de corte específicos para idosos, uma ver que a obesidade por si só, parece não ser forte preditor de SM em idosos

Android fat distribution affects some hemostatic parameters in women with polycystic ovary syndrome compared with healthy control subjects matched for age and body mass index.

OBJECTIVE: To correlate hemostatic parameters with clinical markers of fat distribution and laboratory variables in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) compared with healthy control subjects. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Tertiary teaching hospital. PATIENT(S): Forty-five women with PCOS and 45 control women matched for age and body mass index (BMI). INTERVENTION(S): Clinical evaluation and venipuncture. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Age, BMI, waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), waist-hip ratio (WHR), Ferriman-Gallwey index, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, total testosterone, free testosterone (FT), thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI), D-dimer, plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) 1, and the parameters of thrombin generation test (TGT), including the lag time (Tlag), time to peak thrombin generation (Tmax), peak concentration (Cmax), and the area under the thrombin generation curve (TAUC). RESULT(S): In the PCOS group, BMI and WC correlated positively with TAFI, D-dimer, PAI-1, Cmax, and TAUC; HC with D-dimer and PAI-1; WHR with TAFI, D-dimer, and PAI-1; glucose with TAFI; insulin and homeostasis-model assessment of insulin resistance with PAI-1; and FT with Cmax and TAUC. Age correlated positively with D-dimer and PAI-1, and negatively with Tlag and Tmax. In the control group, there were no correlations between clinical markers of fat distribution and hemostatic parameters, but age and fasting glucose correlated positively with PAI-1, and FT with Tmax and TAUC. CONCLUSION(S): In PCOS, android body fat distribution may directly affect hemostatic parameters, particularly in young and overweight women. Further studies are needed to establish a correlation between these results and an increase in thromboembolic risk.

Application of alternative anthropometric measurements to predict metabolic syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: The association between rarely used anthropometric measurements (e.g., mid-upper arm, forearm, and calf circumference) and metabolic syndrome has not been proven. The aim of this study was to assess whether mid-upper arm, forearm, calf, and waist circumferences, as well as waist/height ratio and waist-to-hip ratio, were associated with metabolic syndrome. METHODS: We enrolled 387 subjects (340 women, 47 men) who were admitted to the obesity outpatient department of Istanbul Medeniyet University Goztepe Training and Research Hospital between September 2010 and December 2010. The following measurements were recorded: waist circumference, hip circumference, waist/height ratio, waist-to-hip ratio, mid-upper arm circumference, forearm circumference, calf circumference, and body composition. Fasting blood samples were collected to measure plasma glucose, lipids, uric acid, insulin, and HbA1c. RESULTS: The odds ratios for visceral fat (measured via bioelectric impedance), hip circumference, forearm circumference, and waist circumference/hip circumference were 2.19 (95% CI, 1.30-3.71), 1.89 (95% CI, 1.07-3.35), 2.47 (95% CI, 1.24-4.95), and 2.11(95% CI, 1.26-3.53), respectively. The bioelectric impedance-measured body fat percentage correlated with waist circumference only in subjects without metabolic syndrome; the body fat percentage was negatively correlated with waist circumference/hip circumference in the metabolic syndrome group. All measurements except for forearm circumference were equally well correlated with the bioelectric impedance-measured body fat percentages in both groups. Hip circumference was moderately correlated with bioelectric impedance-measured visceral fat in subjects without metabolic syndrome. Muscle mass (measured via bioelectric impedance) was weakly correlated with waist and forearm circumference in subjects with metabolic syndrome and with calf circumference in subjects without metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSION: Waist circumference was not linked to metabolic syndrome in obese and overweight subjects; however, forearm circumference, an unconventional but simple and appropriate anthropometric index, was associated with metabolic syndrome and bioelectric impedance-measured visceral fat, hip circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio.

