Chronic use of hydroxychloroquine did not protect against COVID-19 in a large cohort of patients with rheumatic diseases in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: There is a lack of information on the role of chronic use of hydroxychloroquine during the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. Our aim was to compare the occurrence of COVID-19 between rheumatic disease patients on hydroxychloroquine with individuals from the same household not taking the drug during the first 8 weeks of community viral transmission in Brazil. METHODS: This baseline cross-sectional analysis is part of a 24-week observational multi-center study involving 22 Brazilian academic outpatient centers. All information regarding COVID-19 symptoms, epidemiological, clinical, and demographic data were recorded on a specific web-based platform using telephone calls from physicians and medical students. COVID-19 was defined according to the Brazilian Ministry of Health (BMH) criteria. Mann-Whitney, Chi-square and Exact Fisher tests were used for statistical analysis and two binary Final Logistic Regression Model by Wald test were developed using a backward-stepwise method for the presence of COVID-19. RESULTS: From March 29th to May 17st, 2020, a total of 10,443 participants were enrolled, including 5166 (53.9%) rheumatic disease patients, of whom 82.5% had systemic erythematosus lupus, 7.8% rheumatoid arthritis, 3.7% Sjögren's syndrome and 0.8% systemic sclerosis. In total, 1822 (19.1%) participants reported flu symptoms within the 30 days prior to enrollment, of which 3.1% fulfilled the BMH criteria, but with no significant difference between rheumatic disease patients (4.03%) and controls (3.25%). After adjustments for multiple confounders, the main risk factor significantly associated with a COVID-19 diagnosis was lung disease (OR 1.63; 95% CI 1.03-2.58); and for rheumatic disease patients were diagnosis of systemic sclerosis (OR 2.8; 95% CI 1.19-6.63) and glucocorticoids above 10 mg/ day (OR 2.05; 95% CI 1.31-3.19). In addition, a recent influenza vaccination had a protective effect (OR 0.674; 95% CI 0.46-0.98). CONCLUSION: Patients with rheumatic disease on hydroxychloroquine presented a similar occurrence of COVID-19 to household cohabitants, suggesting a lack of any protective role against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Trial registration Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (ReBEC; RBR - 9KTWX6).

Family influence on the nutritional status and eating habits of six to nine year-old children / Influência familiar no estado nutricional e hábito alimentar de crianças de seis a nove anos

ABSTRACT Objective To investigate whether caregivers' attitudes, beliefs, practices, alimentary habits, and nutritional status influence the alimentary habits and nutritional status of children aged six to nine years. Methods This cross-sectional study included 164 children and a family member (caregiver) each (n=164), carried out in the family health units of the municipality of Ribeirão Preto (SP), Brazil. Weight and height measurements were performed; each child was then evaluated by the application of both the Child Feeding Questionnaire and 24h recall (for calculating the Healthy Eating Index Revised), in addition to the assessment of adherence to healthy eating steps of the Ministry of Health, through a questionnaire. Results The results showed that the prevalence of being overweight was 18.3% in children and 32.9% in caregivers, and the prevalence of obesity was 15.9% and 37.9%, respectively. Most of the 56 children categorized as overweight also had overweight caregivers (82.1%; n=46). Concerns regarding children's weight control were higher among caregivers responsible for overweight children (3.6±1.29). In contrast, caregivers responsible for children below or at normal weight demonstrated a greater tendency toward getting children to eat (3.3±0.97 and 3.9±0.99, respectively). The average score; of the children's Brazilian Healthy Eating Index Revised (50.0±13.6) was similar to that of their caregivers (56.5±12.1). Conclusions Caregivers have a direct influence on the nutritional status and eating habits of children; therefore, they should be targeted in the processes of nutritional intervention for the prevention and treatment of childhood obesity.

RESUMO Objetivo Este estudo se propôs a investigar se atitudes, crenças, práticas, hábitos alimentares e estado nutricional dos responsáveis influenciam os hábitos alimentares e o estado nutricional de crianças de 6 a 9 anos. Methods Estudo transversal com 164 crianças e um respectivo responsável por sua alimentação (n=164), desenvolvido em Unidades de Saúde da Família do município de Ribeirão Preto (SP). Realizaram-se aferição de peso e estatura, aplicação do Questionário de Alimentação da Criança e Recordatório Alimentar de 24 horas (para cálculo do Índice de Qualidade da Dieta Revisado), além de verificação da adesão aos Passos da Alimentação Saudável do Ministério da Saúde, por meio de um questionário. Results Os resultados obtidos mostraram que as prevalências de sobrepeso foram de 18,3% nas crianças e de 32,9% nos responsáveis, e as prevalências de obesidade foram de 15,9% e 37,9%, respectivamente. Os responsáveis da maioria das 56 crianças que apresentaram excesso de peso também tinham excesso de peso (82,1%; n=46). A preocupação com o peso da criança foi maior entre os responsáveis das crianças acima do peso (3,6±1,29). Por outro lado, uma maior pressão para comer foi identificada entre os responsáveis com crianças com baixo peso ou peso normal (3,3±0,97 e 3,9±0,99, respectivamente). O escore médio do Índice de Qualidade da Dieta Revisado das crianças (50,0±13,6) foi muito similar ao dos responsáveis (56,5±12,1). Conclusions Os responsáveis exercem influência direta no estado nutricional e hábitos alimentares das crianças, devendo ser alvos nos processos de intervenção nutricional para a prevenção e o tratamento da obesidade infantil.

