La importancia del conocimiento de la anatomía facial en armonización facial / The knowledge of facial anatomy in facial harmonization

La odontología argentina ha considerado reciente- mente la incorporación de armonización orofacial en odontología, acompañando los cambios que vienen sucediendo en el mundo con respecto a este tema. Países con especialización en armonización orofacial en odontología, como Brasil, 2019 o Venezuela, 2020, son muestra de ello. La evolución de la tecnología, junto con los cambios de paradigmas de la sociedad, ha cambiado aún el con- cepto de tratamiento desde la OMS. Actualmente bus- ca, como beneficio para los pacientes, el bienestar físico mental y social, no solo tratar o prevenir patologías. Acompañando estos conceptos las ciencias se adap- tan también a las necesidades de la población. El conocimiento de la anatomía facial también ha avanzado gracias a la tecnología y volumen de trabajos científicos desarrollados para conocer en profundidad cada una de las estructuras faciales y su relación entre ellas. Para ello ha sido fundamental la preparación actualizada de profesionales que traba- jan abordando tejidos blando de cara y cuello (AU)

Argentine dentistry has recently considered the incorporation of Orofacial Harmonization in Dentistry accompanying the changes that have been happening in the world regarding this issue, countries specializing in Orofacial Harmonization in Dentistry such as Brazil 2019 or Venezuela 2020 are proof of this. The evolution of technology together with the paradigm shifts of society has changed still the concept of treatment from the OMS Looking for a benefit for patients physical mental and social well-being and not only treat or prevent pathologies. Accompanying these concepts, the sciences also adapt to the needs of the population. Knowledge of facial anatomy has also advanced thanks to technology and volume of scientific works developed to know in depth each one of the structures facial features and their relationship between them, being essential the updated preparation of the professionals who work addressing soft tissues of the face and neck (AU)

Influence of probe position in the measurement of muscle thickness and its association with lean mass: an ultrasound study / Influencia de la posición de la sonda en la medición del grosor muscular y su asociación con la masa magra: un estudio ecográfico

SUMMARY: Skeletal muscles play a fundamental role in people's lives and their evaluation provides significant information on health. Different tools have been used to evaluate muscle mass, and the evaluation of muscle thickness (MT) using ultrasound has been included as an alternative, which can be performed with the probe in different positions; however, these could present differences. The objectives of this study were to determine whether there are differences in the measurement of MT in the vastus lateralis (VL) muscle using the probe in the longitudinal or transverse position, and to determine its association with the lean mass of the lower limbs. The results indicated no significant differences between MT measurements with the probe in the longitudinal and transverse positions (p =0.084). However, when associating these measurements with lower limb lean mass, it was found that transverse measurements had a strong association (r =0.547; p < 0.001), while longitudinal measurements had a moderate association (r =0.351; p =0.007). This suggests that measurements with the probe positioned transversely to measure the MT would be the best option. Therefore, it could be useful as an indicator of lower limb lean mass in the absence of tools, such as bioelectrical bioimpedance or magnetic nuclear resonance.

El músculo esquelético cumple un rol fundamental en la vida de las personas, y su evaluación entrega mucha información de la salud. Se han utilizado diferentes herramientas para evaluar la masa muscular, y el último tiempo se ha incluido la evaluación del grosor muscular (MT) a través de la ecografía como una alternativa para estimarla, las cuales se pueden realizar con la sonda en distintas posiciones, sin embargo, estas podrían presentar diferencias. Los objetivos del estudio fueron determinar si existen diferencias en la medición de MT en el músculo vasto lateral (VL) utilizando la sonda en posición longitudinal o transversal y determinar su asociación con la masa magra de los miembros inferiores. Los resultados indican que no existen diferencias significativas entre las mediciones de MT con la sonda en posición longitudinal y transversal (valor p: 0.084). Sin embargo, al asociar estas mediciones con la masa magra de los miembros inferiores, se encontró que las mediciones transversales poseen una asociación fuerte (r: 0.547; valor p < 0.001), mientras que las mediciones longitudinales presentan una asociación moderada (r: 0.351; valor p: 0.007). Esto sugiere que las mediciones con la sonda posicionada transversal para medir MT serían la mejor opción. Por lo tanto, podría ser de utilidad como un indicador de masa magra de los miembros inferiores en caso de no contar con herramientas como la bioimpedancia bioeléctrica o resonancia nuclear magnética.

Genetic association between feed efficiency, growth, scrotal circumference, and carcass traits in Guzerat cattle.