Application of alternative anthropometric measurements to predict metabolic syndrome

OBJECTIVE: The association between rarely used anthropometric measurements (e.g., mid-upper arm, forearm, and calf circumference) and metabolic syndrome has not been proven. The aim of this study was to assess whether mid-upper arm, forearm, calf, and waist circumferences, as well as waist/height ratio and waist-to-hip ratio, were associated with metabolic syndrome. METHODS: We enrolled 387 subjects (340 women, 47 men) who were admitted to the obesity outpatient department of Istanbul Medeniyet University Goztepe Training and Research Hospital between September 2010 and December 2010. The following measurements were recorded: waist circumference, hip circumference, waist/height ratio, waist-to-hip ratio, mid-upper arm circumference, forearm circumference, calf circumference, and body composition. Fasting blood samples were collected to measure plasma glucose, lipids, uric acid, insulin, and HbA1c. RESULTS: The odds ratios for visceral fat (measured via bioelectric impedance), hip circumference, forearm circumference, and waist circumference/hip circumference were 2.19 (95% CI, 1.30-3.71), 1.89 (95% CI, 1.07-3.35), 2.47 (95% CI, 1.24-4.95), and 2.11(95% CI, 1.26-3.53), respectively. The bioelectric impedance-measured body fat percentage correlated with waist circumference only in subjects without metabolic syndrome; the body fat percentage was negatively correlated with waist circumference/hip circumference in the metabolic syndrome group. All measurements except for forearm circumference were equally well correlated with the bioelectric impedance-measured body fat percentages in both groups. Hip circumference was moderately correlated with bioelectric impedance-measured visceral fat in subjects without metabolic syndrome. Muscle mass (measured via bioelectric impedance) was weakly correlated with waist and forearm circumference in subjects with metabolic syndrome and with calf circumference in subjects without metabolic syndrome. ...

Índices de obesidade central e fatores de risco cardiovascular na síndrome dos ovários policísticos / Central obesity index and cardiovascular risk factors in polycystic ovary syndrome

FUNDAMENTO: A obesidade abdominal apresenta elevada prevalência em mulheres com síndrome dos ovários policísticos (SOP) e está associada a um aumento do risco cardiovascular. OBJETIVO: Verificar a acurácia da circunferência da cintura (CC), da relação cintura-quadril (RCQ), da relação cintura-estatura (RCEST) e do índice de conicidade (índice C), no que se refere à detecção de fatores de risco cardiovascular (FRCV) em mulheres com SOP. MÉTODOS: Por meio de estudo transversal, foram alocadas 102 mulheres (26,5 ± 5 anos) com diagnóstico de SOP, de acordo com o consenso de Rotterdam. O colesterol total (CT), os triglicerídeos (TG), o LDL-colesterol (LDL-C), o HDL-colesterol (HDL-C), a glicemia de jejum, a glicemia após teste oral de tolerância à glicose (TOTG) e a pressão arterial (PA) foram avaliados em todas as pacientes, além das variáveis antropométricas. RESULTADOS: A relação cintura-estatura foi o marcador que apresentou correlações positivas significativas com o maior número de FRCV (PA, TG e glicemia após TOTG), destacando-se ainda a correlação negativa com HDL-C. Todos os marcadores antropométricos avaliados se correlacionaram positivamente com PA, enquanto CC e RCQ apresentaram correlação positiva também com TG. No tocante à acurácia para detecção de FRCV, os indicadores antropométricos considerados apresentaram taxas de sensibilidade superiores a 60 por cento, com destaque para a RCEST, que apresentou sensibilidade superior a 70 por cento. CONCLUSÃO: A RCEST demonstrou ser o indicador antropométrico com a melhor acurácia para a predição de FRCV. Nesse sentido, propõe-se a inclusão desse parâmetro de fácil mensuração na avaliação clínica para o rastreamento de mulheres com SOP e FRCV.

