Uso de imagens para diagnóstico de afecções oculares - revisão de literatura / Use of images for the diagnosis of ocular pathologies - literature review / Uso de imágenes para el diagnóstico de patologías de los ojos - revisión de la literatura

La oftalmología veterinaria cubre el diagnóstico de alteraciones oculares primarias, perioculares y retrobulbares, así como sus manifestaciones sistémicas y secundarias, lo que es posible gracias a la evaluación completa del bulbo ocular, la órbita y las inserciones mediante un examen oftálmico completo y exámenes complementarios. Entre las pruebas de imagen que ayudan en el diagnóstico de patologías oculares, la ecografía se encuentra entre las pruebas de imagen más utilizadas en la rutina veterinaria, ayudando en la observación de anomalías retrobulbares y en la evaluación de estructuras bulbosas en presencia de medios transparentes opacos, por ejemplo. Además de la ecografía, existen otros tipos de exámenes, que incluyen tomografía computarizada, resonancia magnética, angiografía, microscopía especular, angiografía, tomografía de coherencia óptica (OCT) y angiografía por tomografía de coherencia óptica (OCT-A). Debido a los avances tecnológicos en la obtención de imágenes, la evaluación del globo ocular y de las estructuras orbitarias se puede realizar con mayor precisión, lo que favorece el diagnóstico y la elección terapéutica adecuada. El objetivo de esta revisión es enumerar las pruebas disponibles, sus principales indicaciones, así como su aplicabilidad y estudios en animales domésticos.(AU)

Veterinary ophthalmology covers the diagnosis of primary ocular, periocular and retrobulbar alterations, and also their systemic and secondary manifestations. That is possible through the complete clinic avaliation of ocular bulb, orbit and attachments and the use of complementary exams. Among the imaging exams that help in the diagnostics of ocular pathologies, ultrasound is one of the most used exams in the veterinary routine, assisting in the observation of retrobulbar abnormalities and bulbar structures when the transparency of the tissues is committed, for example. There are other modalities of imaging exams like computer tomography, magnetic resonance, angiography, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and angiography optical coherence tomography (OCT-A). Due to technology advances in images, the avaliation of ocular globe and orbital structures is more accurate, allowing accurate diagnosis and adequate treatment. The aim of this literature review is list the available exams and their indications, as well as their applicability and studies in domestic animals.(AU)

A oftalmologia veterinária abrange o diagnóstico das alterações oculares, perioculares e retrobulbares primárias, e também suas manifestações sistêmicas e secundárias, o que se torna possível a partir da avaliação completa do bulbo ocular, órbita e anexos por meio do exame oftálmico completo e de exames complementares. Dentre os exames de imagens que auxiliam no diagnóstico das afecções oculares, a ultrassonografia está entre os exames de imagem mais utilizados na rotina veterinária, auxiliando na observação de anormalidades retrobulbares e na avaliação das estruturas bulbares na presença de opacificação de meios transparentes, por exemplo. Além da ultrassonografia, existem outras modalidades de exames, dentre eles a tomografia computadorizada, ressonância magnética, angiografia, microscopia especular, tomografia de coerência óptica (OCT) e angiografia por tomografia de coerência óptica (OCT-A).  Em virtude dos avanços tecnológicos na obtenção de imagens, a avaliação globo ocular e das estruturas orbitárias pode ser realizada com maior precisão, o que favorece o diagnóstico e a escolha terapêutica adequada. Objetiva-se com esta revisão enumerar os exames disponíveis, suas principais indicações, bem como sua aplicabilidade e estudos em animais domésticos.(AU)

Comparação de três métodos de imagem para análise da evolução da osteoartrite induzida pela ruptura do ligamento cranial em coelhos / Comparison of three imaging methods for the evaluation of osteoarthritis induced by cranial cruciate ligament transection in rabbits