The objective of this study was to estimate the genetic parameters for feed efficiency-related traits and their genetic correlations with growth, male fertility, and carcass traits using multi-trait analysis in Guzerat cattle. Further, it aimed to predict the direct and correlated responses for feed efficiency traits when selection was applied for growth, male fertility, and carcass traits. The evaluated traits were adjusted weight at 120 (W120), 210 (W210), 365 (W365), and 450 days of age (W450), adjusted scrotal circumference at 365 days of age (SC365) and at 450 days of age (SC450), scrotal circumference, ribeye area (REA), backfat thickness (BFT), rump fat thickness (RFT), residual feed intake (RFI), and dry matter intake (DMI). The genetic parameters were obtained by the restricted maximum likelihood method (REML), using an animal model in multi-trait analyses. The heritability estimates for W120, W210, W365, W450, SC365, and SC450 varied from low to high (0.17 to 0.39). The carcass traits, REA, BFT, and RFT, displayed low to moderate heritability estimates, 0.27, 0.10, and 0.31, respectively. The heritability estimates for RFI (0.15) and DMI (0.23) were low and moderate, respectively. The RFI showed low genetic correlations with growth traits, ranging from - 0.07 to 0.22, from 0.03 to 0.05 for scrotal circumference, and from - 0.35 to 0.16 for carcass, except for DMI, which ranged from 0.42 to 0.46. The RFI and DMI presented enough additive genetic variability to be used as selection criteria in Guzerat breed genetic improvement program. Additionally, the response to selection for RFI would be higher when selection is performed directly for this trait. The selection for residual feed intake would not promote unfavorable correlated responses for scrotal circumference, carcass (yield and finish), and growth traits. Therefore, the selection for more efficient animals would not compromise the productive, reproductive, and carcass performance, contributing to reduce the production costs, increasing the profitability and sustainability of beef cattle production in tropical areas.

Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the passive compartment underneath the myocardial bridge comprising the blood vessel adventitia and the perivascular connective tissue / Características cualitativas y cuantitativas del compartimento pasivo debajo del puente miocárdico que comprende la adventicia del vaso sanguíneo y el tejido conectivo perivascular

SUMMARY: Myocardial bridges are inborn anomalies frequently found in authopsies. Although tipically clinically silent, they are occasionally associated with severe clinical manifestations, e.g. myocardial ischemia or even sudden death. The pathophysiology and risk factors for these manifestations have not yet been completely elucidated. The connective tissue underneath the bridge has been considered as one of the factors the symptoms depend on. Thus, the aim of this research was to determine the histological characteristics of the connective tissue lying underneath the myocardial bridge and to contribute to a better understanding of the protective effects this passive compartment might have in prevention of severe clinical manifestations of myocardial bridging. The study was carried out on twenty hearts with myocardial bridges. Length of the bridge was determined using a precise electronic caliper. Sections of the myocardial bridges with the underlying connective tissue were obtained and prepared for qualitative and quantitative analysis. The connective tissue underneath the bridges was composed of adipose tissue and loose connective tissue in different ratios. The tissue underneath thin bridges was predominantly composed of adipose tissue, while loose connective tissue was the dominant component under thick bridges. The myocardial bridges had an average thickness of 0,98 ± 0.44 mm and an average length of 15,25±5,65 mm. We found a strong positive correlation between the myocardial bridge thickness and length (r = 0,860, p = 0,0001). The thickness of the passive connective tissue compartment under the myocardial bridges was 0,58±0,22 mm, and there was no correlation between this parameter and the myocardial bridge thickness (r = -0,011; p = 0,963). In the clinical evaluation of patients with these anomalies it is necessary to take into account independently the myocardial bridge thickness and length on one side and the thickness of the connective tissue lying underneath it on the other.

Los puentes miocárdicos son anomalías congénitas que se encuentran con frecuencia en las autopsias. Aunque típicamente éstos son clínicamente silenciosos, ocasionalmente se asocian con manifestaciones clínicas graves, como isquemia miocárdica o incluso muerte súbita. La fisiopatología y los factores de riesgo de estas manifestaciones aún no se han dilucidado por completo. El tejido conectivo debajo del puente se ha considerado como uno de los factores de los que dependen los síntomas. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar las características histológicas del tejido conectivo que se encuentra debajo del puente miocárdico y contribuir a una mejor comprensión de los efectos protectores que este compartimento pasivo podría tener en la prevención de manifestaciones clínicas graves de puente miocárdico. El estudio se llevó a cabo en veinte corazones con puentes miocárdicos. La longitud del puente se determinó utilizando un calibrador electrónico preciso. Se obtuvieron secciones de los puentes miocárdicos con el tejido conjuntivo subyacente y se prepararon para análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo. El tejido conectivo debajo de los puentes estaba compuesto de tejido adiposo y tejido conectivo laxo en diferentes proporciones. El tejido debajo de los puentes delgados estaba predominantemente compuesto de tejido adiposo, mientras que el tejido conectivo laxo era el componente dominante debajo de los puentes gruesos. Los puentes de miocardio tenían un espesor promedio de 0,98 ± 0,44 mm y una longitud promedio de 15,25 ± 5,65 mm. Encontramos una fuerte correlación positiva entre el grosor y la longitud del puente miocárdico (r = 0,860, p = 0,0001). El grosor del compartimiento de tejido conectivo pasivo debajo de los puentes miocárdicos era de 0,58±0,22 mm, y no hubo correlación entre este parámetro y el grosor del puente miocárdico (r = -0,011; p = 0,963). En la evaluación clínica de pacientes con estas anomalías es necesario tener en consideración de forma independiente el grosor y la longitud del puente de miocardio por un lado y el grosor del tejido conectivo que se encuentra debajo del mismo por el otro.