BACKGROUND: Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) present a high prevalence of abdominal obesity, which is associated with an increased cardiovascular risk. OBJECTIVE: To verify the accuracy of the waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and the conicity index (CI) in the detection of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) in women with PCOS. METHODS: The present transversal study allocated 102 women (26.5 ± 5 years) with a diagnosis of PCOS, according to the Rotterdam criteria. Total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), fasting glucose, glucose after the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and blood pressure (BP) were evaluated in all patients, in addition to the anthropometric variables. RESULTS: The WHtR was the marker that presented significant positive correlations with the highest number of CVRF (BP, TG and post-OGTT glucose), whereas there was a negative correlation with HDL-C. All the evaluated anthropometric markers were positively correlated with BP, whereas WC and WHR also presented a positive correlation with TG. Regarding the accuracy for the detection of CVRF, the anthropometric markers presented a sensibility > 60 percent, especially the WHtR, which had a sensibility > 70 percent. CONCLUSION: The WHtR showed to be the most accurate anthropometric indicator for the prediction of CVRF. In this sense, we propose the inclusion of this easily-measured parameter in the clinical assessment for the screening of women with PCOS and CVRF.

[Central obesity index and cardiovascular risk factors in polycystic ovary syndrome]. / Indices de obesidade central e fatores de risco cardiovascular na síndrome dos ovários policísticos.

BACKGROUND: Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) present a high prevalence of abdominal obesity, which is associated with an increased cardiovascular risk. OBJECTIVE: To verify the accuracy of the waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and the conicity index (CI) in the detection of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) in women with PCOS. METHODS: The present transversal study allocated 102 women (26.5 +/- 5 years) with a diagnosis of PCOS, according to the Rotterdam criteria. Total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), fasting glucose, glucose after the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and blood pressure (BP) were evaluated in all patients, in addition to the anthropometric variables. RESULTS: The WHtR was the marker that presented significant positive correlations with the highest number of CVRF (BP, TG and post-OGTT glucose), whereas there was a negative correlation with HDL-C. All the evaluated anthropometric markers were positively correlated with BP, whereas WC and WHR also presented a positive correlation with TG. Regarding the accuracy for the detection of CVRF, the anthropometric markers presented a sensibility > 60%, especially the WHtR, which had a sensibility > 70%. CONCLUSION: The WHtR showed to be the most accurate anthropometric indicator for the prediction of CVRF. In this sense, we propose the inclusion of this easily-measured parameter in the clinical assessment for the screening of women with PCOS and CVRF.

Relação de indicadores antropométricos com fatores de risco para doença cardiovascular / Relation between anthropometric indicators and risk factors for cardiovascular disease

FUNDAMENTO: Estudos têm sido realizados para identificar o melhor preditor antropométrico de doenças crônicas em diferentes populações. OBJETIVO: Verificar a relação entre medidas antropométricas e fatores de risco (perfil lipídico e pressão arterial) para doenças cardiovasculares. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com 180 homens e 120 mulheres, idade média de 39,6±10,6 anos. Avaliou-se: índice de massa corporal (IMC), circunferência da cintura (CC), percentual de gordura corporal ( por centoGC), relação cintura quadril (RCQ), perfil lipídico, glicemia e pressão arterial. RESULTADOS: IMC, CC e RCQ foram maiores nos homens e por centoGC nas mulheres (p<0,001). A proporção de casos alterados de RCQ e por centoGC em relação a LDL-c e CT foi maior no sexo masculino. Indivíduos normais para CC tiveram alteração para LDL-c, CT e HDL-c. Houve correlação entre IMC e CC (homens: r=0,97 e mulheres: r=0,95; p<0,001). Nos homens a melhor correlação (p<0,001) foi entre CC e RCQ (r=0,82) e nas mulheres por centoGC e CC (r=0,80). Triglicerídeos (TG) teve correlação com RCQ (masculino: r=0,992; feminino: r= 0,95; p<0,001), e com CC (masculino: r=0,82; feminino: r=0,79; p<0,001). Na análise múltipla (Razão de prevalência - RP, Intervalo de Confiança - IC), o IMC esteve associado ao colesterol total (RP=1,9; IC95 por cento 1,01-3,69; p=0,051) no sexo masculino e fracamente associado com TG/HDL-colesterol (RP= 1,8; IC95 por cento 1,01-3,45; p=0,062) no sexo feminino. CONCLUSÃO: O IMC e a RCQ foram os indicadores antropométricos com maior correlação com o perfil lipídico em ambos os sexos. Esses dados suportam a hipótese de que o IMC e a RCQ podem ser considerados como fatores de risco para a doença cardiovascular.