Background: Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that affects specially cartilage, meniscus, and tendons. Ligaments, muscles, subchondral bone and synovium. This pathology is a common condition limiting the quality of life ofpatients. Imaging modalities have also been used for evaluation the progression of the osteoarthritis, or degenerative processes induced by acute injury. In order to use more accessible imaging modalities for experimentation, this study aimedto compare radiographic, computed tomography, and ultrasound findings in the evaluation of osteoarthritis induced by thecranial cruciate ligament transection model in rabbits.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty-four male Norfolk rabbits aged approximately 5 months old were used. All rabbits were submitted to cranial cruciate ligament transection of the left stifle and evaluated 45 days after the surgery. Theradiographic findings were subchondral bone sclerosis (33.33%); joint space narrowing (66%); presence of osteophytesat medial femoral condyle (4.16%), lateral femoral condyle (4.16%), medial fabela (20.83%), lateral fabela (8.33%) andsesamoid of the popliteal muscle (4.16%). No osteophytes were seen at medial and lateral tibial condyles. The tomographiccomputed findings were joint space narrowing (62.5%); presence of osteophytes at medial femoral condyle (75%), lateralfemoral condyle (54.16%), medial fabela (66.66%), lateral fabela (37.5%), medial tibial condyle (75%), lateral tibialcondyle (20.83%) and sesamoid of the popliteal muscle (37.5%). The ultrasound findings were synovial hypertrophy(95.83%); effusion in the suprapatellar recess (75%), distal tibial recess (16.66%) and cranial joint space (75%); changes(hyperechogenic foci and heterogeneity) of the lateral meniscus (50%) and medial meniscus (25%); increased thickness ofthe medial condyle (54.16%) and lateral condyle (45.83%); irregularity of the medial condyle (66.66%) and lateral condyle...(AU)

Neuropatia periférica focal associada ao linfoma em cães / Focal peripheral neuropathy associated with lymphoma in dogs

Background: Peripheral neuropathies result in sensory, motor or autonomic dysfunctions due to impairment of peripheral spinal or cranial nerves. Neoplasms such as lymphoma are cited as one of the many aetiological causes and it mayaffect the nerve directly, by compression, or indirectly (paraneoplastic) by remote action of the neoplasm located in anextra-neural site. This study aimed to report two cases of cranial nerve neuropathy (trigeminal and facial) associated withcanine lymphoma, contributing to a better understanding of its paraneoplastic effects on the nervous system, as well asthe diagnosis and treatment of these conditions.Cases: Two cases of canine lymphoma associated with possible signs of paraneoplastic peripheral neuropathy were attendedat the Veterinary Hospital from the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (HV UFMG). Case 1. A spayed mixed breedbitch, with lethargy and unilateral exophthalmos. Brain computed tomography revealed a retrobulbar mass and cytology wasdiagnostic for extranodal lymphoma. Subsequent to computed tomography, the dog was presented with hypotrophy of thefacial musculature and difficulty in grasping food, consistent with trigeminal nerve palsy, which resolved after institutionof the 19-week chemotherapy protocol from the University of Wisconsin. Nevertheless, disease reccurred and a rescueprotocol was initiated. Case 2. A female Dalmatian, spayed, was diagnosed with multicentric lymphoma, after cytologyof the left mandibular lymph node. Chemotherapy was initiated with the same protocol of the previous case. However,the disease progressed and it was observed facial asymmetry with ptosis of the left eyelid, pina and lips, in addition todifficulty in grasping food, suggesting facial and trigeminal cranial nerve palsy. Clinical signs resolved after institutionof a rescue chemotherapy protocol. However, in both cases, disease progression and poor clinical condition resulted in...(AU)

Uso de imagens para diagnóstico de afecções oculares - revisão de literatura / Use of images for the diagnosis of ocular pathologies - literature review / Uso de imágenes para el diagnóstico de patologías de los ojos - revisión de la literatura