Proposal of a normative table for classification of body fat percentage in Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes / Propuesta de tabla normativa para la clasificación del porcentaje de grasa corporal en atletas de jiu-jitsu brasileño

SUMMARY: Previous evidence indicates that body fat can distinguish Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ) athletes according to the competitive level. However, propositions of cut-off points for establishing classifications of body fat percentage for combat sports athletes and, specifically, for BJJ athletes are still incipient in the literature. In this sense, the main aim of the present study was to establish a normative table for the classification of body fat percentage in BJJ athletes. As a secondary aim, athletes were compared according to competitive level. Ninety male BJJ athletes (aged: 29.0 ± 8.2 years; practice time: 6.0 ± 2.1 years; body mass: 82.1 ± 12.7 kg; height: 175.9 ± 6.5 cm; fat mass: 16.0 ± 8.9 kg; bone mineral content: 3.7 ± 0.6 kg; muscle mass: 37.9 ± 5.4 kg; body fat percentage: 17.3 ± 6.8 %; basal metabolic rate: 1811.4 ± 193.4 kcal) from different competitive levels: state (n= 42), national (n= 26) and international (n= 22) took part in this study. All athletes had their body composition measured via tetrapolar bioelectrical impedance. Percentiles p10, p25, p50, p75, and p90 were used to establish the classification. As a result, the following classification was obtained: <7.7 % (very low); ≥7.7-11.5 % (low); 11.6-17.0 % (medium); 17.1-24.0 % (high) and ≥24.1 % (very high). State-level athletes had a higher fat percentage than national and international-level athletes (p<0.05). The proposed cut-off points can help professionals responsible for sports training and nutritional prescription in monitoring the body fat of BJJ athletes.

RESUMEN: La grasa corporal puede distinguir a los atletas de jiu-jitsu brasileño (BJJ) según el nivel competitivo. Sin embargo, las propuestas de puntos de corte para establecer clasificaciones de porcentaje de grasa corporal para deportistas de deportes de combate y, específicamente, para deportistas de BJJ son aún incipientes en la literatura. En este sentido, el objetivo principal del presente estudio fue establecer una tabla normativa para la clasificación del porcentaje de grasa corporal en atletas de BJJ. Secundariamente, comparar a los deportistas según el nivel competitivo. Participaron noventa atletas masculinos de BJJ (edad: 29,0 ± 8,2 años; tiempo de práctica: 6,0 ± 2,1 años; masa corporal: 82,1 ± 12,7 kg; estatura: 175,9 ± 6,5 cm; masa adiposa: 16,0 ± 8,9 kg; contenido mineral óseo: 3,7 ± 0,6 kg; masa muscular: 37,9 ± 5,4 kg; porcentaje de grasa corporal: 17,3 ± 6,8 %; tasa metabólica basal: 1811,4 ± 193,4 kcal) de diferentes niveles competitivos: estatal (n= 42), nacional (n= 26) e internacional (n= 22). Se evaluó la composición corporal a través de bioimpedancia tetrapolar. Para establecer la clasificación se utilizaron los percentiles p10, p25, p50, p75 y p90. Como resultado se obtuvo la siguiente clasificación: <7,7 % (muy bajo); ≥7,7-11,5 % (bajo); 11,6-17,0 % (medio); 17,1-24,0 % (alto) y ≥24,1 % (muy alto). Los atletas de nivel estatal tenían un porcentaje de grasa corporal más alto respecto a los atletas de nivel nacional e internacional (p <0.05). Los puntos de corte propuestos pueden ser útiles para monitorizar la grasa corporal de los atletas de BJJ.

Mice as an animal model for the study of adipose tissue and obesity / Ratones como modelo animal para el estudio del tejido adiposo y la obesidad

SUMMARY: The study of adipose tissue has gained increasing importance in the biomedical area due to its implications for health and obesity. Obesity is a situation of great concern mainly in the Western world due to its high prevalence and morbidity. Experimental studies on obesity often need a model where it is possible to carry out experiments, drug testing, and other therapeutic procedures, which are typically not possible in humans. Although several animals are used for obesity studies, rodents are by far the most used animals, and among rodents, mice are particularly indicated for this investigation. This mini review will introduce the challenging classification of obesity in rodents, paralleling human obesity, defining and classifying what an obese mouse is. The text will differentiate between white adipose tissue (WAT, aimed at endocrine secretion and lipogenesis) and brown adipose tissue (BAT, aimed at thermogenesis) and describe the browning process of white adipocytes in an adaptation to increase thermogenesis. The text will also describe the various types of body fat in mice with their differences and indications for investigation and teach how to recognize and dissect these fats. At the end of this introductory reading, the young researcher is expected to have acquired sufficient knowledge to start an experimental investigative project on obesity.

RESUMEN: El estudio del tejido adiposo ha ganado una importancia creciente en el área biomédica por sus implicaciones para la salud y la obesidad. La obesidad es una situación de gran preocupación, principalmente, en el mundo occidental debido a su alta prevalencia y morbilidad. Los estudios experimentales sobre la obesidad a menudo necesitan un modelo en el que sea posible realizar experimentos, pruebas de drogas y otros procedimientos terapéuticos, que normalmente no son posibles en humanos. Aunque se utilizan varios animales para estudios de obesidad, los roedores son, con mucho, los animales más utilizados y, entre los roedores, los ratones están especialmente indicados para esta investigación. Esta mini revisión presenta la desafiante clasificación de la obesidad en roedores, en paralelo con la obesidad humana, definiendo y clasificando qué es un ratón obeso. El texto diferencia entre tejido adiposo blanco (WAT, destinado a la secreción endocrina y lipogénesis) y tejido adiposo marrón (BAT, destinado a la termogénesis) y describe el proceso de pardeamiento de los adipocitos blancos en una adaptación para aumentar la termogénesis. El texto también describe los diversos tipos de grasa corporal en ratones con sus diferencias e indicaciones para la investigación y enseña cómo reconocer y diseccionar estas grasas. Al final de esta lectura introductoria, se espera que el joven investigador haya adquirido los conocimientos suficientes para iniciar un proyecto de investigación experimental sobre la obesidad.

