Expression of Peripheral Blood DCs CD86, CD80, and Th1/Th2 in Sepsis Patients and Their Value on Survival Prediction.

Objective: To explore the expression of peripheral blood dendritic cells (DCs) CD86, CD80, and Th1/Th2 in patients with sepsis and their value on survival prediction. Methods: 118 patients with sepsis from January 2019 to December 2020 were selected, According to the prognosis, the patients were divided into the death group (n = 46) and survival group (n = 72). The general data and pathogen division of the two groups were collected, and the levels of peripheral blood DCs CD86, CD80, and Th1/Th2; APACHE II score; inflammatory factor (procalcitonin (PCT)); and cell growth chemokine (GRO) were compared between the two groups heparin-binding protein (HBP) and myocardial enzyme indexes (creatine kinase (CK), creatine kinase isozyme (CK-MB), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)) to explore the relationship between CD86, CD80, Th1/Th2, and various serological indexes and the evaluation value of prognosis. Results: 124 strains of pathogenic bacteria were isolated from 118 patients, including 78 strains of gram-negative bacteria (62.90%), 31 strains of Gram-positive bacteria (25.00%), and 15 strains of fungi (12.10%). The scores of CD86, CD80, Th1, Th2, Th1/Th2, and APACHE II in the dead group were higher than those in the surviving group, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). PCT, GRO-α, HBP, LDH, CK-MB, and CK levels of patients in death group were higher than those in survival group, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The levels of peripheral blood DCs CD86, CD80, and Th1/Th2 were positively correlated with PCT, GRO-α, HBP, LDH, CK-MB, and CK (P < 0.05). ROC curve analysis showed that the AUC of the combined detection of DCs CD86, CD80, and Th1/Th2 in peripheral blood was 0.951, which was higher than 0.882, 0.883, and 0.734 of single index (P < 0.05). Conclusion: All patients with sepsis have immune imbalance, and the peripheral blood CD86, CD80, and Th1/Th2 of the dead patients are higher than those of the survivors. The combined detection of these three indicators has the highest predictive value for the prognosis of patients.

Gut Microbiota and Probiotics/Synbiotics for Modulation of Immunity in Critically Ill Patients.

Patients suffering from critical illness have host inflammatory responses against injuries, such as infection and trauma, that can lead to tissue damage, organ failure, and death. Modulation of host immune response as well as infection and damage control are detrimental factors in the management of systemic inflammation. The gut is the motor of multiple organ failure following injury, and it is recognized that gut dysfunction is one of the causative factors of disease progression. The gut microbiota has a role in maintaining host immunity, and disruption of the gut microbiota might induce an immunosuppressive condition in critically ill patients. Treatment with probiotics and synbiotics has been reported to attenuate systemic inflammation by maintaining gut microbiota and to reduce postoperative infectious complications and ventilator-associated pneumonia. The administration of prophylactic probiotics/synbiotics could be an important treatment option for preventing infectious complications and modulating immunity. Further basic and clinical research is needed to promote intestinal therapies for critically ill patients.

Salmonella Enteritidis foodborne infection induces altered placental morphometrics in the murine model.

INTRODUCTION: Salmonella foodborne disease during pregnancy causes a significant fetal loss in domestic livestock and preterm birth, chorioamnionitis and miscarriage in humans. These complications could be associated with alterations in placental structure. This study was aimed to determine how a low dose of Salmonella Enteritidis during late gestation affects placental histomorphometric in mice. METHODS: We used a self-limiting enterocolitis murine model. BALB/c pregnant animals received a low dose of Salmonella Enteritidis (3-4 x 102 CFU/mouse) on gestational day (GD) 15. At day 3 post infection bacterial loads, serum cytokines expression and placental histomorphometrics parameters were analyzed. RESULTS: We found that a sub-lethal infection with Salmonella induced a significant drop in fetal weight -to-placental weight-ratio and an increase in the placental coefficient. After bacterial inoculation maternal organs were colonized, inducing placental morphometric alterations, including increased placental thickness, reduced surface area, and diminished major and minor diameters. Also, foci of necrosis accompanied by acute leukocyte infiltration in decidual zone, reduction of vascular spaces and vascular congestion in labyrinth zone, were also evident in placentas from infected females on GD 18. Our data shows that placentas from infected mothers are phenotypically different from control ones. Furthermore, expression of IFN-gamma and IL-6 was up regulated in response to Salmonella in maternal serum. DISCUSSION: Our findings demonstrate that a low dose of Salmonella during late gestation alters the placental morphometry leading to negative consequences on pregnancy outcome such as significant reduction in fetal body weight.