La oftalmología veterinaria cubre el diagnóstico de alteraciones oculares primarias, perioculares y retrobulbares, así como sus manifestaciones sistémicas y secundarias, lo que es posible gracias a la evaluación completa del bulbo ocular, la órbita y las inserciones mediante un examen oftálmico completo y exámenes complementarios. Entre las pruebas de imagen que ayudan en el diagnóstico de patologías oculares, la ecografía se encuentra entre las pruebas de imagen más utilizadas en la rutina veterinaria, ayudando en la observación de anomalías retrobulbares y en la evaluación de estructuras bulbosas en presencia de medios transparentes opacos, por ejemplo. Además de la ecografía, existen otros tipos de exámenes, que incluyen tomografía computarizada, resonancia magnética, angiografía, microscopía especular, angiografía, tomografía de coherencia óptica (OCT) y angiografía por tomografía de coherencia óptica (OCT-A). Debido a los avances tecnológicos en la obtención de imágenes, la evaluación del globo ocular y de las estructuras orbitarias se puede realizar con mayor precisión, lo que favorece el diagnóstico y la elección terapéutica adecuada. El objetivo de esta revisión es enumerar las pruebas disponibles, sus principales indicaciones, así como su aplicabilidad y estudios en animales domésticos.

Veterinary ophthalmology covers the diagnosis of primary ocular, periocular and retrobulbar alterations, and also their systemic and secondary manifestations. That is possible through the complete clinic avaliation of ocular bulb, orbit and attachments and the use of complementary exams. Among the imaging exams that help in the diagnostics of ocular pathologies, ultrasound is one of the most used exams in the veterinary routine, assisting in the observation of retrobulbar abnormalities and bulbar structures when the transparency of the tissues is committed, for example. There are other modalities of imaging exams like computer tomography, magnetic resonance, angiography, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and angiography optical coherence tomography (OCT-A). Due to technology advances in images, the avaliation of ocular globe and orbital structures is more accurate, allowing accurate diagnosis and adequate treatment. The aim of this literature review is list the available exams and their indications, as well as their applicability and studies in domestic animals.

A oftalmologia veterinária abrange o diagnóstico das alterações oculares, perioculares e retrobulbares primárias, e também suas manifestações sistêmicas e secundárias, o que se torna possível a partir da avaliação completa do bulbo ocular, órbita e anexos por meio do exame oftálmico completo e de exames complementares. Dentre os exames de imagens que auxiliam no diagnóstico das afecções oculares, a ultrassonografia está entre os exames de imagem mais utilizados na rotina veterinária, auxiliando na observação de anormalidades retrobulbares e na avaliação das estruturas bulbares na presença de opacificação de meios transparentes, por exemplo. Além da ultrassonografia, existem outras modalidades de exames, dentre eles a tomografia computadorizada, ressonância magnética, angiografia, microscopia especular, tomografia de coerência óptica (OCT) e angiografia por tomografia de coerência óptica (OCT-A).  Em virtude dos avanços tecnológicos na obtenção de imagens, a avaliação globo ocular e das estruturas orbitárias pode ser realizada com maior precisão, o que favorece o diagnóstico e a escolha terapêutica adequada. Objetiva-se com esta revisão enumerar os exames disponíveis, suas principais indicações, bem como sua aplicabilidade e estudos em animais domésticos.

Displasia renal em filhote de tamanduá bandeira (Myrmecophaga trydactila) de vida livre - aspectos ultrassonográficos e tomográficos / Renal dysplasia in a free-living giant anteater cub (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) - ultrasonographic and tomographic aspects