Profile for body fat percentage of Serbian working population, aged from 18 to 65, measured by multichannel bioimpedance method / Perfil del porcentaje de grasa corporal de la población activa serbia, de 18 a 65 años, medido por el método de bioimpedancia multicanal

SUMMARY: Obesity prevalence and trends of PBF related to age were defined on a sample of 8100 people among whom, 4955 were male (Age = 31.2 ± 10 yr) and 3145 were female (Age = 32.1 ± 11.3 yr). Body structure measurements were performed using a standardized method of multichannel bioimpedance analysis (BIA), using a body structure analyzer - InBody 720. The total sample was divided into two subsamples according to sex, where every subsample was divided into five different age groups.The mean PBF values of the Male total sample were 18.2 ± 8.0 % and the female total sample was 28.3 ± 9.2 %. Results of Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA with Dwass-Steel-Critchlow-Fligner post-hock showed that there are statistically significant differences (p < 0.001) between all age groups among themselves except groups 50 - 60 and 60 - 65 (p = 0.09). Analysis of obesity prevalence according to the PBF indicator in different age groups revealed the existence of statistically significant (p < 0.001) trends of increasing obesity with age, both in men and women. Based on the result of this study, it can be concluded that most of the Serbian working population are in the range of normal PBF values, excluding the male 30-39.9 yr and female 60-65 yr age categories as groups which are more prone to obesity levels.

RESUMEN: La prevalencia de obesidad y las tendencias de PBF relacionadas con la edad se determinaron en una muestra de 8100 personas, de las cuales 4955 eran hombres (Edad = 31,2 ± 10 años) y 3145 eran mujeres (Edad = 32,1 ± 11,3 años). Las mediciones de la estructura corporal se realizaron utilizando un método estandarizado de análisis de bioimpedancia multicanal (BIA), usando un analizador de estructura corporal - InBody 720. La muestra total se dividió en dos submuestras, según el sexo, donde cada muestra se dividió en cinco grupos de edad diferentes. Los valores de PBF de la muestra total masculina fueron 18,2 ± 8,0% y la muestra total femenina fue 28,3 ± 9,2%. Los resultados del ANOVA de Kruskal-Wallis con Dwass-Steel-Critchlow- Fligner post-corvejón mostraron que existían diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p <,001) entre todos los grupos de edad, excepto los grupos 50 - 60 y 60 - 65 (p = 0.09). El análisis de la prevalencia de obesidad según el indicador PBF en diferentes grupos de edad, reveló la existencia de tendencias estadísticamente significativas (p < 0,001) de un aumento de la obesidad con la edad, tanto en los hombres como en las mujeres. Con base en el resultado de este estudio, se puede concluir que la mayoría de la población activa de Serbia se encuentra en el rango de valores normales de PBF, excluyendo las categorías de edad de hombres de 30 a 39,9 años y de mujeres de 60 a 65 años, como los grupos que son más propensos a los niveles de obesidad.

Concurrent validity of five prediction equations to evaluate fat percentage in a sports group expected to yield high performance from Medellín, Colombia. / Validez concurrente de cinco ecuaciones de predicción para evaluar el porcentaje de grasa en un grupo de deportistas con expectativas de alto rendimiento de Medellín, Colombia

INTRODUCTION: No equations to predict the body composition of athletes from Medellín expected to have high performance have been constructed and, thus, decisions regarding their training and nutrition plans lack support. OBJECTIVE: To calculate the concurrent validity of five prediction equations for fat percentage in a group of athletes from Medellín, Colombia, expected to yield high performance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis to validate diagnostic tests using secondary-source data of athletes under the age of 18 who were part of the "Medellín Team". The gold standard was dual-energy X-ray densitometry (DEXA). We analyzed the Slaughter, Durnin and Rahaman, Lohman, and Johnston prediction equations, as well as the five-component model. We used the intraclass correlation coefficient to assess the consistency of the methods and the Bland-Altman plot to calculate the average bias and agreement limits of each of the equations. RESULTS: We included 101 athletes (50,5 % of them women). The median age was 14,8 years (IR: 13,0 - 16,0). The concurrent validity was "good/excellent" for the Johnston and the Durnin and Rahaman equations and the five-components model. The Lohman equation overestimated the fat percentage in 12,7 points. All of the equations showed broad agreement limits. CONCLUSIONS: The Durnin and Rahaman and the Johnston equations, as well as the fivecomponent model, can be used to predict the FP in the study population as they showed a "good/excellent" concurrent validity and a low average bias. The equations analyzed have low accuracy, which hinders their use to diagnose the individual fat percentage within this population.