Knowledge and health promotion practice of Family Health Strategy nurses.

OBJECTIVES: to analyze the knowledge and health promotion practice carried out by Family Health Strategy nurses. METHODS: a descriptive study and qualitative approach. The study was conducted with 18 Family Health Strategy nurses from the city of São Carlos. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed through thematic analysis. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee. RESULTS: the data revealed that nurses had difficulties to conceptualize health promotion, and it is common to describe the definition of disease prevention. Nurses also reported developing group activities for health promotion; however, individual actions and consultations were still predominant. Final Considerations: it is necessary to develop sustainable strategies for collective health-promoting activities, in addition to strengthening multidisciplinary work and Continuing Education actions.

Fluvial family health: work process of teams in riverside communities of the Brazilian Amazon.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to understand and analyze the work process of fluvial family health teams in the context of riverside populations in the Brazilian Amazon. METHODS: Action research was undertaken, conducting focus groups, individual interviews and participant observation with 27 workers of municipal teams of the state of Pará, in the Brazilian Amazon. The analysis was performed by the content, following the theoretical framework of the work process. RESULTS: The following themes emerged: work object of the teams; work agents (who are the workers?); work technologies (the instruments of the process in fluvial health teams); and challenges for achieving the purpose of the work process. CONCLUSION: Recognition of the work object centered on the needs of the individual, family and community. The center for permanent education, supply of materials and inputs to the teams were implemented, and improved workflow for referring users was observed.

Workplace violence types in family health, offenders, reactions, and problems experienced.

OBJECTIVE: to identify the types of violence that affect the health team in Family Health Units, their offenders, reactions and problems experienced by workers. METHOD: a cross-sectional, concurrent mixed-type research. The Survey Questionnaire Workplace Violence in the Health Sector was applied to 106 workers from Family Health Units. Of these, 18 answered the semi-structured interview. RESULTS: verbal aggression (65.1%), bullying (14.2%), racial discrimination (10.4%), physical assault (8.5%) and sexual harassment (4.7%) were prevalent. Patients were the main perpetrators of verbal aggression (79.4%) and bullying (46.7%). Workers responded by telling co-workers and reporting to the boss. Victims remained over-alert, vigilant and tense, relating exposure to violence to absenteeism and the desire to leave the profession. CONCLUSION: verbal aggression is the most common violence with negative impact on workers' health and work performed.

National Primary Care Policy 2017: analysis of teams composition and national coverage of Family Health. / Política Nacional de Atenção Básica de 2017: análise da composição das equipes e cobertura nacional da Saúde da Família.

The Family Health Strategy is the main form of organization of the Brazilian health system. However, the third edition of the National Primary Health Care Policy (PNAB) recognized other types of teams financially. A time series study was conducted from 2007 to 2019 using data from the National Register of Health Facilities (CNES) of jobs, teams and national coverage of Family Health to analyze the effects of the 2017 National Primary Health Care Policy (PNAB) on team composition. We observed the concentration of doctors in the Southeast and Northeast and variation of this professional category before the events of the "Mais Médicos" (More Doctors) Program. The number of nurses increased 5% and Community Health Workers (ACS) dropped 0.3% in the country. Despite the authorization and funding for the implementation of "Primary Care" teams (eAB), they correspond to less than 1% of the total teams. It is noteworthy that the municipal managers' preferred mode is the traditional Family Health Teams, equivalent to 75% of the total and growing. While the questionings and expectations generated by the 2017 PNAB in the context of Primary Health Care, we can conclude that, regarding the teams and their compositions, no significant change was identified two years into its coming into force.

A Estratégia Saúde da Família é a principal forma de organização do sistema de saúde brasileiro. Contudo, a terceira edição da Política Nacional de Atenção Básica (PNAB) passou a reconhecer financeiramente outros tipos de equipes. Para analisar os efeitos da PNAB de 2017 na composição das equipes, foi realizado um estudo de série temporal de 2007 a 2019 utilizando dados do Cadastro Nacional de Estabelecimentos de Saúde (CNES) de postos de trabalho e de equipes e a cobertura nacional da Saúde da Família. Observou-se a concentração de médicos nas regiões Sudeste e Nordeste e oscilação dessa categoria profissional ante os acontecimentos do Programa Mais Médicos. Houve acréscimo de 5% de enfermeiros e redução de 0,3% dos ACS no país. A despeito da autorização e financiamento para implantação de equipes de "Atenção Básica" (eAB), elas correspondem a menos de 1% do total de equipes. Vale ressaltar que a modalidade preferencial dos gestores municipais se mantem pela Equipes de Saúde da Família, correspondendo a 75% do total de equipes e em crescimento. Apesar dos questionamentos e expectativas gerados pela PNAB de 2017 no contexto da Atenção Primária à Saúde, conclui-se que, em relação às equipes e suas composições, não houve mudança significativa após dois anos de sua vigência.