Background: Renal dysplasia is a congenital disorder that occurs during differentiation of the renal parenchyma or as aconsequence of a functional and/or structural obstruction of the lower urinary tract. In wild animals, this pathology has beenreported in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis), golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) and African elephants(Loxodanta africana). However, there are no reports of the disease in the giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla). Thus,this paper describes a case of renal dysplasia in a free-living giant anteater cub, which was sent to the wild animal clinicof the Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT) in Cuiabá, MT, Brazil.Case: The rescued animal had a good body condition score and clinical parameters within the normal range for the species.After a routine clinical evaluation, the anteater cub was subjected to radiography and ultrasound tests. Blood tests, serumtests for hepatic and renal profiles, urinalysis, urinary protein creatinine ratio, and chest X-rays did not reveal significantchanges. However, the abdominal ultrasound examination revealed a volumetric loss of about 1.17 cm in length in theleft kidney, and a renal length to aortic artery diameter ratio of approximately 2.8. This kidney showed irregular contours,loss of corticomedullary demarcation, with preserved echogenicity and cortical echotexture. The right kidney showedthe standard size of the species, with a length of approximately 3.08 cm. In view of the suspicion of renal dysplasia, acontrast-enhanced CT scan was performed in order to assess the dynamics of uptake and excretion of the contrast mediumin the affected kidney and in the ipsilateral collecting system. An examination of the tomographic images indicated thatthe volume of the left kidney was reduced, isodense in relation to the right kidney, with discrete and homogeneous uptakein all phases after administration of the contrast medium, no occurrence of nephrogram...(AU)

Displasia renal em filhote de tamanduá bandeira (Myrmecophaga trydactila) de vida livre - aspectos ultrassonográficos e tomográficos / Renal dysplasia in a free-living giant anteater cub (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) - ultrasonographic and tomographic aspects

Background: Renal dysplasia is a congenital disorder that occurs during differentiation of the renal parenchyma or as aconsequence of a functional and/or structural obstruction of the lower urinary tract. In wild animals, this pathology has beenreported in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis), golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) and African elephants(Loxodanta africana). However, there are no reports of the disease in the giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla). Thus,this paper describes a case of renal dysplasia in a free-living giant anteater cub, which was sent to the wild animal clinicof the Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT) in Cuiabá, MT, Brazil.Case: The rescued animal had a good body condition score and clinical parameters within the normal range for the species.After a routine clinical evaluation, the anteater cub was subjected to radiography and ultrasound tests. Blood tests, serumtests for hepatic and renal profiles, urinalysis, urinary protein creatinine ratio, and chest X-rays did not reveal significantchanges. However, the abdominal ultrasound examination revealed a volumetric loss of about 1.17 cm in length in theleft kidney, and a renal length to aortic artery diameter ratio of approximately 2.8. This kidney showed irregular contours,loss of corticomedullary demarcation, with preserved echogenicity and cortical echotexture. The right kidney showedthe standard size of the species, with a length of approximately 3.08 cm. In view of the suspicion of renal dysplasia, acontrast-enhanced CT scan was performed in order to assess the dynamics of uptake and excretion of the contrast mediumin the affected kidney and in the ipsilateral collecting system. An examination of the tomographic images indicated thatthe volume of the left kidney was reduced, isodense in relation to the right kidney, with discrete and homogeneous uptakein all phases after administration of the contrast medium, no occurrence of nephrogram...

Neuropatia periférica focal associada ao linfoma em cães / Focal peripheral neuropathy associated with lymphoma in dogs

Background: Peripheral neuropathies result in sensory, motor or autonomic dysfunctions due to impairment of peripheral spinal or cranial nerves. Neoplasms such as lymphoma are cited as one of the many aetiological causes and it mayaffect the nerve directly, by compression, or indirectly (paraneoplastic) by remote action of the neoplasm located in anextra-neural site. This study aimed to report two cases of cranial nerve neuropathy (trigeminal and facial) associated withcanine lymphoma, contributing to a better understanding of its paraneoplastic effects on the nervous system, as well asthe diagnosis and treatment of these conditions.Cases: Two cases of canine lymphoma associated with possible signs of paraneoplastic peripheral neuropathy were attendedat the Veterinary Hospital from the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (HV UFMG). Case 1. A spayed mixed breedbitch, with lethargy and unilateral exophthalmos. Brain computed tomography revealed a retrobulbar mass and cytology wasdiagnostic for extranodal lymphoma. Subsequent to computed tomography, the dog was presented with hypotrophy of thefacial musculature and difficulty in grasping food, consistent with trigeminal nerve palsy, which resolved after institutionof the 19-week chemotherapy protocol from the University of Wisconsin. Nevertheless, disease reccurred and a rescueprotocol was initiated. Case 2. A female Dalmatian, spayed, was diagnosed with multicentric lymphoma, after cytologyof the left mandibular lymph node. Chemotherapy was initiated with the same protocol of the previous case. However,the disease progressed and it was observed facial asymmetry with ptosis of the left eyelid, pina and lips, in addition todifficulty in grasping food, suggesting facial and trigeminal cranial nerve palsy. Clinical signs resolved after institutionof a rescue chemotherapy protocol. However, in both cases, disease progression and poor clinical condition resulted in...