Non-SARS-CoV-2 Infections Among Patients Evaluated for MIS-C Associated With COVID-19.

Clinical features of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) associated with COVID-19 are nonspecific. In this retrospective cohort study of 39 patients evaluated for MIS-C, 11 had non-SARS-CoV-2 infections, 3 of whom were also diagnosed with MIS-C. Clinical features were similar in patients with MIS-C and patients with non-SARS-CoV-2 infections. Clinicians should consider non-SARS-CoV-2 infections in patients undergoing MIS-C evaluation.

Comparison of quick SOFA and SIRS scales at the bedside of patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia / [Comparación de la escala qSOFA para evaluar la falla orgánica secuencial y los criterios SIRS para sepsis a la cabecera de pacientes con bacteriemia por Staphylococcus aureus].

Introduction: One of the primary causes of community-acquired bacteremia also associated with nosocomial infections is Staphylococcus aureus, which is responsible for a high percentage of complications leading to high morbidity and mortality rates. The systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) criteria have been traditionally used to evaluate the presence of sepsis; however, recent evidence questions its predictive value due to its low sensitivity and specificity. In 2016, new criteria for sepsis were published and a new tool emerged, quick SOFA (qSOFA), for the rapid evaluation of infection in emergency services. Objective: To compare the qSOFA and SRIS tools for the prediction of bacteremia caused by S. aureus. Materials and methods: We conducted an observational study in patients with S. aureus bacteremia to evaluate their phenotypic resistance patterns, some special features (sociodemographic characteristics, clinical and paraclinical values), complications, and mortality. The results of the qSOFA and SIRS scales were analyzed to identify which of them could better predict the presence of S. aureus bacteremia. Results: Twenty-six bacteremic patients were identified. Staphylococcus aureus was the second most frequently isolated bacteria. The results evidenced a mortality rate of 50% (13 cases) and a prevalence of 30% of MRSA. For the clinical scores evaluated, the qSOFA scale was positive in 30.8% of the patients, and the SIRS scale, in 92.3%. Discussion: The mortality rate for the population under study was high and the qSOFA tool had a lower diagnostic yield compared to the classic criteria for SIRS.

Introducción. Staphylococcus aureus es una de las principales causas de bacteriemia, adquirida en la comunidad o asociada con la atención en salud, la cual presenta un gran porcentaje de complicaciones y elevadas tasas de morbilidad y mortalidad. Los criterios SRIS (Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome) se han usado tradicionalmente con el fin de establecer la presencia de sepsis; sin embargo, recientemente se ha cuestionado su valor predictivo dada su baja sensibilidad y especificidad. En el 2016, apareció la escala qSOFA (quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment), como una nueva herramienta para la evaluación rápida de las infecciones en los servicios de urgencias. Objetivo. Comparar las herramientas qSOFA y SRIS para la predicción de la bacteriemia por S. aureus. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio observacional sobre el comportamiento clínico de pacientes con bacteriemia por S. aureus para evaluar el perfil de resistencia fenotípica, algunas características sociodemográficas, clínicas y de laboratorio, las complicaciones y la mortalidad, así como los resultados de las evaluaciones con la escala qSOFA y los criterios SRIS, para establecer cuál podría predecir mejor la presencia de bacteriemia por S. aureus. Resultados. Se seleccionaron 26 pacientes con bacteriemia, en cuyas muestras S. aureus había sido el segundo germen más frecuentemente aislado. Se encontró una mortalidad del 50 % (13 casos) y una prevalencia del 30 % de S. aureus resistente a meticilina (SARM). Según los puntajes clínicos obtenidos, la escala qSOFA fue positiva en 30,8 % de los pacientes y los criterios SRIS lo fueron en el 92,3 %. Discusión. Se encontró una elevada mortalidad en la población analizada. La escala qSOFA fue menos efectiva para el diagnóstico que los criterios clásicos de reacción inflamatoria sistémica.

The predictors of outcome and progression of pediatric sepsis and septic shock: A prospective observational study from western India.