BACKGROUND: Studies have been carried out to identify the best anthropometric predictor of chronic diseases in different populations. OBJECTIVE: To verify the relation between anthropometric measures and risk factors (lipid profile and blood pressure) for cardiovascular diseases. METHODS: Transversal study carried out with 180 males and 120 females, with mean age 39.6±10.6 years old. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), body fat percentage ( percentBF), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), lipid profile, glycemia and blood pressure were the variables assessed. RESULTS: BMI, WC and WHR were higher among males, and percentBF were higher among females (p<0.001). The proportion of altered cases of WHR and percentBF in relation to LDL-cholesterol and total cholesterol (TC) was higher among males. The individuals considered normal for WC presented alteration in the values of LDL-c, TC and HDL-cholesterol. There was a correlation between BMI and WC (males: r=0.97 and females: r=0.95; p<0.001). Among males, the best correlation (p<0.001) was presented between WC and WHR (r=0.82) and among females, percentBF and WC (r=0.80). Triglycerides (TG) presented correlation to WHR (males: r=0.992; females r=0.95; p<0.001), and to WC (males: r=0.82; females r=0.79; p<0.001). In the multiple analysis (Prevalence ratio - PR, Confidence interval - CI), the BMI were associated with total cholesterol (PR=1.9; 95 percentCI 1.01-3.69; p=0.051) among males and slightly associated with TG/HDL-cholesterol (PR= 1.8; IC95 percent 1.01-3.45; p=0.062) among females. CONCLUSION: BMI and WHR were the anthropometric indicators with strongest relation to lipid profile in both sex groups. This data support the hypothesis that BMI and WHR may be considered as risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

[Relation between anthropometric indicators and risk factors for cardiovascular disease]. / Relação de indicadores antropométricos com fatores de risco para doença cardiovascular.

BACKGROUND: Studies have been carried out to identify the best anthropometric predictor of chronic diseases in different populations. OBJECTIVE: To verify the relation between anthropometric measures and risk factors (lipid profile and blood pressure) for cardiovascular diseases. METHODS: Transversal study carried out with 180 males and 120 females, with mean age 39.6+/-10.6 years old. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), body fat percentage (%BF), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), lipid profile, glycemia and blood pressure were the variables assessed. RESULTS: BMI, WC and WHR were higher among males, and %BF were higher among females (p<0.001). The proportion of altered cases of WHR and %BF in relation to LDL-cholesterol and total cholesterol (TC) was higher among males. The individuals considered normal for WC presented alteration in the values of LDL-c, TC and HDL-cholesterol. There was a correlation between BMI and WC (males: r=0.97 and females: r=0.95; p<0.001). Among males, the best correlation (p<0.001) was presented between WC and WHR (r=0.82) and among females, %BF and WC (r=0.80). Triglycerides (TG) presented correlation to WHR (males: r=0.992; females r=0.95; p<0.001), and to WC (males: r=0.82; females r=0.79; p<0.001). In the multiple analysis (Prevalence ratio - PR, Confidence interval - CI), the BMI were associated with total cholesterol (PR=1.9; 95%CI 1.01-3.69; p=0.051) among males and slightly associated with TG/HDL-cholesterol (PR= 1.8; IC95% 1.01-3.45; p=0.062) among females. CONCLUSION: BMI and WHR were the anthropometric indicators with strongest relation to lipid profile in both sex groups. This data support the hypothesis that BMI and WHR may be considered as risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