Introducción. La falta de ecuaciones de predicción de la composición corporal de deportistas con expectativas de alto rendimiento en Medellín dificulta la toma de decisiones para su entrenamiento y nutrición. Objetivo. Calcular la validez concurrente de cinco ecuaciones de predicción del porcentaje de grasa en un grupo de deportistas con expectativas de alto rendimiento en Medellín, Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio trasversal de validación de pruebas diagnósticas con datos de una fuente secundaria de deportistas menores de 18 años pertenecientes al "Team Medellín". La densitometría dual de rayos X (DEXA) fue la prueba de referencia. Se analizaron las ecuaciones de predicción de Slaughter, de Durnin y Rahaman, de Lohman y de Johnston, así como el modelo de cinco componentes. Para evaluar la concordancia entre los métodos se utilizó el coeficiente de correlación intraclase y se hicieron análisis de Bland y Altman para calcular el sesgo promedio y los límites de acuerdo de cada una de las ecuaciones. Resultados. Participaron 101 deportistas (50,5 % de ellos mujeres) con una mediana de edad de 14,8 años (RI: 13,0-16,0). La validez concurrente fue "buena-excelente" para las ecuaciones de Johnston, Durnin y Rahaman y el modelo de cinco componentes. La ecuación de Lohman sobreestimó el porcentaje de grasa en 12,7 puntos porcentuales, pero todas mostraron límites de acuerdo amplios. Conclusiones. En la población del estudio se pueden utilizar las ecuaciones de Durnin y Rahaman, la de Johnston y el modelo de cinco componentes para predecir el porcentaje de grasa, pues su validez concurrente fue "buena-excelente" y el sesgo promedio fue bajo. Las ecuaciones que se estudiaron tienen poca precisión, lo que dificulta utilizarlas para el diagnóstico individual del porcentaje de grasa en dicha población.

Relaciones anatómicas del cuerpo adiposo de la mejilla asociadas a complicaciones de bichectomía: a propósito de un caso / Anatomical relationships of the adipose buccal fat pad associated with bichectomy complications: about a case

RESUMEN: El presente estudio busca entregar conocimientos y aspectos importantes de las estructuras anatómicas asociadas al cuerpo adiposo de la mejilla (CAM), a consecuencia del reporte de un caso de complicación posterior a una bichectomía. Conocer los elementos anatómicos y sus relaciones con el CAM es de vital importancia, ya que en la actualidad son muchos los cursos y pasadas que se realizan para odontólogos generales y especialistas para el retiro del CAM, esto producto de la creciente demanda estética de las personas por presentar un perfil más fino y estilizado. El caso presentado corresponde a una mujer que consultó al servicio de urgencia por aumento de volumen facial posterior a la extracción del CAM, el cual se diagnosticó como sialocele, consecutivo a daño del conduc- to parotídeo. Al revisar la literatura y observar en nuestros preparados anatómicos se aprecia la cercanía de elementos de importancia, como son el conducto parotídeo, los ramos cigomático y bucal del nervio facial, vasos faciales como la arteria facial, vena facial y arteria transversa facial, es por esto que es necesario conocer en detalle la zona a intervenir y considerar las posibles variaciones anatómicas de estos elementos, para así evitar dañarlos durante el procedimiento, tomando una actitud preventiva. Apuntado entonces al objetivo de este estudio, fue lograr entregar información anatómica precisa y concisa de los elementos de importancia próximos o inmersos en el CAM, para prevenir la iatrogenia de estos.

SUMMARY: The present study seeks to provide knowledge and important aspects of the anatomical structures associated with the buccal fat pad (BFP), as consequence of the report of a case of complication after bichectomy. Knowing the anatomical elements and their relationships with BFP is of vital importance, because nowadays there are too many BFP removal courses and internships, for general dentists and specialists, due to the increasing aesthetic demands of individuals seeking a finer and more stylized profile. The case presented is a female patient who consults the emergency department for an increase in facial volume after BFP extraction, which was diagnosed as sialocele, following damage to the parotid duct. When reviewing the literature and observing our anatomical preparations, the proximity of important elements is appreciated, such as the parotid duct, the zygomatic and buccal branches of the facial nerve, facial vessels such as the facial artery, facial vein and facial transverse artery. It is essential to know in detail the area in order to intervene and consider the possible anatomical variations of these elements to avoid injury during the procedure. The aimed objective of this study, is to provide accurate and concise anatomical information of important elements near or immersed in BFP, to prevent iatrogenesis.

Resistance training with blood flow restriction: Impact on the muscle strength and body composition in people living with HIV/AIDS.

The aim of the study was to compare the impact of 12-week resistance training with blood flow restriction (GRTBFR) versus, traditional resistance training (GTRT) and non-training on the muscle strength and body composition HIV/AIDS participants. Muscle strength was tested at baseline, and on the 6th, 21st and 36th training sessions, using maximal repetition test. Pre- and post-intervention body composition changes were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Resistance training was undertaken three times a week comprising bilateral elbow extension and flexion exercises, unilateral flexion and bilateral knee extension. Changes in strength and body composition (pre- and post-intervention) between groups were evaluated by mixed models of repeated measures, and by paired and unpaired comparisons, considering the Effect Size. All groups were similar at baseline for muscle strength and body composition. Post-intervention, the training groups showed similar, statistically significant increases in muscle strength (GRTBFR=25.7-57.4%; GTRT=24.5-52.3%) and skeletal muscle tissue (GRTBFR=8.4%; GTRT=8.3%). There was also a significant change in body fat (p=0.023-0.043), with significant effect sizes for strength and skeletal muscle tissue (0.41-2.27), respectively. These results suggest that both resistance training interventions promoted muscle hypertrophy, body fat reduction and positive impact on muscle strength in people living with HIV/AIDS. Resistance training with blood flow restriction proved to be an effective alternative to include patients with marked physical weakness, unable to engage in regular strength training programme.ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02783417.