INTRODUCTION: There is a paucity of studies on the progression and outcome of Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) with its determinants. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To determine the predictors of the outcome and progression of pediatric sepsis and septic shock. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prospective observational study of children fulfilling criteria of SIRS and their progression to sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock (clinically and biochemically) was conducted at a tertiary care center. RESULTS: Totally, 200 children were recruited over a period of 21 months (from February 2016 to October 2017). Most cases (80, 40%) were infants. Of the total, 188 (94%) cases were of an infective etiology (mostly respiratory system). Temperature and heart rate were the two commonest SIRS parameters which were deranged. Blood cultures were positive in only 25 (12.5%) cases. Out of the total 200 children, 108 progressed to sepsis, of which 26 progressed to severe sepsis, of which 22 progressed to septic shock. Abnormal leukocyte count, culture positivity and severe acute malnutrition were significantly associated with progression of SIRS patients to septic shock (P = 0.001, 0.00001 and 0.002, respectively). Factors associated with mortality were positive blood culture, multiorgan dysfunction, late hospital admissions, severe acute malnutrition, and requirement of supportive care (P values-<0.0001, <0.0001, 0.03, <0.0001 and <0.0001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: SIRS can progress to septic shock if not identified early. The predictors of mortality were positive blood cultures, multiorgan dysfunction, late hospital admissions, severe acute malnutrition, and requirement of supportive care. The predictors of progression to septic shock were abnormal leukocyte count, culture positivity, and severe acute malnutrition.

An unusual community-acquired invasive and multi systemic infection due to ExoU-harboring Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain: Clinical disease and microbiological characteristics.

Community-acquired Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections are rare. Most cases involve patients either with underlying immunosuppression or structural chronic lung diseases. We report here an atypical case of a severe community-acquired invasive infection due to a hypervirulent ExoU-producing strain, in an immunocompetent patient.

Association of Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome with Bacteremia in Patients with Sepsis.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the usability of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and commonly used biochemical parameters as predictors for positive blood culture in patients with sepsis. The study included 313 patients aged ≥18 years with severe sepsis and septic shock consecutively admitted in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of the University Clinic for Infectious Diseases in Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia. The study took place from January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2017. We recorded demographic variables, common laboratory tests, SIRS parameters, site of infection, comorbidities and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score. Blood cultures were positive in 65 (20.8%) patients with sepsis. Gram-positive bacteria were isolated from 35 (53.8%) patients. From the evaluated variables in this study, only the presence of four SIRS parameters was associated with bacteremia, finding that will help to predict bacteremia and initiate early appropriate therapy in septic patients.

Impact of Bacterial Translocation on Sarcopenia in Patients with Decompensated Cirrhosis.

Advanced liver disease is associated with a persistent inflammatory state, derived from abnormal bacterial translocation from the gut, which may contribute to the development of sarcopenia in cirrhosis. We aim to document the association of chronic inflammation and bacterial translocation with the presence of sarcopenia in cirrhosis. We prospectively followed cirrhotic patients aged 18-70 years with medically refractory ascites at a single tertiary care center in Toronto, Canada. The baseline data included patient demographic variables, the presence of bacterial DNA in serum/ascitic fluid, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) status, and nutritional assessment. Thirty-one patients were enrolled, 18 (58.1%) were sarcopenic, 9 (29%) had bacterial DNA in serum and ascites fluid. The mean MELD score was 11.5 ± 4.0 (6-23). Sarcopenic and non-sarcopenic patients did not differ significantly in their baseline MELD scores, caloric intake, resting energy expenditure, the incidence of bacterial translocation, or SIRS. While sarcopenia was not linked to increased hospital admissions or death, it was strongly associated with increased episodes of acute kidney injury (3 vs. 0, p = 0.05). This pilot study did not demonstrate an association between sarcopenia and SIRS or bacterial translocation. These results should be confirmed in future larger studies, encompassing a greater number of chronic inflammation events and quantifying levels of bacterial DNA.