Política Nacional de Atenção Básica de 2017: análise da composição das equipes e cobertura nacional da Saúde da Família / National Primary Care Policy 2017: analysis of teams composition and national coverage of Family Health

Resumo A Estratégia Saúde da Família é a principal forma de organização do sistema de saúde brasileiro. Contudo, a terceira edição da Política Nacional de Atenção Básica (PNAB) passou a reconhecer financeiramente outros tipos de equipes. Para analisar os efeitos da PNAB de 2017 na composição das equipes, foi realizado um estudo de série temporal de 2007 a 2019 utilizando dados do Cadastro Nacional de Estabelecimentos de Saúde (CNES) de postos de trabalho e de equipes e a cobertura nacional da Saúde da Família. Observou-se a concentração de médicos nas regiões Sudeste e Nordeste e oscilação dessa categoria profissional ante os acontecimentos do Programa Mais Médicos. Houve acréscimo de 5% de enfermeiros e redução de 0,3% dos ACS no país. A despeito da autorização e financiamento para implantação de equipes de "Atenção Básica" (eAB), elas correspondem a menos de 1% do total de equipes. Vale ressaltar que a modalidade preferencial dos gestores municipais se mantem pela Equipes de Saúde da Família, correspondendo a 75% do total de equipes e em crescimento. Apesar dos questionamentos e expectativas gerados pela PNAB de 2017 no contexto da Atenção Primária à Saúde, conclui-se que, em relação às equipes e suas composições, não houve mudança significativa após dois anos de sua vigência.

Abstract The Family Health Strategy is the main form of organization of the Brazilian health system. However, the third edition of the National Primary Health Care Policy (PNAB) recognized other types of teams financially. A time series study was conducted from 2007 to 2019 using data from the National Register of Health Facilities (CNES) of jobs, teams and national coverage of Family Health to analyze the effects of the 2017 National Primary Health Care Policy (PNAB) on team composition. We observed the concentration of doctors in the Southeast and Northeast and variation of this professional category before the events of the "Mais Médicos" (More Doctors) Program. The number of nurses increased 5% and Community Health Workers (ACS) dropped 0.3% in the country. Despite the authorization and funding for the implementation of "Primary Care" teams (eAB), they correspond to less than 1% of the total teams. It is noteworthy that the municipal managers' preferred mode is the traditional Family Health Teams, equivalent to 75% of the total and growing. While the questionings and expectations generated by the 2017 PNAB in the context of Primary Health Care, we can conclude that, regarding the teams and their compositions, no significant change was identified two years into its coming into force.

The "maternal effect" on epilepsy risk: Analysis of familial epilepsies and reassessment of prior evidence.

OBJECTIVE: Previous studies have observed that epilepsy risk is higher among offspring of affected women than offspring of affected men. We tested whether this "maternal effect" was present in familial epilepsies, which are enriched for genetic factors that contribute to epilepsy risk. METHODS: We assessed evidence of a maternal effect in a cohort of families containing ≥3 persons with epilepsy using 3 methods: (1) "downward-looking" analysis, comparing the rate of epilepsy in offspring of affected women versus men; (2) "upward-looking" analysis, comparing the rate of epilepsy among mothers versus fathers of affected individuals; and (3) lineage analysis, comparing the proportion of affected individuals with family history of epilepsy on the maternal versus paternal side. RESULTS: Downward-looking analysis revealed no difference in epilepsy rates among offspring of affected mothers versus fathers (prevalence ratio = 1.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.8-1.2). Upward-looking analysis revealed more affected mothers than affected fathers; this effect was similar for affected and unaffected sibships (odds ratio = 0.8, 95% CI = 0.5-1.2) and was explained by a combination of differential fertility and participation rates. Lineage analysis revealed no significant difference in the likelihood of maternal versus paternal family history of epilepsy. INTERPRETATION: We found no evidence of a maternal effect on epilepsy risk in this familial epilepsy cohort. Confounding sex imbalances can create the appearance of a maternal effect in upward-looking analyses and may have impacted prior studies. We discuss possible explanations for the lack of evidence, in familial epilepsies, of the maternal effect observed in population-based studies. ANN NEUROL 2020;87:132-138.

Knowledge and health promotion practice of Family Health Strategy nurses / Conocimiento y práctica de promoción de la salud de las enfermeras de la Estrategia de Salud Familiar / Conhecimento e prática de promoção da saúde de enfermeiros da Estratégia Saúde da Família

ABSTRACT Objectives: to analyze the knowledge and health promotion practice carried out by Family Health Strategy nurses. Methods: a descriptive study and qualitative approach. The study was conducted with 18 Family Health Strategy nurses from the city of São Carlos. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed through thematic analysis. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee. Results: the data revealed that nurses had difficulties to conceptualize health promotion, and it is common to describe the definition of disease prevention. Nurses also reported developing group activities for health promotion; however, individual actions and consultations were still predominant. Final Considerations: it is necessary to develop sustainable strategies for collective health-promoting activities, in addition to strengthening multidisciplinary work and Continuing Education actions.

RESUMEN Objetivos: analizar el conocimiento y la práctica de la promoción de la salud llevada a cabo por enfermeras de Estrategias de Salud Familiar. Métodos: estudio descriptivo y enfoque cualitativo. El estudio se realizó con 18 enfermeras de Estrategias de Salud Familiar de la ciudad de São Carlos. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas y analizados a través de análisis temáticos. El estudio fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética en Investigación. Resultados: los datos revelaron que las enfermeras tenían dificultades para conceptualizar la promoción de la salud, y es común describir la definición de prevención de enfermedades. Las enfermeras también informaron el desarrollo de actividades grupales para la promoción de la salud; sin embargo, las acciones y consultas individuales seguían predominando. Consideraciones Finales: es necesario desarrollar estrategias sostenibles para las actividades colectivas de promoción de la salud, además de fortalecer el trabajo multidisciplinario y las acciones de Educación Continua.