Percent Body Fat Content Measured by Plethysmography in Infants Randomized to High- or Usual-Volume Feeding after Very Preterm Birth.

We measured percent body fat by air-displacement plethysmography in 86 infants born at <32 weeks of gestation randomized to receive either high-volume (180-200 mL/kg/day) or usual volume feeding (140-160 mL/kg/day). High-volume feeding increased percent body fat by ≤2% at 36 weeks of postmenstrual age (within a predefined range of equivalence). TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClincialTrials.gov: NCT02377050.

Categorizing 10 Sports According to Bone and Soft Tissue Profiles in Adolescents.

PURPOSE: Considering the different loading and training characteristics of the sports practiced during growth, it is important to specify and categorize the bone and soft tissue adaptations in adolescent athletes. This study aimed to categorize 10 different loading sports and a nonsport group and identify the differences in bone density and soft tissues. METHODS: The sample included 625 adolescents (10 to 17 yr of age) of 10 sports (soccer, basketball, volleyball, track and field, judo, karate, kung fu, gymnastics, baseball, and swimming) and a nonsport group. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry assessed areal bone mineral density (aBMD), bone mineral apparent density (BMAD), and soft tissues (lean soft tissue and fat mass). The results were adjusted for sex, peak height velocity status, lean soft tissue, fat mass, and weekly training volume. RESULTS: The comparisons among groups showed that soccer had the highest whole-body aBMD (mean ± SEM: 1.082 ± 0.007 g·cm) and lower limb aBMD (1.302 ± 0.010 g·cm). Gymnastics presented the highest upper limb aBMD (0.868 ± 0.012 g·cm) and whole-body BMAD (0.094 ± 0.001 g·cm). Swimming presented the lowest aBMD values in all skeletal sites (except at the upper limbs) and whole-body BMAD. The soft tissue comparisons showed that soccer players had the highest lean soft tissue (43.8 ± 0.7 kg). The lowest fat mass was found in gymnasts (8.04 ± 1.0 kg). CONCLUSION: The present study investigated and categorized for the first time 10 different sports according to bone density and soft tissue profiles. Soccer and gymnastics sport groups were found to have the highest bone density in most body segments, and both sports were among the groups with the lowest fat mass.

Concordance in prediction body fat percentage of Brazilian women in reproductive age between different methods of evaluation of skinfolds thickness.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the utility of bioimpedance (BIA) and skinfolds thickness (SF) in body fat percentage measuring (%BF) compared to the reference method dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in Brazilian reproductive age women, as well as to estimate of inter- and intra-observer precision for SF. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: 170 women aged 18-37 years with BMI between 18 and 39.9 kg/m2 were selected for this cross-sectional study. Body density was evaluated through equations proposed by Jackson, Pollock and Ward (1980) (EqJPW) and Petroski (1995) (EqPET), and %BF was estimated by BIA, DXA and Siri's formula (1961). The SF were measured by two separate observers: A and B (to determine inter-observer variability), who measured the folds at three times with 10-minute interval between them (to determine intra-observer variability - we used only observer A). RESULTS: The %BF by DXA was higher than those measured by SF and BIA (p<0.01, for all) of 90 volunteers. The Lin coefficient of agreement was considered satisfactory for %BF values obtained by EqJPW and BIA (0.55) and moderate (0.76) for sum of SF (ΣSF) values obtained by EqJPW and EqPET. No agreement was observed for the values obtained by SF (EqJPW and EqPET), BIA and DXA. Analysis of inter- and intra-observer of 59 volunteers showed that different measures of SF thickness met acceptability standards, as well as the % BF. CONCLUSION: BIA and SF measurements may underestimate %BF compared with DXA. In addition, BIA and SF measurements are not interchangeable with DXA. However, our results suggest the equation proposed by Jackson, Pollock and Ward (three skinfolds) compared to BIA are interchangeable to quantify the %BF in Brazilian women in reproductive age. Furthermore, our results show acceptable accuracy for intra- and inter-observer skinfold measurements. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2020;64(3):257-68.

Concordance in prediction body fat percentage of Brazilian women in reproductive age between different methods of evaluation of skinfolds thickness

ABSTRACT Objective To assess the utility of bioimpedance (BIA) and skinfolds thickness (SF) in body fat percentage measuring (%BF) compared to the reference method dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in Brazilian reproductive age women, as well as to estimate of inter- and intra-observer precision for SF. Subjects and methods 170 women aged 18-37 years with BMI between 18 and 39.9 kg/m2 were selected for this cross-sectional study. Body density was evaluated through equations proposed by Jackson, Pollock and Ward (1980) (EqJPW) and Petroski (1995) (EqPET), and %BF was estimated by BIA, DXA and Siri's formula (1961). The SF were measured by two separate observers: A and B (to determine inter-observer variability), who measured the folds at three times with 10-minute interval between them (to determine intra-observer variability - we used only observer A). Results The %BF by DXA was higher than those measured by SF and BIA (p<0.01, for all) of 90 volunteers. The Lin coefficient of agreement was considered satisfactory for %BF values obtained by EqJPW and BIA (0.55) and moderate (0.76) for sum of SF (ΣSF) values obtained by EqJPW and EqPET. No agreement was observed for the values obtained by SF (EqJPW and EqPET), BIA and DXA. Analysis of inter- and intra-observer of 59 volunteers showed that different measures of SF thickness met acceptability standards, as well as the % BF. Conclusion BIA and SF measurements may underestimate %BF compared with DXA. In addition, BIA and SF measurements are not interchangeable with DXA. However, our results suggest the equation proposed by Jackson, Pollock and Ward (three skinfolds) compared to BIA are interchangeable to quantify the %BF in Brazilian women in reproductive age. Furthermore, our results show acceptable accuracy for intra- and inter-observer skinfold measurements. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2020;64(3):257-68