The relationship between body mass index, sex, and postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing potentially curative surgery for colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: There is increasing evidence that an increased BMI is associated with increased complications after surgery for colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the basis of this relationship is not clear. Since men and women have different fat distribution, with men more likely to have excess visceral fat in BMI defined obesity, there may be a sex difference in the surgical site infection (SSIs) rate in the obese. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the relationship between sex, BMI, clinic-pathological characteristics and the development of postoperative infective complications after surgery for CRC and to establish whether there were gender differences in complication following surgery for CRC. DESIGN: Data were recorded prospectively for patients undergoing potentially curative surgery for CRC in a single centre between 1997 and 2016. Patient characteristics were recorded and complications were classified as either infective or non-infective. The relationship between sex, BMI, associated clinicopathological characteristics and presences of complications were examined by Chi-square test for linear association and multivariate binary logistic regression model. RESULTS: A total of 1039 patients were included. There were significant differences in the presence of complications between male and female (p ≤ 0.001), the rate of complication was higher in obese male (44%); in particular SSIs, wound infection and anastomotic leak (p ≤ 0.05). The rate of surgical site infection was 12% in male patients with normal BMI compared with 26% in those with a BMI ≥30 (p ≤ 0.001), while the rate of SSIs in female patients was 10% in those with normal BMI and those with a BMI ≥30. In males, BMI remained significantly associated with SSI on multivariate analysis [(OR = 1.42, 95% CI 1.13-1.78) P = 0,002]. CONCLUSIONS: Obesity prior to surgery for CRC increases the risk of infective complications in both male and female. Increased BMI in male patients was associated greater risk of SSIs and wound infection compared to female patients. Male obese patients should be considered at high risk of developing post-operative infective complications.

Focus of infection and microbiological etiology in community-acquired infections in hospitalized adult patients in the Faroe Islands.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to gain national data on the clinical and microbiological characteristics of community-acquired infections in the Faroe Islands and to compare these data with data from other geographical areas. METHODS: A prospective, observational study involving all patients > = 16 years admitted at the Department of Medicine at the National Hospital, Torshavn, Faroe Islands from October 2013 until April 2015. RESULTS: Of 5279 admissions, 1054 cases were with community-acquired infection and were included in the study. Out of these 1054 cases, 471 did not meet the criteria for SIRS (Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome), while the remaining 583 cases had sepsis. Mean age was 68 years. At least one comorbidity was found in 80% of all cases. Documented infections were present in 75%, and a plausible pathogen was identified in 29% of all cases. The most common gram-positive pathogen was Staphylococcus aureus, and the most frequent gram-negative pathogen was Escherichia coli. The most common focus of infection was lower respiratory tract, followed by urinary tract, and skin-soft tissue/bone-joint. Bacteremia was found in 10% of the cases. CONCLUSION: In community-acquired infections in hospitalized patients in the Faroe Islands the lower respiratory tract and the urinary tract were the most frequent foci of infection. Gram-negative pathogens and Escherichia coli were the most frequent pathogens in infection without Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome, in sepsis and in bacteremia. Our data on clinical characteristics and microbiological etiology provide new information which may be used to develop local guidelines for the managing of patients admitted with community-acquired infections.

Presumed Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome in the Pediatric Emergency Department.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine the incidence and outcomes of patients presenting with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) in the pediatric emergency department (PED). METHODS: This was a descriptive, retrospective cohort study of all patients from birth to 18 years presenting to the PED of a single center on 16 days distributed over 1 year. The presence of presumed SIRS (pSIRS, defined as noncore temperature measurement and cell count when clinically indicated) and sepsis was determined for all study patients. Patients were followed up for 1 week. RESULTS: The incidence of pSIRS was 15.3% (216/1416). Suspected or proven infection was present in 37.1% (n = 525) of the study population and 76.4% (n = 165) with pSIRS, with no cases of severe sepsis or septic shock. Sensitivity and specificity of pSIRS for predicting infection were 31.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 27.5%-35.6%) and 94.3% (95% CI, 92.5%-95.7%), respectively. Although patients with pSIRS had a relative risk of 2.4 (95% CI, 1.6-3.5; P < 0.0001) for admission, 74% were discharged home with no subsequent PED visits. Of defined sepsis cases, 75% were discharged home without return. CONCLUSIONS: Presumed SIRS and sepsis are relatively common in the PED. Use of pSIRS to screen for sepsis risks missing infection, whereas using pSIRS in the current sepsis definition results in overinclusion of nonsevere illness.

Machine learning for fast identification of bacteraemia in SIRS patients treated on standard care wards: a cohort study.