RESUMO Objetivos: analisar o conhecimento e a prática de promoção de saúde realizada por enfermeiros de Estratégias Saúde da Família. Métodos: estudo descritivo e de abordagem qualitativa. O estudo foi realizado com 18 enfermeiros de Estratégias Saúde da Família do município de São Carlos. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista semiestruturada e analisados por meio da análise temática. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa. Resultados: os dados revelaram que os enfermeiros apresentaram dificuldades para conceituar a promoção de saúde, sendo comum descrever a definição de prevenção de doenças. Os enfermeiros também relataram desenvolver atividades grupais para a promoção de saúde; porém, as ações de caráter individual e em forma de consultas ainda eram predominantes. Considerações Finais: torna-se necessário o desenvolvimento de estratégias sustentáveis para a realização de atividades coletivas de promoção em saúde, além do fortalecimento do trabalho multidisciplinar e das ações de Educação Permanente.

The feminization of dentistry and the perceptions of public service users about gender issues in oral health / A feminização da odontologia e as percepções dos usuários do serviço público sobre as questões de gênero em saúde bucal

Abstract It was investigated the perception of service users in relation to the professional practice of dentists, based on gender differences. The Primary Care Assessment Tool (PCATool) was applied to 900 users of the Public Service in Curitiba, PR, Brazil. Sixty clinics were selected using random sampling, divided between conventional Primary Health Care (PHC) Units and PHC with Family Health System Units. The attributes of PHC that compound the PCATool were analyzed. A question was added about user preference regarding the gender of the dental professional, thus generating four dyads derived from user gender/dentist gender (FF, FM, MM, MF). The attributes were linked to the dyads by applying the independent sample t test. Using logistic regression, the dyads were linked to 23 factors relating to scaled-up care in PHC. Many users showed a clear preference for being attended by female dentists. Users who prefer to be cared for by women tend to better evaluate PHC on issues related to "active listening", while those who prefer to be cared for by male dentists highlight the attributes of "care integration" and "community guidance". In other factors and attributes studied, there is no difference between the care given by men or women, regardless the unit.

Resumo Investigou-se a percepção dos usuários do serviço quanto à prática profissional dos dentistas, com base em diferenças de gênero. O Primary Care Assessment Tool (PCATool) foi aplicado a 900 usuários do Serviço Público de Curitiba, PR, Brasil. Sessenta clínicas odontológicas foram selecionadas usando amostragem aleatória, divididas entre unidades de Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) convencional e unidades de APS com Estratégia Saúde da Família. Os atributos da APS no PCATool foram analisados. Uma questão foi adicionada acerca da preferência do usuário em relação ao gênero do dentista, gerando quatro díades derivadas da combinação do gênero do usuário/gênero do dentista (FF, FM, MM, MF). Os atributos foram ligados às díades pelo teste t para amostras independentes. Por regressão logística, as díades foram relacionadas a 23 fatores referentes aos cuidados ampliados na APS. Muitos usuários mostraram preferência por dentistas mulheres. Esses tendem a avaliar melhor os cuidados de saúde primários quanto à "escuta ativa e qualificada", enquanto aqueles que preferem ser atendidos por homens destacam os atributos de "integração do cuidado" e "orientação comunitária". Em outros fatores e atributos estudados, não há diferença entre o atendimento prestado por homens ou mulheres, independentemente da unidade.

The feminization of dentistry and the perceptions of public service users about gender issues in oral health.

It was investigated the perception of service users in relation to the professional practice of dentists, based on gender differences. The Primary Care Assessment Tool (PCATool) was applied to 900 users of the Public Service in Curitiba, PR, Brazil. Sixty clinics were selected using random sampling, divided between conventional Primary Health Care (PHC) Units and PHC with Family Health System Units. The attributes of PHC that compound the PCATool were analyzed. A question was added about user preference regarding the gender of the dental professional, thus generating four dyads derived from user gender/dentist gender (FF, FM, MM, MF). The attributes were linked to the dyads by applying the independent sample t test. Using logistic regression, the dyads were linked to 23 factors relating to scaled-up care in PHC. Many users showed a clear preference for being attended by female dentists. Users who prefer to be cared for by women tend to better evaluate PHC on issues related to "active listening", while those who prefer to be cared for by male dentists highlight the attributes of "care integration" and "community guidance". In other factors and attributes studied, there is no difference between the care given by men or women, regardless the unit.

[Complex care, high cost, and loss of income: frequent issues for families of children and adolescents with rare health conditions]. / Cuidado complexo, custo elevado e perda de renda: o que não é raro para as famílias de crianças e adolescentes com condições de saúde raras.

Estimates point to more than seven thousand rare diseases already identified, representing 6 to 10% of all diseases. In Brazil, a rare disease is defined as one that affects up to 65 persons per 100,000. The quantification of costs for the families of patients with such conditions and their impact on income provides information capable of supporting public policies for these youngsters. The study aimed to estimate the cost and loss of earnings, viewed from the perspective of families of children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis, mucopolysaccharidosis, and osteogenesis imperfecta. The study included 99 families of patients treated at a national referral hospital for rare diseases in Rio de Janeiro, based on the principal caregiver's report. The descriptive data analysis showed that the median direct nonmedical cost for families was BRL 2,156.56 (USD 570) for cystic fibrosis, BRL 1,060.00 (USD 280) for mucopolysaccharidosis, and BRL 1,908.00 (USD 505) for osteogenesis imperfecta. Loss of earnings exceeded 100% for all three diseases. A total of 54% of families fail to receive any social benefits. The estimate of coping costs indicated that 69% of the families had incurred loans and that 22.5% had sold household assets to cope with the treatment costs. Catastrophic expenditures were observed in families dealing with the three diseases. The results unveil costs that are rarely estimated, and not only in the field of rare diseases. The findings point to a major burden on the families' income. It is important to incorporate such studies in the discussion of financing, the incorporation of new technologies, and the supply of health services.

