Trastorno facticio en adultos: a propósito de un caso y revisión de literatura / Factitious disorder in adults: a case report and literature review

RESUMEN: El trastorno facticio consiste en falsificar, inducir o agravar las enfermedades para recibir atención médica, independientemente si están enfermas o no. El impacto que tiene esta patología va desde altos costos en salud asociado a la policonsulta, hospitalizaciones y tratamientos innecesarios; la funcionalidad y calidad de vida de estos pacientes, hasta el costo de vidas humanas. Este trastorno sigue siendo un desafío para los clínicos, puesto que no hay evidencia suficiente sobre la epidemiología, etiología, clínica y manejo dada su complejidad. En este artículo se presentará un caso clínico enfatizando en la evolución de la enfermedad, manejo inicial y posterior durante su hospitalización, junto con una actualización basada en la literatura, en torno al tratamiento de esta patología, con el fin de proponer intervenciones preventivas o protocolos que permitan evitar hospitalizaciones y tratamientos innecesarios. Luego se finalizará con la resolución del caso, pronóstico de esta enfermedad y una conclusión.

ABSTRACT Factitious disorder consists of falsifying, inducing or aggravating illnesses in order to receive medical attention, regardless of whether they are ill or not. The impact of this pathology ranges from high health costs associated with polyconsultation, hospitalizations and unnecessary treatments, the functionality and quality of life of these patients, up to the cost of human lives. This disorder continues to be a challenge for clinicians, since there is insufficient evidence on the epidemiology, etiology, clinic and management given its complexity. In this article, a clinical case will be presented, emphasizing the evolution of the disease, initial and subsequent management during hospitalization, together with an update based on the literature, on the treatment of this pathology, in order to propose preventive interventions or protocols that allow avoiding hospitalizations and unnecessary treatments. Then it ends with the resolution of the case, prognosis of this disease and a conclusion.

Munchausen syndrome and Munchausen syndrome by proxy: a narrative review / Síndrome de Munchausen e síndrome de Munchausen por procuração: uma revisão narrativa

ABSTRACT The Munchausen syndrome and Munchausen syndrome by proxy are factitious disorders characterized by fabrication or induction of signs or symptoms of a disease, as well as alteration of laboratory tests. People with this syndrome pretend that they are sick and tend to seek treatment, without secondary gains, at different care facilities. Both syndromes are well-recognized conditions described in the literature since 1951. They are frequently observed by health teams in clinics, hospital wards and emergency rooms. We performed a narrative, nonsystematic review of the literature, including case reports, case series, and review articles indexed in MEDLINE/PubMed from 1951 to 2015. Each study was reviewed by two psychiatry specialists, who selected, by consensus, the studies to be included in the review. Although Munchausen syndrome was first described more than 60 years ago, most of studies in the literature about it are case reports and literature reviews. Literature lacks more consistent studies about this syndrome epidemiology, therapeutic management and prognosis. Undoubtedly, these conditions generate high costs and unnecessary procedures in health care facilities, and their underdiagnose might be for lack of health professional's knowledge about them, and to the high incidence of countertransference to these patients and to others, who are exposed to high morbidity and mortality, is due to symptoms imposed on self or on others.

RESUMO A síndrome de Munchausen e a síndrome de Munchausen por procuração são condições caracterizadas pela invenção ou pela produção intencional de sinais ou sintomas de doenças, bem como alterações de exames laboratoriais. Indivíduos com esta síndrome fingem que estão doentes e tendem a procurar tratamento, sem ganho secundário, em diferentes serviços de saúde. Ambas as síndromes são condições bem descritas na literatura desde 1951. Elas são frequentemente observadas pelas equipes de saúde em clínicas, enfermarias hospitalares e prontos-socorros. Conduziu-se revisão narrativa, não sistemática da literatura, incluindo relatos de caso, séries de relatos de caso, artigos de revisão indexados no MEDLINE/PubMed de 1951 a 2015. Cada estudo foi revisado por dois especialistas em psiquiatria que, por meio de consenso, escolheram quais estudos seriam incluídos nesta revisão. Apesar da síndrome de Munchausen ter sido descrita pela primeira vez há mais de 60 anos, a maioria dos estudos conduzidos sobre esta condição são relatos de caso e revisões da literatura. A literatura é carente de estudos mais consistentes sobre epidemiologia, manejo terapêutico e prognóstico da síndrome. Sem dúvida, tais condições geram altos custos e procedimentos desnecessários nos serviços de saúde. Seu subdiagnóstico pode se dar pela falta de conhecimento das síndromes por parte dos profissionais de saúde, e à alta incidência de contratransferência aos pacientes e a outros que são expostos à alta morbidade e à mortalidade é justificada pelos sintomas impostos em si mesmo ou em terceiros.