Bacteraemia is a life-threating condition requiring immediate diagnostic and therapeutic actions. Blood culture (BC) analyses often result in a low true positive result rate, indicating its improper usage. A predictive model might assist clinicians in deciding for whom to conduct or to avoid BC analysis in patients having a relevant bacteraemia risk. Predictive models were established by using linear and non-linear machine learning methods. To obtain proper data, a unique data set was collected prior to model estimation in a prospective cohort study, screening 3,370 standard care patients with suspected bacteraemia. Data from 466 patients fulfilling two or more systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria (bacteraemia rate: 28.8%) were finally used. A 29 parameter panel of clinical data, cytokine expression levels and standard laboratory markers was used for model training. Model tuning was performed in a ten-fold cross validation and tuned models were validated in a test set (80:20 random split). The random forest strategy presented the best result in the test set validation (ROC-AUC: 0.729, 95%CI: 0.679-0.779). However, procalcitonin (PCT), as the best individual variable, yielded a similar ROC-AUC (0.729, 95%CI: 0.679-0.779). Thus, machine learning methods failed to improve the moderate diagnostic accuracy of PCT.

[Psoas abscess due to Candida tropicalis: a case report]. / Abcès de psoas à Candida tropicalis : à propos d'un cas.

Psoas abscess is a rare infection, difficult to diagnose, which can be primary or secondary, it is often caused by a bacterial micro-organism (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli), and in rare cases by a fungal micro-organism (Candida). We report an exceptional case of Candida tropicalis psoas abscess in a 52-year-old man with no history of pathology who had inflammatory lower back pain with fever and general deterioration. The biological assessment showed a renal insufficiency and a biological inflammatory syndrome, a computed tomography made in urgency was in favor of a psoas abscess. The bacteriological study of percutaneous drainage product allowed to isolate Candida tropicalis.

Diagnostic and prognostic value of procalcitonin in patients with sepsis.

Aim To investigate predictive value of procalcitonin in diagnosis of sepsis in predicting positive blood culture, and possibility to predict final outcome in septic patients. Method This prospective study involved 106 hospitalized patients who met two or more criteria for systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). In comparison to Sepsis Related Organ Failure Assessment score (SOFA) and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score procalcitonin (PCT), C-reactive protein and lactate levels were used to predict final outcome in septic patients (recorded as 28-day survival or non-survival). Using Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve the area under the curve (AUC) was calculated for diagnostic value and accuracy of different parameters with the best sensitivity and specificity for given cut-off values. Result Fifty-two out of 82 patients with documented sepsis had positive blood culture. Procalcitonin showed the best predictive value for both diagnosis of sepsis and bacteraemia with the cut-off value of 0.57 ng/mL (AUC 0.99) and 4.68 ng/mL (AUC 0.94), respectively. Serum lactate level showed the best 28-day mortality predictive value with the cut-off value of 3.25 mmol/L (AUC 0.95), and procalcitonin with the cut-off value of 15.05 ng/mL (AUC 0.92), followed by SOFA (AUC 0.92), CRP (AUC 0.84) and APACHE II score (AUC 0.83). Conclusion Monitoring of PCT in SIRS-positive patients raises possibility to distinguish between patients with sepsis and those with non-infectious SIRS. A significant correlation between PCT and SOFA, and APACHE II score in non-surviving septic patients indicates that PTC combined with clinical score could be useful for assessing severity of infection.

Rapid Decompensation to Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome in Children with Osteomyelitis: A Report of Three Cases.

CASE: We present 3 pediatric cases of osteomyelitis with delayed diagnosis, which resulted in systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and complicated hospital stays. CONCLUSION: These 3 cases illustrate that early treatment of osteomyelitis is imperative in order to avoid fatal complications, which can occur with SIRS. Subtle signs and symptoms should not be dismissed. Patients with fever, pain, and no history of trauma should be scrutinized.

Drug Repositioning to Alleviate Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome Caused by Gram-Negative Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles.

Sepsis is characterized by systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) accompanied with infection. Gram-negative bacteria can evoke sepsis by activating the host immune system, such as the release of IL-6 and TNF-α, through their virulence factors. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), nanosized bilayered proteolipids derived from Gram-negative bacteria, harbor various virulence factors and are shown to induce SIRS. Here, drugs are repositioned to alleviate SIRS caused by Gram-negative bacterial OMVs. Using novel OMV-based drug screening systems, a total of 178 commercially available drugs are primarily screened, and a total of 18 repositioned drug candidates are found to effectively block IL-6 and TNF-α production from OMV-stimulated macrophages. After excluding the compounds which are previously known to intervene sepsis or which show cytotoxicity to macrophages, the compounds which show dose-dependency in inhibiting the release of IL-6 and TNF-α by the OMV-stimulated macrophages in vitro and which reduce OMV-induced SIRS in vivo are selected. Salbutamol, a ß2 adrenergic receptor agonist, is selected as a novel candidate to alleviate OMV-induced SIRS. This study sheds light on using Gram-negative bacterial OMVs in exploring novel candidate compounds to alleviate inflammatory diseases including sepsis.