Estimativas apontam que há mais de 7 mil doenças raras já identificadas, que representam de 6 a 10% de todas as doenças no mundo. No Brasil, considera-se doença rara aquela que afeta até 65 pessoas em cada 100 mil indivíduos. Quantificar os custos para as famílias de pacientes com essas condições e o seu comprometimento sobre a renda fornece informações capazes de apoiar as políticas públicas destinadas a esses pacientes. O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar o custo e a perda de renda sob a perspectiva das famílias de crianças e adolescentes com fibrose cística, mucopolissacaridoses e osteogênese imperfeita. Foi realizado com 99 famílias de pacientes atendidos em um hospital de referência nacional em doenças raras no Rio de Janeiro, mediante relato do cuidador principal. A análise descritiva dos dados mostrou que o custo mediano direto não médico para as famílias foi de R$ 2.156,56 para fibrose cística, R$ 1.060,00 para mucopolissacaridoses e R$ 1.908,00 para osteogênese imperfeita. A perda de renda superou 100% para as três condições analisadas. Um total de 54% das famílias não recebem benefícios assistenciais. A estimativa de coping costs indicou que 69% das famílias acessaram empréstimos e 22,5% venderam bens para lidar com os custos do curso do tratamento. Foram verificados gastos catastróficos para as famílias das três doenças analisadas. Os resultados trazem à tona um tema que descortina custos pouco estimados, não somente no campo das doenças raras. São resultados que indicam uma carga importante sobre a renda das famílias. É importante incorporar estudos de tal natureza na discussão do financiamento, da incorporação de novas tecnologias e da oferta de serviços de saúde.

Las estimaciones apuntan que hay más de 7 mil enfermedades raras ya identificadas, que representan de un 6 a un 10% de todas las enfermedades en el mundo. En Brasil, se considera enfermedad rara a aquella que afecta hasta a 65 personas por cada 100 mil individuos. Cuantificar los costos para las familias de pacientes que las sufren, y el peso económico que representan para la renta familiar, proporciona información capaz de apoyar políticas públicas destinadas a estos pacientes. El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar el coste y la pérdida de renta desde la perspectiva de las familias de niños y adolescentes con fibrosis cística, mucopolisacaridosis y osteogénesis imperfecta. Se realizó con 99 familias de pacientes atendidos en un hospital de referencia nacional en enfermedades raras en Río de Janeiro, a través del relato del cuidador principal. El análisis descriptivo de los datos mostró que el coste medio directo no-médico para las familias fue de BRL 2.156,56 en la fibrosis cística, BRL 1.060,00 en la mucopolisacaridosis y BRL 1.908,00 en la osteogénesis imperfecta. La pérdida de renta superó el 100% en las tres condiciones analizadas. Un total de un 54% de las familias no recibe beneficios asistenciales. La estimativa de coping costs indicó que un 69% de las familias accedieron a préstamos y un 22,5% vendieron bienes para lidiar con los costos del tratamiento en curso. Se observaron gastos catastróficos para las familias de las tres enfermedades analizadas. Los resultados traen a colación un tema que desvela costos poco estimados, no solamente en el campo de las enfermedades raras. Son resultados que indican una carga importante sobre la renta de las familias. Es importante incorporar estudios de esta naturaleza en la discusión sobre la financiación, incorporación de nuevas tecnologías y oferta de servicios de salud.

[Poverty and its influence on risk and family damage in a district of Lima, Peru: results by sector analysis and Primary Health Care]. / Pobreza y su influencia en el riesgo y daño familiar en un distrito de Lima, Perú: resultados por sectorización y atención primaria en salud.

OBJECTIVE: Poverty generates negative effects on health, education, and family environment. Sectoral analysis through its components enables to identify the risk groups and damage in the families. The objective of this work is to determine the state of poverty and its influence on the risk and family damage in the district of Villa Maria del Triunfo (VMT), Lima, Peru. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ecological study that used the database of the health facility of the VMT district, in which the family risk and the socioeconomic level of 450 families in 7 sectors are evaluated between the years 2015 to June 2017. RESULTS: More than three-quarters of the families are poor (77.9%). The most prevalent damages were malnutrition and mental health. The most frequent family risk factors were family violence, with the absence of breastfeeding in infants, adolescent pregnancy, and old age. It was found that poverty was associated with family risk (P=.019, OR: 1.84, 95% CI: 1.07-3.23), and damage risk (P<.001, OR: 2.29; 95% CI: 1.32-3.92). CONCLUSION: The level of poverty is high. This condition was associated with increased risk and family damage, especially for malnutrition and mental health problems. Interventions should be carried out in families, especially among the poor, and decisive measures should be made on the social factors determining ill-health.

Prevalence and environmental impact factors of somatization tendencies in eastern Chinese adolescents: a multicenter observational study.