Comparação de três métodos de imagem para análise da evolução da osteoartrite induzida pela ruptura do ligamento cranial em coelhos / Comparison of three imaging methods for the evaluation of osteoarthritis induced by cranial cruciate ligament transection in rabbits

Background: Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that affects specially cartilage, meniscus, and tendons. Ligaments, muscles, subchondral bone and synovium. This pathology is a common condition limiting the quality of life ofpatients. Imaging modalities have also been used for evaluation the progression of the osteoarthritis, or degenerative processes induced by acute injury. In order to use more accessible imaging modalities for experimentation, this study aimedto compare radiographic, computed tomography, and ultrasound findings in the evaluation of osteoarthritis induced by thecranial cruciate ligament transection model in rabbits.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty-four male Norfolk rabbits aged approximately 5 months old were used. All rabbits were submitted to cranial cruciate ligament transection of the left stifle and evaluated 45 days after the surgery. Theradiographic findings were subchondral bone sclerosis (33.33%); joint space narrowing (66%); presence of osteophytesat medial femoral condyle (4.16%), lateral femoral condyle (4.16%), medial fabela (20.83%), lateral fabela (8.33%) andsesamoid of the popliteal muscle (4.16%). No osteophytes were seen at medial and lateral tibial condyles. The tomographiccomputed findings were joint space narrowing (62.5%); presence of osteophytes at medial femoral condyle (75%), lateralfemoral condyle (54.16%), medial fabela (66.66%), lateral fabela (37.5%), medial tibial condyle (75%), lateral tibialcondyle (20.83%) and sesamoid of the popliteal muscle (37.5%). The ultrasound findings were synovial hypertrophy(95.83%); effusion in the suprapatellar recess (75%), distal tibial recess (16.66%) and cranial joint space (75%); changes(hyperechogenic foci and heterogeneity) of the lateral meniscus (50%) and medial meniscus (25%); increased thickness ofthe medial condyle (54.16%) and lateral condyle (45.83%); irregularity of the medial condyle (66.66%) and lateral condyle...

Aspectos tomográficos das neoplasias nasais em cães - estudo retrospectivo / Tomographic aspects of nasal tumors in dogs - retrospective study / Tomografía de los tumores nasales en perros - estudio retrospectivo

A doença nasal crônica é uma enfermidade rotineira na clínica de pequenos animais que possui causas variadas, sendo necessária a realização de exames complementares para o diagnóstico definitivo, principalmente os de imagem. O objetivo desse estudo retrospectivo foi avaliar tomografias computadorizadas da cavidade nasal de cães e descrever as principais alterações neoplásicas encontradas. Dentre os achados, foi observado em 100% dos animais a opacificação da cavidade nasal, seguida da captação de contraste na lesão em 92,3%, osteólise em 84,6%, e em menor frequência (53,8%) a perda de definição ou desvio do septo nasal. Nesses animais o diagnóstico de neoplasia nasal foi sugerido pelo exame tomográfico e confirmado pelos exames citológico e histológico.(AU)