Criteria for central obesity in a Brazilian population: impact on metabolic syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: To identify and propose the optimal waist circumference cut-off points (WCp) for the diagnosis of central obesity (CO) in a Brazilian population, so as to compare these cut-off points with those recommended by the ATPIII (WC-ATPIII), and to estimate the difference in prevalence rates of metabolic syndrome (MS) using the two criteria. METHODS: Cross-sectional study conducted in a population subgroup of 1439 adults in the city of Salvador, Brazil. ROC curves of waist circumference (WC) were plotted to identify diabetes mellitus (DM) and obesity. ROC curve sensitivity and specificity values >60% and the closest to each other were used to define WCp. The prevalence of MS was estimated using WCp and WC-ATPIII. RESULTS: Eight hundred and twenty nine women comprised 57.7% of the sample. The WCp selected were 84 cm for women and 88 cm for men. These cut-off points detected DM with a 68.7% and 70% sensitivity, and a 66.2% and 68.3% specificity, respectively. For obesity, sensitivity and specificity were 79.8% and 77.6% in women and 64.3% and 71.6% in men, respectively. Using WC-ATPIII, 88 cm (for women) and 102 cm (for men), the sensitivity was 53.3% and 26.5%, respectively, to diagnose DM. For obesity, sensitivity was 66.5% (for women) and 28.6% (for men). The prevalence of MS using WCp was 23.7%, 95%CI (21.6-25.9), whereas using WC-ATPIII it was 19.0%, 95%CI (17.1-20.9), 1.2 times higher using WCp. CONCLUSION: WC-ATPIII were inappropriate and underestimated the prevalence of MS in the population studied, particularly among men. We suggest that the WC cut-off points > 84 cm for women and > 88 cm for men should be tested in other Brazilian populations.

Critério de obesidade central em população brasileira: impacto sobre a síndrome metabólica / Criteria for central obesity in a Brazilian population: impact on metabolic syndrome / Criteria for central obesity in a Brazilian population: impact on metabolic syndrome

OBJETIVO: Identificar e propor os melhores pontos de corte da circunferência da cintura (CCp) para diagnosticar obesidade central numa população brasileira; compará-los àqueles recomendados pelo ATPIII (CC-ATPIII) e estimar diferenças nas prevalências da síndrome metabólica (SM) usando os dois critérios. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, realizado em subgrupo populacional de 1.439 adultos, Salvador, Brasil. Foram construídas curvas ROC da circunferência da cintura (CC) para identificar diabete melito (DM) e obesidade. Valores >60 por cento da sensibilidade e da especificidade da curva ROC e mais próximos entre si foram usados para definir o CCp. A prevalência da SM foi estimada pelos CCp e pelos CC-ATPIII. RESULTADOS: As 829 mulheres compuseram 57,7 por cento da amostra. Os CCp selecionados foram 84 cm para mulheres e 88 cm para homens. Esses pontos detectaram DM com sensibilidade de 68,7 por cento e 70 por cento, respectivamente, e especificidade de 66,2 por cento e 68,3 por cento. Para obesidade, a sensibilidade e a especificidade foram 79,8 por cento e 77,6 por cento nas mulheres, e 64,3 por cento e 71,6 por cento nos homens. Pelos CC-ATPIII, 88 cm (mulheres) e 102 para (homens), as sensibilidades foram de 53,3 por cento e 26,5 por cento, para diagnosticar DM. Para obesidade, a sensibilidade foi 66,5 por cento (mulheres) e 28,6 por cento (homens). A prevalência da SM, pelos CCp foi 23,7 por cento, IC 95 por cento (21,6 - 25,9) e pelos CC-ATPIII de 19,0 por cento, IC 95 por cento (17,1- 20,9), 1,2 vezes maior pelo CCP. CONCLUSÃO: As CC-ATPIII foram inapropriados e subestimam a prevalência da SM nessa população, particularmente entre os homens. Sugerimos que os pontos de corte da CC de >84 cm nas mulheres e > 88 cm nos homens sejam testados em outras populações brasileiras.