The aim of this study is at examining the prevalence and impact factors of adolescent somatization tendencies (ST) across three eastern Chinese provinces. A multicenter school-based cross-sectional study was conducted in these provinces from 2015 to 2016. The sample included 11,153 middle-school students aged 13-18 years, who were randomly selected using a multi-phase stratified cluster sampling technique. We also designed a multicenter school-based case-control study to evaluate the potential environmental impact of ST factors on this population. The overall positive rate of ST among the eastern Chinese adolescents was 12.1%. Somatic symptoms score (SSS) and positive ST rate were higher in females than males. Additionally, the SSS and positive ST rate for the 18-year-old group were significantly higher than in other age groups. In comparison to those in urban areas, adolescents in rural areas had significantly higher SSS and positive ST rate. Multiple conditional regression analyses revealed that family medical history, anxiety and depression scores; superstitious beliefs; left-behind adolescents; teacher-student support; family conflict; and family independence and achievement orientation were significantly linked to ST in adolescents. The models also indicated family medical history was the strongest impact factor to adolescent ST, even though ST were prevalent in the three studied eastern Chinese provinces. Gender, age, and dwelling differences were very significant in the SSS and positive ST rate in adolescents. This study concludes that adolescent ST are influenced by multiple environments.

Cuidado complexo, custo elevado e perda de renda: o que não é raro para as famílias de crianças e adolescentes com condições de saúde raras / Complex care, high cost, and loss of income: frequent issues for families of children and adolescents with rare health conditions / Cuidado complejo, costo elevado y pérdida de renta: lo que no es raro para las familias de niños y adolescentes que sufren problemas de salud raros

Resumo: Estimativas apontam que há mais de 7 mil doenças raras já identificadas, que representam de 6 a 10% de todas as doenças no mundo. No Brasil, considera-se doença rara aquela que afeta até 65 pessoas em cada 100 mil indivíduos. Quantificar os custos para as famílias de pacientes com essas condições e o seu comprometimento sobre a renda fornece informações capazes de apoiar as políticas públicas destinadas a esses pacientes. O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar o custo e a perda de renda sob a perspectiva das famílias de crianças e adolescentes com fibrose cística, mucopolissacaridoses e osteogênese imperfeita. Foi realizado com 99 famílias de pacientes atendidos em um hospital de referência nacional em doenças raras no Rio de Janeiro, mediante relato do cuidador principal. A análise descritiva dos dados mostrou que o custo mediano direto não médico para as famílias foi de R$ 2.156,56 para fibrose cística, R$ 1.060,00 para mucopolissacaridoses e R$ 1.908,00 para osteogênese imperfeita. A perda de renda superou 100% para as três condições analisadas. Um total de 54% das famílias não recebem benefícios assistenciais. A estimativa de coping costs indicou que 69% das famílias acessaram empréstimos e 22,5% venderam bens para lidar com os custos do curso do tratamento. Foram verificados gastos catastróficos para as famílias das três doenças analisadas. Os resultados trazem à tona um tema que descortina custos pouco estimados, não somente no campo das doenças raras. São resultados que indicam uma carga importante sobre a renda das famílias. É importante incorporar estudos de tal natureza na discussão do financiamento, da incorporação de novas tecnologias e da oferta de serviços de saúde.

Abstract: Estimates point to more than seven thousand rare diseases already identified, representing 6 to 10% of all diseases. In Brazil, a rare disease is defined as one that affects up to 65 persons per 100,000. The quantification of costs for the families of patients with such conditions and their impact on income provides information capable of supporting public policies for these youngsters. The study aimed to estimate the cost and loss of earnings, viewed from the perspective of families of children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis, mucopolysaccharidosis, and osteogenesis imperfecta. The study included 99 families of patients treated at a national referral hospital for rare diseases in Rio de Janeiro, based on the principal caregiver's report. The descriptive data analysis showed that the median direct nonmedical cost for families was BRL 2,156.56 (USD 570) for cystic fibrosis, BRL 1,060.00 (USD 280) for mucopolysaccharidosis, and BRL 1,908.00 (USD 505) for osteogenesis imperfecta. Loss of earnings exceeded 100% for all three diseases. A total of 54% of families fail to receive any social benefits. The estimate of coping costs indicated that 69% of the families had incurred loans and that 22.5% had sold household assets to cope with the treatment costs. Catastrophic expenditures were observed in families dealing with the three diseases. The results unveil costs that are rarely estimated, and not only in the field of rare diseases. The findings point to a major burden on the families' income. It is important to incorporate such studies in the discussion of financing, the incorporation of new technologies, and the supply of health services.

Resumen: Las estimaciones apuntan que hay más de 7 mil enfermedades raras ya identificadas, que representan de un 6 a un 10% de todas las enfermedades en el mundo. En Brasil, se considera enfermedad rara a aquella que afecta hasta a 65 personas por cada 100 mil individuos. Cuantificar los costos para las familias de pacientes que las sufren, y el peso económico que representan para la renta familiar, proporciona información capaz de apoyar políticas públicas destinadas a estos pacientes. El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar el coste y la pérdida de renta desde la perspectiva de las familias de niños y adolescentes con fibrosis cística, mucopolisacaridosis y osteogénesis imperfecta. Se realizó con 99 familias de pacientes atendidos en un hospital de referencia nacional en enfermedades raras en Río de Janeiro, a través del relato del cuidador principal. El análisis descriptivo de los datos mostró que el coste medio directo no-médico para las familias fue de BRL 2.156,56 en la fibrosis cística, BRL 1.060,00 en la mucopolisacaridosis y BRL 1.908,00 en la osteogénesis imperfecta. La pérdida de renta superó el 100% en las tres condiciones analizadas. Un total de un 54% de las familias no recibe beneficios asistenciales. La estimativa de coping costs indicó que un 69% de las familias accedieron a préstamos y un 22,5% vendieron bienes para lidiar con los costos del tratamiento en curso. Se observaron gastos catastróficos para las familias de las tres enfermedades analizadas. Los resultados traen a colación un tema que desvela costos poco estimados, no solamente en el campo de las enfermedades raras. Son resultados que indican una carga importante sobre la renta de las familias. Es importante incorporar estudios de esta naturaleza en la discusión sobre la financiación, incorporación de nuevas tecnologías y oferta de servicios de salud.