Chronic nasal disease is a frequent disease at small animal clinics that has innumerous causes, requiring complementary exams to obtain a definitive diagnosis, especially imaging. The objective this retrospective study was to evaluate computed tomographic scans of dogs nasal cavities and describe the main changes observed in nasal tumors. Among the tomographic findings, opacification of the nasal cavity was observed in 100% of the animals, followed by lesion contrast uptake in 92.3%, osteolysis in 84.6%, and less frequently (53.8%) loss of definition or deviation of the nasal septum. In those animals, the diagnosis of nasal tumors was suggested by tomographic exams and confirmed by cytological and histological exams.(AU)

La enfermedad nasal crónica es una enfermedad frecuente en la clínica de pequeños animales que tiene causas variadas, siendo necesaria la realización de exámenes complementarios parael diagnóstico definitivo, especialmente los de imagen. El objetivo de este estudio restrospectivo fue evaluar tomografías computadorizadas de la cavidad nasal de perros y describir las principales alteraciones neoplasicas observadas. Entre los hallazgos, se observó en el 100% de los animales la opacificación de la cavidad nasal, seguida de la captación de contraste en la lesión en 92,3%, osteolisis en el 84,6%, y en menor frecuencia (53,8%) la pérdida de definición o desviación septal. En estos animales el diagnóstico de neoplasia nasal fue sugerido por el examen tomográfico y confirmados por los exámenes citológico e histológico.(AU)

Aspectos tomográficos das neoplasias nasais em cães - estudo retrospectivo / Tomographic aspects of nasal tumors in dogs - retrospective study / Tomografía de los tumores nasales en perros - estudio retrospectivo

A doença nasal crônica é uma enfermidade rotineira na clínica de pequenos animais que possui causas variadas, sendo necessária a realização de exames complementares para o diagnóstico definitivo, principalmente os de imagem. O objetivo desse estudo retrospectivo foi avaliar tomografias computadorizadas da cavidade nasal de cães e descrever as principais alterações neoplásicas encontradas. Dentre os achados, foi observado em 100% dos animais a opacificação da cavidade nasal, seguida da captação de contraste na lesão em 92,3%, osteólise em 84,6%, e em menor frequência (53,8%) a perda de definição ou desvio do septo nasal. Nesses animais o diagnóstico de neoplasia nasal foi sugerido pelo exame tomográfico e confirmado pelos exames citológico e histológico.

Chronic nasal disease is a frequent disease at small animal clinics that has innumerous causes, requiring complementary exams to obtain a definitive diagnosis, especially imaging. The objective this retrospective study was to evaluate computed tomographic scans of dog’s nasal cavities and describe the main changes observed in nasal tumors. Among the tomographic findings, opacification of the nasal cavity was observed in 100% of the animals, followed by lesion contrast uptake in 92.3%, osteolysis in 84.6%, and less frequently (53.8%) loss of definition or deviation of the nasal septum. In those animals, the diagnosis of nasal tumors was suggested by tomographic exams and confirmed by cytological and histological exams.

La enfermedad nasal crónica es una enfermedad frecuente en la clínica de pequeños animales que tiene causas variadas, siendo necesaria la realización de exámenes complementarios parael diagnóstico definitivo, especialmente los de imagen. El objetivo de este estudio restrospectivo fue evaluar tomografías computadorizadas de la cavidad nasal de perros y describir las principales alteraciones neoplasicas observadas. Entre los hallazgos, se observó en el 100% de los animales la opacificación de la cavidad nasal, seguida de la captación de contraste en la lesión en 92,3%, osteolisis en el 84,6%, y en menor frecuencia (53,8%) la pérdida de definición o desviación septal. En estos animales el diagnóstico de neoplasia nasal fue sugerido por el examen tomográfico y confirmados por los exámenes citológico e histológico.