Munchausen syndrome and Munchausen syndrome by proxy: a narrative review.

The Munchausen syndrome and Munchausen syndrome by proxy are factitious disorders characterized by fabrication or induction of signs or symptoms of a disease, as well as alteration of laboratory tests. People with this syndrome pretend that they are sick and tend to seek treatment, without secondary gains, at different care facilities. Both syndromes are well-recognized conditions described in the literature since 1951. They are frequently observed by health teams in clinics, hospital wards and emergency rooms. We performed a narrative, nonsystematic review of the literature, including case reports, case series, and review articles indexed in MEDLINE/PubMed from 1951 to 2015. Each study was reviewed by two psychiatry specialists, who selected, by consensus, the studies to be included in the review. Although Munchausen syndrome was first described more than 60 years ago, most of studies in the literature about it are case reports and literature reviews. Literature lacks more consistent studies about this syndrome epidemiology, therapeutic management and prognosis. Undoubtedly, these conditions generate high costs and unnecessary procedures in health care facilities, and their underdiagnose might be for lack of health professional's knowledge about them, and to the high incidence of countertransference to these patients and to others, who are exposed to high morbidity and mortality, is due to symptoms imposed on self or on others.

Trastornos facticios / Fatitious disorders

Los trastornos facticios son diagnisticados muy excepcionalmente en nuestro medio. Estos pacientes se

Trastornos facticios / Fatitious disorders

Los trastornos facticios son diagnisticados muy excepcionalmente en nuestro medio. Estos pacientes se

[Münchhausen syndrome: diagnosis and management]. / Síndrome de Münchhausen: diagnóstico e manejo clínico.

The authors review the literature on Münchhausen syndrome, and ilustrate the clinical features of the disorder with the description of a characteristic case. Diagnosis and differential diagnosis are discussed with regard to other somatoform disorders such as conversion disorder and somatization disorder as well as to malingering and schizophrenia. The awareness of general practitioners and surgeons regarding this syndrome may avoid the exposure of these patients to serious complications of unnecessary medical and surgical procedures. The management of Müchhausen syndrome is aggravated by the low compliance in these patients. Early diagnosis could to a considerable extent prevent the iatrogenic risks. The authors recommend that patients presenting the psychopathological features of a Münchhausen syndrome should be conservatively observed and an attempt to clarify both the medical and the psychiatric diagnosis should be made before any invasive procedure is undertaken.

Síndrome de Münchhausen: diagnóstico e manejo clínico / Münchhausen syndrome: diagnosis and management

Os autores apresentam uma revisäo da literatura sobre a síndrome de Münchhausen, ilustrada pela descriçäo de um caso clínico bastante característico do transtôrno. Discute-se o diagnóstico e o diagnóstico diferencial com a simulaçäo, a esquizofrenia e transtornos somatoformes tais como somatizaçäo e conversäo. É importante que o clínico e o cirurgiäo estejam alertas para o diagnóstico de Münchhausen, porque esses pacientes se expöem a graves complicações de procedimentos clínicos e cirúrgicos desnecessários. Devido à baixa adesäo ao tratamento, o manejo clínico da síndrome de Münchhausen é difícil. O diagnóstico precoce pode, de maneira considerável, excluir estes riscos iatrogênicos. Recomendamos que os pacientes com as características psicopatológicas da síndrome de Münchhausen sejam observados de forma cautelosa. Deve-se tentar clarificar tanto o diagnóstico clínico quanto psiquiátrico antes de se realizar qualquer procedimento invasivo

Síndrome de munchausen: un reto para el clínico / Munchausen's syndrome: a challenge for the clinician

Se afirmó que en las últimas décadas, y por la creciente medicalización de la sociedad, se ha descrito la aparición de pacientes con enfermedades ficticias ®complejas¼, que durante años son atendidos en diversas instituciones, demandan gran cantidad de recursos e increpan a los profesionales de la salud por no resolver sus quejas y enfermedades. No es posible demostrar las abigarradas entidades que se buscan afanosamente y que la mayoría de los médicos no se atreven a descartar totalmente por diversos motivos. No son histéricos ni simuladores en el sentido clásico, aunque conscientes de sus actos, tal parece como si los realizaran impelidos por razones que ni ellos mismos comprenden. Para ellos se ha introducido la denominación de síndrome de Munchausen. Se hizo un breve recuento sobre los criterios diagnósticos, grupos de riesgo, cuadro clínico, modus operandi, consecuencias adversas, tratamiento y pronóstico de este moderno desafío que pone a prueba la sagacidad clínica del médico contemporáneo

Síndrome de Munchausen e pseudoparaplegia: relato de caso / Syndrome of Munchausen and pseudoparaplegia: case report