DYSFUNCTION OF VARIOUS ORGAN SYSTEMS INDUCED BY SEPSIS WITH UNDERLYING SEVERE MYELOMIC DISEASES AND PROSTATE CANCER (CASE REPORT).

A 65-year-old male patient, unconscious, was admitted into the clinic by the Ambulance. From the patient's medical history it was revealed that several hours before the admission in the clinic the following symptoms were present: shortness of breath, fever, hypotonia, consciousness inhibition, because of which emergency brigade was called and was brought by the Emergency Brigade. The history is loaded by chronic pathologies: myeloma disease, prostate cancer, ciliary arrhythmia, heart failure; received several courses of polichemotherapy, last ten days has been treated for pneumonia with antibiotics of ceftriaxone group in outpatient setting. It is also noteworthy that for the last three months dysfunction of musculoskeletal system with muscle weakness, restricted motion has been present. Clinically there was present dysfunction syndrome of several organs: disorder of function of several organs that required emergency intervention, recovery chance was very low, correlation with morbidity in PIRO was high. By investigation it is known, that as SIRS aggravates, and turns into septic shock, lethal index increases, especially when the underlying severe diseases are present. On basis of certain data we can conclude that the severity of the disease may have some compatibility with results, although it is alteration of further clinical status of initial stage that has the closest compatibility with results. Sepsis toward MODS experiences progress with lethal results. Mortality rate in the patients with acute respiratory deficiency increases from 50% to 80%. In most patients with sepsis syndrome, who have 3 or more organs damaged, lethality is more than 90%. In this certain case organ systems that are mostly involved in the process during the sepsis, are respiratory, blood, renal and cardiovascular systems, were all involved , in the mentioned case a reasonable symptomatic and pathognomic treatment and the appropriate measures led to the recovery of the above mentioned patient. Sepsis syndrome is developed when the balance between the substances that contribute to the inflammation and anti-inflammatory substances is violated. By the mentioned case there is sepsis - induced polyorganic insufficiency with underlying severe somatic pathological condition, with violation of hemodynamics. Clinically the insufficiency of all the organic systems developed at the background of cardio-respiratory-cerebral insufficiency, with functional insufficiency of all the organ systems and violation of buffer system. With reasonable pathognomic and symptomatic treatment eradication of vicious circle was possible. The patient was discharged from the clinic with positive clinic-laboratory recovery. The condition is stable. Neurological status -contact, adequate, with high capacity to work, and with an achievement of 2 year remission.

Evaluation of updated sepsis scoring systems and systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria and their association with sepsis in equine neonates.

BACKGROUND: The original equine sepsis score provided a method of identifying foals with sepsis. New variables associated with sepsis have been evaluated, but the sepsis score has not been updated. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of 2 updated sepsis scores and the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) criteria in regard to detecting sepsis in foals. ANIMALS: Two-hundred and seventy-three ill foals and 25 healthy control foals. METHODS: Historical, physical examination, and clinicopathologic findings were used to calculate the original sepsis score and 2 updated sepsis scores. SIRS criteria were also evaluated. Sepsis scores and positive SIRS scores were statistically compared to foals with sepsis. RESULTS: One-hundred and twenty-six foals were septic and 147 sick-nonseptic. The original and updated sepsis scores were significantly higher in septic foals as compared to sick-nonseptic and healthy foals. The sensitivity and specificity of the updated sepsis scores to predict sepsis were not significantly better than those of the original sepsis score. One-hundred and twenty-seven of 273 (46.5%) foals met the original SIRS criteria and 88/273 (32%) foals met the equine neonatal SIRS criteria. The original SIRS criteria had similar sensitivity and specificity for predicting sepsis as did the 3 sepsis scores in our study. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: The updated sepsis scores did not provide improved ability in predicting sepsis. Fulfilling the original SIRS criteria provided similar sensitivity and specificity in predicting sepsis as the modified sepsis score and might serve as a diagnostic aid in identifying foals at risk for sepsis.