OBJECTIVE: To identify and propose the optimal waist circumference cut-off points (WCp) for the diagnosis of central obesity (CO) in a Brazilian population, so as to compare these cut-off points with those recommended by the ATPIII (WC-ATPIII), and to estimate the difference in prevalence rates of metabolic syndrome (MS) using the two criteria. METHODS: Cross-sectional study conducted in a population subgroup of 1439 adults in the city of Salvador, Brazil. ROC curves of waist circumference (WC) were plotted to identify diabetes mellitus (DM) and obesity. ROC curve sensitivity and specificity values >60 percent and the closest to each other were used to define WCp. The prevalence of MS was estimated using WCp and WC-ATPIII. RESULTS: Eight hundred and twenty nine women comprised 57.7 percent of the sample. The WCp selected were 84cm for women and 88cm for men. These cut-off points detected DM with a 68.7 percent and 70 percent sensitivity, and a 66.2 percent and 68.3 percent specificity, respectively. For obesity, sensitivity and specificity were 79.8 percent and 77.6 percent in women and 64.3 percent and 71.6 percent in men, respectively. Using WC-ATPIII, 88cm (for women) and 102cm (for men), the sensitivity was 53.3 percent and 26.5 percent, respectively, to diagnose DM. For obesity, sensitivity was 66.5 percent (for women) and 28.6 percent (for men). The prevalence of MS using WCp was 23.7 percent, 95 percentCI (21.6 - 25.9), whereas using WC-ATPIII it was 19.0 percent, 95 percentCI (17.1- 20.9), 1.2 times higher using WCp. CONCLUSION: WC-ATPIII were inappropriate and underestimated the prevalence of MS in the population studied, particularly among men. We suggest that the WC cut-off points > 84cm for women and > 88cm for men should be tested in other Brazilian populations.

[Waist-to-height ratio as a coronary risk predictor among adults]. / Razão cintura-estatura como discriminador do risco coronariano de adultos.

BACKGROUND: This study proposes to identify the sensibility, specificity and the best cut-off point for waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) as a predictor of coronary high risk (CHR). METHODS: A cross-sectional study was applied to a population comprised of 968 adults between 30 and 74 years of age, of which 391 (40.4%) were male. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves were employed to identify the sensibility and specificity of the best cut-off point for WHtR as a predictor of CHR. The statistical significance of the area under ROC curve was also verified using a confidence interval (CI) of 95%. RESULTS: The total area under ROC curve between WHtR and coronary risk was 0.75, CI 95% (0.70-0.81) for men and 0.69, CI 95% (0.64-0.75) for women. For men, 0.52 was found to be the best cut-off point for predicting CHR (sensibility 68% and specificity 64%). Among women, 0.53 was the best cut-off point for discriminating CHR (sensibility 67% and specificity 58%). CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that the WHtR may be employed to identify CHR and must be compared to other anthropometric indicators of obesity.

Razão cintura-estatura como discriminador do risco coronariano de adultos / Waist-to-height ratio as a coronary risk predictor among adults

OBJETIVO: Selecionar, por meio da sensibilidade e especificidade, os melhores pontos de coorte para a razão cintura-estatura (RCEst) como discriminador de risco coronariano elevado (RCE). MÉTODOS: O desenho foi transversal com amostra composta por 968 adultos de 30-74 anos de idade, sendo 391 (40,4 por cento) do sexo masculino. A análise foi feita por curva Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) para identificar a sensibilidade e especificidade do melhor ponto de coorte da RCEst como discriminador de RCE. Verificou-se também a significância estatística da área sob a curva ROC. Foi utilizado intervalo de confiança (IC) a 95 por cento. RESULTADOS: A área total sob a curva ROC entre RCEst e RCE foi de 0,75, IC 95 por cento (0,70-0,81) para homens e 0,69, IC 95 por cento (0,64-0,75) para mulheres. Os melhores pontos de coorte para discriminar o RCE foram para homens e mulheres, respectivamente: 0,52 (sensibilidade de 68 por cento e especificidade de 64 por cento) e 0,53 (sensibilidade de 67 por cento e especificidade de 58 por cento). CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados do estudo sugerem que a RCEst deve ser comparada aos demais indicadores antropométricos de obesidade e pode vir a ser utilizada para discriminar RCE.

Does endothelial dysfunction correlate better with waist-to-hip ratio than with body mass index or waist circumference among obese patients?