Evaluation of adductor pollicis muscle thickness obtained by ultrasonography and adipometer in patients with chronic kidney disease under conservative treatment / Evaluación del polímico adductor espesor muscular obtenido por ultrasonografía y adipómetro en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónico bajo tratamiento conservador

The aim of this study was to evaluate the concordance between adductor pollicis muscle thickness (APMT) measured by ultrasonography and adipometer and the applicability of the measurement as an indicator of the nutritional status of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Methods: Epidemiological study with a cross-sectional design (n= 137). The concordance between APMT assessed by both methods were evaluated by intraclass correlation coefficient. Bland-Altman graphics were produced. APMTs were correlated with body mass index (BMI); calf circumference (CC), brachial circumference (BC) and brachial muscle (BMC); lean tissue mass (LTM); LTM index and body cell mass (BCM) via Pearson correlation. The adipometer overestimated APMT by 7 mm when compared to ultrasonography. APMT measured by adipometer was moderately correlated with BMI, CC, BC, BMC, LTM and BCM. APMT by ultrasonography was weakly correlated with CC, BMC, LTM, and LTM index. Conclusion: APMT presented weak or moderate correlation between methods. The measurement was predictive of muscle mass. We suggest that APMT be used in a complementary way in the evaluation of body composition.

El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la concordancia entre el espesor de músculo aductor pollicis (EMAP), medido por ecografía y adipómetro, con aplicabilidad de la medición como indicador del estado nutricional de los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC). Métodos: Estudio epidemiológico con diseño transversal. La concordancia entre los APMT estimados por ambos métodos se evaluó mediante el coeficiente de correlación intraclase y se diseñaron gráficos de Bland-Altman. En 137 pacientes con ERC, el APMT se correlacionó con índice de masa corporal (IMC); circunferencias de la pantorrilla (CP), circunferencia braquial (CB) y circunferencia del músculo braquial (CMB); masa de tejido magro (MTM); índice de masa magra (IMM) y masa celular corporal (MCC) mediante correlación de Pearson. Se obtuvo que el adipómetro sobreestima EMAP en 7 mm en comparación con la ecografía. EMAP medido por adipómetro se correlacionó moderadamente con IMC, CP, CB, CMB, MTM e IMM. EMAP por ecografía se correlacionó débilmente con el CP, CMB, MTM y IMM. Conclusión: EMAP presentó una baja o moderada correlación con otras mediciones de estado nutricional. La EMAP predice la masa muscular, ya que presentó correlación con marcadores de este compartimento. Se sugiere que EMAPse utilice de manera complementaria en la evaluación de la composición corporal.

Genetic Risk for Hepatic Fat among an Ethnically Diverse Cohort of Youth: The Exploring Perinatal Outcomes among Children Study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the importance of genetic and nongenetic risk factors contributing to hepatic fat accumulation in a multiethnic population of youth. STUDY DESIGN: We investigated the relationship between genetic factors and hepatic fat fraction (HFF) in 347 children aged 12.5-19.5 years. We examined 5 single nucleotide polymorphisms previously associated with HFF and a weighted genetic risk score (GRS) and examined how these associations varied with ethnicity (Hispanic vs non-Hispanic white) and body mass index (BMI) category. We also compared how much variation in HFF was explained by genetic factors vs cardiometabolic factors (BMI z-score and the Homeostasis Model of Insulin Resistance) or diet. RESULTS: PNPLA3 rs738409 and the GRS were each associated with HFF among Hispanic (ß = 0.39; 95% CI, 0.16-0.62; P = .001; and ß = 0.20; 95% CI, 0.05-0.34; P = .007, respectively) but not non-Hispanic white (ß = 0.04; 95% CI, -0.18 to 0.26; P = .696; and ß = 0.03; 95% CI, -0.09 to 0.14; P = .651, respectively) youth. Cardiometabolic risk factors explained more of the variation in HFF than genetic risk factors among non-lean Hispanic individuals (27.2% for cardiometabolic markers vs 6.4% for rs738409 and 4.3% for the GRS), and genetic risk factors were more important among lean individuals (2.7% for cardiometabolic markers vs 12.6% for rs738409 and 4.4% for the GRS). CONCLUSIONS: Poor cardiometabolic health may be more important than genetic factors when predicting HFF in overweight and obese young populations. Genetic risk is an important contributor to pediatric HFF among lean Hispanics, but further studies are necessary to elucidate the strength of the association between genetic risk and HFF in non-Hispanic white youth.

Polycystic ovary syndrome associated with increased adiposity interferes with serum levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6 differently from leptin and adiponectin.