Apresentamos uma paciente com "paraplegia" de oito anos de evolução, que se internou para retirada de agulhas em região lombar e apresentava história de insuficiência renal, câncer de esôfago, ovários e mama, suspeita de tubercolose pulmonar e várias internações em hospitais clínicos e psiquiátricos. No exame psiquiátrico encontramos indiferença à sua doença, prolixidade e descrição detalhada de seus problemas, falando mal dos atendimentos anteriores. Não encontramos evidências de processos neoplásicos. Tinha movimento em bloco de membros inferiores, com preservação dos reflexos e sensibilidade. A eletromiografia, a tomografia de crânio, a ultra-sonografia abdominal e o RX de tórax normais. No RX e na tomografia de coluna lombo-sacra observamos 16 agulhas, semelhantes às de costura, em partes moles. Diagnosticada como síndrome de Munchausen, depois de 15 dias de internação com tratamento antidepressivo, psicoterapia e fisioterapia, melhorou. Três meses depois, a paciente encontrava-se assintomática, não voltando mais ao ambulatório.

[Syndrome of Munchausen and pseudoparaplegia. Case report]. / Síndrome de Munchausen e pseudoparaplegia. Relato de caso.

We present a 36 years old female, with a 8 years history of "paraplegia", who was admitted to our department to have "some needles withdrawn" from her back. She referred previous admittances to general and psychiatric hospitals in order to treat several episodes of renal failure, combined with other clinical conditions like pulmonary tuberculosis and esophagus, ovary and breast cancer. On the psychiatric evaluation, we found a patient who seemed to be indifferent to her disease, giving accurate and very elaborated description of her symptoms. She was always complaining about previous medical therapies. She moved her both legs simultaneously, without any impairment on reflexes and sensibility. We did not find evidence of tumor processes. The electromyography, cranial CT scan, abdominal ultrasound scan and chest X-ray were normal. Lumbosacral X-ray and CT scan showed 16 sewing needles widespread in the lumbosacral soft tissues. A diagnosis of Munchausen syndrome was formed. After a 15-day trial of anti depressive drug, physiotherapy and psychotherapy, her clinical status significantly improved, reverting its neurological picture after treatment.

[Infantile Munchausen syndrome. Etiology, diagnostic criteria, and treatment]. / El síndrome de Münchhausen infantil. Etiología, criterios diagnósticos y tratamiento.

In this paper, we study a special kind of child abuse, the Münchhausen Syndrome by proxy, which consists of a group of diseases that some parents invent in their own children. These parents describe false symptoms of disease in their children, or manipulate the bodies of their children in order to cause alterations. Their purpose is that the doctor will carry out diagnostic tests and medical treatments with the children who really aren't ill. Our objective is to understand this syndrome, so we can report the factors that influence its appearance, study the diagnostic guidelines and the importance of doing a correct differential diagnostic with other real pathologies, and we analyze the preventive and therapeutic measures that health professionals must carry out in children and in their parents. When these professionals understand this syndrome they will be able to detect it before children are subjected to more unnecessary suffering. And, they will be able to prevent that these aggressions on children continue.

Hospitalismo: diagnóstico psiquiátrico? / Hospitalism: a psychiatric diagnosis?

O presente trabalho formaliza o conceito da palavra hospitalismo como correntemente usada em nosso meio. Faz uma revisão da literatura e ressalta a diferente conotação do conceito de Spitz para a palavra, assim como distingue os distúrbios de hospitalização. Relaciona a condição de hospitalismo com diagnósticos psiquiátricos diversos, fala da intervenção do interconsultor de psiquiatria, dá exemplos e propõe o encaminhamento para estes casos

Síndrome de Munchausen en niños: informe de dos casos / Munchausen syndrome in children: clinical considerations and report of two cases

Se señala la existencia de una forma poco conocida de maltrato en los niños. Síndrome de Munchausen "by proxy" mediante la presentación de dos casos clínicos vistos en el Depto. de Medicina Interna del Instituto Nacional de Pediatría. Consideramos necesario enfatizar la forma de presentación de dicha entidad clínica, señalando la exactitud de datos clínicos tal y como los familiares los presentaron a los médicos, el número de profesionales que participaron en la atención de estos niños así como el exagerado número de estudios de laboratorio y gabinete realizados. La discrepancia en la terminología para señalar esta patología da la oportunidad de emplear el término de "síndrome de Munchausen en niños" para podermo diferenciar del empleado en psiquiatría. La necesidad de alertar a la comunidad médica que de una u otra forma atiende niños sobre estas formas poco comunes de maltraro permitirá en primer término reconocer y tratar tempranamente esta problemática pediátrica lo que a su vez evitará un reforzamiento de las actitudes del perpetrador