Aparência tomográfica dos discos intervertebrais mineralizados em cães da raça Dachshund Miniatura / Tomographic appearance of calcified intervertebral discs in miniature dachshund

Objetivou-se com este trabalho descrever os aspectos de tomografia computadorizada de discos intervertebrais de cães da raça Dachshund com um ano de idade, assim como quantificar, qualificar e localizar a mineralização nos componentes do DIV e no espaço intervertebral da coluna vertebral. Dez cães dessa raça, com um ano de idade, foram submetidos à tomografia computadorizada (TC). Nas imagens de reconstrução sagital dos animais, procedeu-se à identificação de sete DIV em cada animal, entre as vértebras T9 e L3, totalizando a análise de 70 DIV. Entre os DIV mineralizados, a presença da alteração foi determinada quanto à localização no núcleo pulposo (NP), no anel fibroso (AF) e em AF/NP. Dos 70 DIV avaliados, 45 foram considerados como mineralizados. Entre os classificados como mineralizados, 20% (9/45), 17,8% (8/45) e 62,2% (28/45) estavam localizados nas regiões do NP, AF e AF/NP, respectivamente. A mineralização encontrada neste estudo esteve caracterizada por aumento de atenuação radiográfica com densidade mineral na topografia do DIV, havendo variações da localização e da radiodensidade de área calcificada entre animais e DIV no mesmo indivíduo. As alterações relativas à mineralização dos DIV podem ser classificadas tomograficamente quanto à localização da alteração no disco em AF, NP e AF/NP.(AU)

The objective was to describe CT imaging of calcified IVD in one-year-old Dachshunds, as well as describe the location in the soft tissue structures that make up the IVD. Ten one-year-old dogs underwent computed tomography (CT). In sagittal reconstruction images of animals, the identification of 70 IVD present in the spaces between L3 - T9 were performed. Among calcified IVDs, the presence of the change was determined as the location in the nucleus pulposus (NP), annulus fibrosus (AF) and both. Of a total of 70 evaluated IVDs, 45 were found to calcified and 25 not calcified. Among calcified discs, location was determined in nine (20%) in NP, eight discs (17.77%) in AF and 28 (62, 23%) NP & AF. Calcification in this study was characterized by increased radiographic attenuation mineral density in the IVD topography. There is variation in the location and radiodensity of calcified areas between animals and IVD in the same individual. Changes related to IVD calcification can be classified as tomographic location in AF, NP and NP & AF.(AU)

Ventilation distribution assessed with electrical impedance tomography and the influence of tidal volume, recruitment and positive end-expiratory pressure in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the intrapulmonary gas distribution of low and high tidal volumes (VT) and to investigate whether this is altered by an alveolar recruitment maneuver (ARM) and 5 cmH2O positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) during anesthesia. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective randomized clinical study. ANIMALS: Fourteen client-owned bitches weighing 26 ± 7 kg undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy. METHODS: Isoflurane-anesthetized dogs in dorsal recumbency were ventilated with 0 cmH2O PEEP and pressure-controlled ventilation by adjusting the peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) to achieve a low (7 mL kg-1; n = 7) or a high (12 mL kg-1; n = 7) VT. Ninety minutes after induction (T90), an ARM (PIP 20 cmH2O for 10 seconds, twice with a 10 second interval) was performed followed by the application of 5 cmH2O PEEP for 35 minutes (RM35). The vertical (ventral=0%; dorsal=100%) and horizontal (right=0%; left=100%) center of ventilation (CoV), four regions of interest (ROI) (ventral, central-ventral, central-dorsal, dorsal) identified in electrical impedance tomography images, and cardiopulmonary data were analyzed using two-way repeated measures anova. RESULTS: The low VT was centered in more ventral (nondependent) areas compared with high VT at T90 (CoV: 38.8 ± 2.5% versus 44.6 ± 7.2%; p = 0.0325). The ARM and PEEP shifted the CoV towards dorsal (dependent) areas only during high VT (50.5 ± 7.9% versus 41.1 ± 2.8% during low VT, p = 0.0108), which was more distributed to the central-dorsal ROI compared with low VT (p = 0.0046). The horizontal CoV was centrally distributed and cardiovascular variables remained unchanged throughout regardless of the VT, ARM, and PEEP. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Both low and high VT were poorly distributed to dorsal dependent regions, where ventilation was improved following the current ARM and PEEP only during high VT. Studies on the role of high VT on pulmonary complications are required.