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and to explore the relationship between body fat percentage and metabolic markers. Subjects and methods Sedentary women were assigned to PCOS (N = 60) and CONTROL (N = 60) groups. Each group was subdivided into three subgroups according to body fat percentage (22-27%, 27-32% and 32-37%). The protocol consisted of assessments of glucose, insulin, androgens, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), leptin, adiponectin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Results The PCOS subgroups showed higher concentrations of androgens, LH and 17-OHP. Leptin showed direct relationship with increased body fat percentage, whereas adiponectin showed the inverse effect. However, both were unaffected by PCOS. TNF-α and IL-6 were higher in PCOS women and showed a direct relationship with increased body fat percentage. Glucose showed direct relationship with body fat percentage, whereas insulin presented higher values in PCOS women and direct relationship with increased body fat percentage. Conclusions Our findings indicate that PCOS and body fat percentage directly influence concentrations of insulin, TNF-α and IL-6, whereas leptin and adiponectin are influenced only by the increase in body fat percentage in these women. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2020;64(1):4-10.

Polycystic ovary syndrome associated with increased adiposity interferes with serum levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6 differently from leptin and adiponectin

ABSTRACT Objective The aim of this study was to investigate polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and to explore the relationship between body fat percentage and metabolic markers. Subjects and methods Sedentary women were assigned to PCOS (N = 60) and CONTROL (N = 60) groups. Each group was subdivided into three subgroups according to body fat percentage (22-27%, 27-32% and 32-37%). The protocol consisted of assessments of glucose, insulin, androgens, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), leptin, adiponectin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Results The PCOS subgroups showed higher concentrations of androgens, LH and 17-OHP. Leptin showed direct relationship with increased body fat percentage, whereas adiponectin showed the inverse effect. However, both were unaffected by PCOS. TNF-α and IL-6 were higher in PCOS women and showed a direct relationship with increased body fat percentage. Glucose showed direct relationship with body fat percentage, whereas insulin presented higher values in PCOS women and direct relationship with increased body fat percentage. Conclusions Our findings indicate that PCOS and body fat percentage directly influence concentrations of insulin, TNF-α and IL-6, whereas leptin and adiponectin are influenced only by the increase in body fat percentage in these women. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2020;64(1):4-10

Lymphatic vessels in human adipose tissue.

Despite being considered present in most vascularised tissues, lymphatic vessels have not been properly shown in human adipose tissue (AT). Our goal in this study is to investigate an unanswered question in AT biology, regarding lymphatic network presence in tissue parenchyma. Using human subcutaneous (S-) and visceral (V-) AT samples with whole mount staining for lymphatic specific markers and three-dimensional imaging, we showed lymphatic capillaries and larger lymphatic vessels in the human VAT. Conversely, in the human SAT, microcirculatory lymphatic vascular structures were rarely detected and no initial lymphatics were found.

Profile and reference values for body fat and skeletal muscle mass percent at females, aged from 18.0 to 69. 9, measured by multichannel segmental bioimpedance method: Serbian population study / Perfil y valores de referencia del porcentaje de grasa corporal y masa muscular en mujeres, con edades comprendidas entre 18, 0 y 69, 9 años, medido por el método de bioimpedancia segmentaria multicanal: estudio en población serbia

Profile and standards for the diagnostics of percent of body fat and muscles were defined on a sample of 1924 women from the Republic of Serbia, aged 18.0 to 69.9, where the body structure of subjects was measured by applying multichannel segmental bioimpedance. Total sample was divided into six age groups, for the purpose of the definition of standard with regards to age. When it comes to body fat percentage results have shown that the average value of the total sample was 28.51±9.26 %, and between the range of 23.81 and 39.94 % for age groups 18.0-19.9 yr and 60.0-69.9 yr, respectively. Regression analysis results have shown that the constant of body fat percentage increase by trend of 3.417 % per decade, and that 25.1 % of mutual variance trend was explained by the model, with prediction error of 4.55 %. With regards to the percentage of skeletal muscles in the body, the results have shown that the average value of the total sample was 39.30±5.25 %, and within the range of 42.25 to 32.58 % for age groups 18.0-19.9 yr and 60.0-69.9 yr, respectively. Regression analysis results have shown that the constant of the skeletal muscles decrease by tend of -2.016 % per decade and that the model explained 23.8 % of mutual variance trend with prediction error of 8.08 %.

El perfil y estándares para el diagnóstico del porcentaje de grasa corporal y masa muscular fueron definidos en una muestra de 1924 mujeres de la República de Serbia, con edades comprendidas entre 18,0 y 69,9 años, donde la composición corporal de los sujetos fue medida por bioimpedancia segmentaria multicanal. La muestra fue dividida en seis grupos, con el propósito de definir los estándares respecto a la edad. Respecto al porcentaje de grasa corporal los resultados han mostrado que el valor promedio de la muestra fue de 28,51±9,26 %, y entre los rangos de 23,81 y 39,94 para los grupos de edad de 18,0-19,9 años y 60,069,9 años, respectivamente. Los resultados del análisis de regresión mostraron que la constante del porcentaje de grasa corporal aumentó 3,417 % por década, y que un 25,1 % de la varianza fue explicada por el modelo, con un error de predicción de 4,55 %. Con respecto al porcentaje de masa muscular, los resultados han mostrado que el valor promedio de la muestra fue de 39,30±5,25 %, y entre los rangos de 42,24 y 32,58 para los grupos de edad de 18,0-19,9 años y 60,0-69,9 años, respectivamente. Los resultados del análisis de regresión han mostrado que la constante de masa muscular decreció -2,016 % por década y que el modelo explicó 23,8 % de la varianza con un error de predicción de 8,08 %.