Prevalence and environmental impact factors of somatization tendencies in eastern Chinese adolescents: a multicenter observational study / Prevalência e fatores ambientais de tendências de somatização em adolescentes do leste chinês: um estudo observacional multicêntrico / Prevalencia y factores de impacto ambientales en las tendencias somatización con adolescentes de la China oriental: un estudio observacional multicéntrico

The aim of this study is at examining the prevalence and impact factors of adolescent somatization tendencies (ST) across three eastern Chinese provinces. A multicenter school-based cross-sectional study was conducted in these provinces from 2015 to 2016. The sample included 11,153 middle-school students aged 13-18 years, who were randomly selected using a multi-phase stratified cluster sampling technique. We also designed a multicenter school-based case-control study to evaluate the potential environmental impact of ST factors on this population. The overall positive rate of ST among the eastern Chinese adolescents was 12.1%. Somatic symptoms score (SSS) and positive ST rate were higher in females than males. Additionally, the SSS and positive ST rate for the 18-year-old group were significantly higher than in other age groups. In comparison to those in urban areas, adolescents in rural areas had significantly higher SSS and positive ST rate. Multiple conditional regression analyses revealed that family medical history, anxiety and depression scores; superstitious beliefs; left-behind adolescents; teacher-student support; family conflict; and family independence and achievement orientation were significantly linked to ST in adolescents. The models also indicated family medical history was the strongest impact factor to adolescent ST, even though ST were prevalent in the three studied eastern Chinese provinces. Gender, age, and dwelling differences were very significant in the SSS and positive ST rate in adolescents. This study concludes that adolescent ST are influenced by multiple environments.

O objetivo deste estudo é examinar a prevalência e fatores de impacto de tendências de somatização (TS) em adolescentes em três províncias do leste da China. Um estudo transversal multicêntrico baseado em escolas foi realizado nessas províncias de 2015 a 2016. A amostra incluiu 11.153 estudantes entre 13 e 18 anos que foram selecionados aleatoriamente usando uma técnica de amostragem estratificada por clusters multi-fase. Também elaboramos um estudo caso-controle multicêntrico baseado em escolas para avaliar o impacto ambiental potencial de fatores de TS nessa população. A taxa positiva geral de TS entre adolescentes do leste chinês foi de 12,1%. O escore de sintomas somáticos (SSS) e taxa positiva de TS foram mais altos entre mulheres do que homens. Adicionalmente, o SSS e taxa positiva de TS para o grupo de 18 anos foram significativamente mais altos do que em outros grupos etários. Em comparação com os habitantes de áreas urbanas, adolescentes de áreas rurais tiveram SSS e taxa positiva de ST significativamente mais altos. Análises de regressão múltipla condicional revelaram que o histórico de saúde da família; scores de ansiedade e depressão; crenças supersticiosas; adolescentes deixados para trás; apoio de professores a estudantes; conflito familiar; e independência familiar e orientação para sucesso estavam significativamente relacionadas a TS em adolescentes. O modelo também indicou que o histórico de saúde da família era o fator de impacto mais forte para TS em adolescentes, ainda que TS sejam prevalentes nas três províncias do leste da China estudadas. Gênero, idade e diferenças residenciais foram muito significativos para o SSS e taxa positiva de TS entre adolescentes. Este estudo conclui que TS entre adolescentes são influenciadas por múltiplos ambientes.

El objetivo de este estudio fue examinar la prevalencia y factores de impacto de las tendencias de somatización adolescentes (TS) en tres provincias orientales chinas. Se realizó un estudio trasversal multicéntrico, basado en escolares de estas provincias de 2015 a 2016. La muestra incluyó a 11.153 estudiantes de secundaria, con edades comprendidas entre los 13-18 años, que fueron seleccionados aleatoriamente, usando a técnicas de muestreo multifase estratificado por conglomerados. También se diseñó un estudio multicéntrico escolar de caso-control para evaluar el potencial impacto ambiental de factores TS en esta población. La tasa positiva general de TS entre adolescentes chinos orientales fue un 12,1%. El marcador de síntomas somáticos (SSS, por sus siglas en inglés) y tasa positiva de TS fueron más altos en mujeres que en hombres. Asimismo, las tasas SSS y TS positiva para el grupo de 18 años de edad fueron significativamente más altas que en otros grupos de edad. En comparación con quienes vivían en áreas urbanas, los adolescentes en áreas rurales contaban con tasas significativamente más altas de SSS y TS positivas. Los análisis de regresión múltiple condicional revelaron que el historial médico familiar, los marcadores de ansiedad y depresión; creencias supersticiosas; adolescentes a la zaga respecto al resto del grupo; el apoyo profesor-estudiante; conflictos familiares; e independencia familiar, así como la orientación de logros estuvieron vinculados a las TS en adolescentes. Los modelos también indicaron que el historial médico familiar fue el impacto más fuerte para las TS en adolescentes, a pesar de que las TS fueron prevalentes en las tres provincias chinas estudiadas. El género, edad, y las diferencias de vivienda fueron muy significativas en la tasas de SSS y TS positivas en adolescentes. Este estudio llega a la conclusión de que las TS adolescentes estaban influenciadas por múltiples entornos.