PURPOSE: Obesity is associated with cardiovascular disease, affecting large arteries and the microcirculation. Waist circumference and body mass index are routinely employed as measures for assessing obesity-related health risk, whereas waist-to-hip ratio is not. We aimed to investigate the association between brachial vascular reactivity and body mass index, waist circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio. METHODS: Eighty-five volunteers (21 men/66 women), aged between 20 and 55 years, underwent determination of waist circumference, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, and endothelial function by venous occlusion plethysmography. Forearm blood flow was measured in response to intrabrachial artery infusions of 3 different concentrations of endothelium-dependent (acetylcholine 7.5, 15, and 30 mg/min) and endothelium-independent (sodium nitroprusside 2, 4, and 8 mg/min) vasodilators. RESULTS: There was an inverse correlation of body mass index and waist circumference with forearm blood flow increments after acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside infusions, while waist-to-hip ratio showed an inverse correlation with forearm blood flow increments only after acetylcholine. When subjects older than 40 years (n = 25) were excluded from the analysis, the inverse correlation of body mass index with forearm blood flow increments after acetylcholine infusion no longer existed, while waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio showed the same results observed before. CONCLUSION: The waist-to-hip ratio is probably a better estimator of endothelial dysfunction and possibly of cardiovascular risk than body mass index. These findings underscore the importance of routinely collecting hip circumference as an obesity index and risk estimator.

Does endothelial dysfunction correlate better with waist-to-hip ratio than with body mass index or waist circumference among obese patients?

OBJETIVO: A obesidade é associada a doenças cardiovasculares e compromete tanto a macro como a microcirculação. As medidas da cintura e do índice de massa corpórea são rotineiramente empregadas para avaliação do risco cardiovascular em obesos, enquanto a relação cintura-quadril é pouco utilizada. O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar que medida antroprométrica, entre as rotineiramente usadas, avalia melhor o risco cardiovascular em obesos. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Oitenta e quatro voluntários (21 homens/ 66 mulheres), idade entre 20 e 55 anos foram avaliados quanto ao diâmetro da cintura, ao índice de massa corpórea, à relação cintura-quadril e à função endotelial pela técnica de pletismografia com oclusão venosa para medida do fluxo sanguíneo braquial, em resposta a injeção intrabraquial de três doses de acetilcolina (7,5; 15 e 30 mg/min) ou de nitroprussiato de sódio (2; 4 e 8 mg/min), para avaliação da vasodilatação endotélio-dependente e -independente. RESULTADO: Houve correlação inversa entre o índice de massa corpórea, diâmetro da cintura e aumento do fluxo sanguíneo após injeção de acetilcolina e nitroprussiato de sódio, enquanto que a relação cintura-quadril mostrou uma correlação negativa apenas com o aumento no fluxo de sangue no antebraço, após as infusões de acetilcolina. Quando os indivíduos com mais de 40 anos foram retirados da análise, não observamos mais a relação inversa entre índice de massa corpórea e aumento do fluxo sanguíneo após injeção de acetilcolina, enquanto que a cintura e a relação cintura-quadril mantiveram os resultados observados anteriormente.CONCLUSÃO: A relação cintura-quadril é provavelmente um melhor índice para estimar a disfunção endotelial, e consequentemente o risco cardiovascular, que o índice de massa corpórea e esses achados reforçam a importância da aferição da circunferência do quadril como um índice de obesidade e para estimativa do risco cardiovascular.

Anthropometric indices and the incidence of hypertension: a comparative analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between several anthropometric measurements of obesity with the incidence of hypertension. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Participants were 592 individuals free of hypertension, selected at random from the community. In the baseline evaluation, they were submitted to completed measures of demographics, anthropometrics, blood pressure, and other risk factors for hypertension. Incident hypertension was defined by blood pressure equal or higher than 140/90 mm Hg or use of blood pressure-lowering drugs. RESULTS: During a mean follow-up time of 5.6 +/- 1.1 years, 127 developed hypertension. The hazard ratios for the development of hypertension, adjusted for age, baseline blood pressure, gender, and alcohol consumption, were 1.042 (p = 0.091) for BMI, 1.023 (p = 0.028) for waist circumference, 1.042 (p = 0.013) for waist-to-height ratio, 1.061 (p = 0.014) for waist-to-height(2) index, 1.079 (p = 0.022) for waist-to-height(3) index, and 1.033 (p = 0.006) for the waist-to-hip ratio. DISCUSSION: The correction of the circumference of waist for stature or hip circumference improves its performance in the prediction of the incidence of hypertension.