Transition to universal primary health care coverage in Brazil: Analysis of uptake and expansion patterns of Brazil's Family Health Strategy (1998-2012).

Family Health Strategy, the primary health care program in Brazil, has been scaled up throughout the country, but its expansion has been heterogeneous across municipalities. We investigate if there are unique municipal characteristics that can explain the timing of uptake and the pattern of expansion of the Family Health Strategy from years 1998 to 2012. We categorized municipalities in six groups based on the relative speed of the Family Health Strategy uptake and the pattern of Family Health Strategy coverage expansion. We assembled data for 11 indicators for years 2000 and 2010, for 5,507 municipalities, and assessed differences in indicators across the six groups, which we mapped to examine spatial heterogeneities. Important factors differentiating early and late adopters of the Family Health Strategy were supply of doctors and population density. Sustained coverage expansion was related mainly to population size, marginal benefits of the program and doctors' supply. The uptake was widespread nationwide with no distinct patterns among regions, but highly heterogeneous at the state and municipal level. The Brazilian experience of expanding primary health care offers three lessons in relation to factors influencing diffusion of primary health care. First, the funding mechanism is critical for program implementation, and must be accompanied by ways to support the supply of primary care physicians in low density areas. Second, in more developed and bigger areas the main challenge is lack of incentives to pursue universal coverage, especially due to the availability of private insurance. Third, population size is a crucial element to guarantee coverage sustainability over time.

Analysis of the indicators of the Family Health Program in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the Family Health Program replaced by the Family Health Strategy in 2011, based on health indicators and diseases classified as primary care sensitive. METHODS: This was a descriptive, analytical and documental study carried out in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo between 2002 and 2007. We analyzed data from Health observatory for the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo. Pearson's correlation and the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software version 17.0 were used to calculate data associations. RESULTS: We used 30 of the 31 health indicators of 24 from the 39 studied municipalities. A total of 720 (100%) health primary care sensitive indicators were analyzed in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo. CONCLUSION: Percentages of improvements and worsening were low. In addition, some data were not presented. The majority of indicators remained stable.

Utilization of basic health units of FHS according to private health insurance.

OBJECTIVE To describe the utilization of basic health units according to coverage by discount card or private health insurance. METHODS Household survey in the area covered by Family Health Strategy in Pelotas, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, from December 2007 to February 2008, with persons of all age groups. The frequency of (medical or non-medical) healthcare seeking at the basic health units in the last six months and the prevalence of basic health unit utilization for the last medical consultation (in case it had been performed up to six months before, for a non-routine reason) were analyzed by Poisson regression adjusted for the sampling design. RESULTS Of the 1,423 persons, 75.6% had no discount card or private health insurance. The average frequency of (medical or non-medical) healthcare seeking was 1.6 times in six months (95%CI 1.3-2.0); this frequency was 55.8% lower (p < 0.001) among privately insured persons compared to those with no discount card or private health insurance. Among the last medical consultations, 35.8% (95%CI 25.4-47.7) had been performed at the basic health units; this prevalence was 36.4% lower (p = 0.003) among persons covered by discount card and 87.7% lower (p = 0.007) among privately insured persons compared to those without both coverages. CONCLUSIONS Private health insurance and, to a lesser degree, discount card coverage, are related to lower utilization of basic health units. This can be used to size the population under the accountability of each Family Health Strategy team, to the extent that community health workers are able to differentiate discount card from PHI during family registration.

Food Insecurity and Family Well-Being Outcomes among Households with Young Children.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate associations between household food insecurity and multiple family well-being variables in an effort to illuminate previously understudied, policy-amenable mechanisms through which food insecurity threatens healthy development. STUDY DESIGN: Data are drawn from the nationally representative Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort. The Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort contains longitudinal data on household food insecurity and several family well-being factors including maternal physical and mental health, positive parenting practices and disciplinary strategies, and frequency and severity of spousal conflict. We use regression models with lagged dependent variables to estimate associations between food insecurity and family well-being outcomes, on a subsample of low-income families (N ≈ 2100-4700). RESULTS: Household food insecurity was significantly associated with poorer maternal physical health; increased depressive symptoms and use of harsh discipline strategies; and greater frequency and negativity of conflict between parents. Associations were strongest and most consistent when children were preschool aged. Transitions into food insecurity between toddlerhood and preschool were also associated with significantly worse parental physical and mental health outcomes, and more family conflict, with similar though slightly weaker and less consistent associations for transitioning into food insecurity between infancy and toddlerhood. CONCLUSIONS: Food insecurity is associated with significant decreases in family health and well-being. Clinicians and other public health officials play a critical role in assessing risk for children and families, and linking families with supportive services. Screening families experiencing or at risk for food insecurity and connecting them with resources is an avenue through which public health practitioners can support family health.