Diagnóstico por imagem na Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo

Atualmente, a Divisão de Veterinária (DV) da Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo (FPZSP) conta com um moderno aparelho de ultrassom e um equipamento de radiografia computadorizada (CR), para diagnóstico nas diferentes classes do plantel.

Extrusão de disco intervertebral em cão Relato de Caso / Extrusion of intervertebral disc in dog - Case Report

We report a case of an 11-year-old poodle dog that entered the veterinary clinic with nohistory of mechanical trauma presenting a mild ataxia without proprioceptive alterationsand underwent a CT scan, where a frame was observed characteristic of intervertebral discextrusion and a stenosis in the left vertebral foramen between the second and third thoracicvertebrae.(AU)

Diagnóstico por imagem na Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo

Atualmente, a Divisão de Veterinária (DV) da Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo (FPZSP) conta com um moderno aparelho de ultrassom e um equipamento de radiografia computadorizada (CR), para diagnóstico nas diferentes classes do plantel.(AU)

Extrusão de disco intervertebral em cão – Relato de Caso / Extrusion of intervertebral disc in dog - Case Report

We report a case of an 11-year-old poodle dog that entered the veterinary clinic with nohistory of mechanical trauma presenting a mild ataxia without proprioceptive alterationsand underwent a CT scan, where a frame was observed characteristic of intervertebral discextrusion and a stenosis in the left vertebral foramen between the second and third thoracicvertebrae.

Estudo anatômico do trajeto do canal mandibular em felinos (Felis catus domesticus) / Anatomical study of the mandibular canal course in felines (Felis catus domesticus)

Objetivou-se descrever, por meio de tomografia computadorizada, o trajeto do canal mandibular (CM) em 20 gatos sem raça definida, com ausência de alterações na cavidade oral, provenientes do Centro de Controle de Zoonoses do Distrito Federal. Foram realizados cortes tomográficos com 2mm de espessura, acompanhando todo o trajeto do CM, tendo como referência a região do forame mandibular, as raízes distais e mesiais dos dentes pré-molares e molares e o forame mentoniano, obtendo-se medidas desde o CM até as faces vestibular, lingual, ventral e alveolar (profundidade) do corpo da mandíbula, bem como seu diâmetro. Pôde constatar que o CM manteve-se no aspecto lingual do corpo da mandíbula desde o forame mandibular até a raiz mesial do 1º pré-molar, onde se deslocou para a face vestibular, emergindo no forame mentoniano. Com relação à profundidade, seu trajeto sofreu declive a partir do forame mandibular até a região da raiz mesial do 1º molar, onde alcançou seu ponto mais profundo para prosseguir em suave ascensão até o forame mentoniano. Os dados apresentados contribuem para o estudo anatômico da mandíbula de gatos, bem como auxiliam no melhor planejamento e execução de procedimentos cirúrgicos na mandíbula dessa espécie.

This study aimed to describe the path of the mandibular canal (MC), using computerized tomography, in twenty mongrel cats, with no changes in the oral cavity, from the Zoonosis Control Center of the Federal District. 2mm thick tomographic sections were taken following the entire path of the mandibular canal, considering as reference the region of the mandibular foramen, the distal and mesial roots of premolar and molar teeth, and mental foramen, obtaining measurements from the MC until the buccal, lingual, ventral and alveolar (depth) surfaces of the mandibular body as well as its diameter. MC remained on the lingual aspect of the mandibular body from the mandibular foramen to the mesial root of the first premolar, where it displaced to the buccal surface, emerging from the mental foramen. Regarding the depth, we observed a downward path from the mandibular foramen to the mesial root of the first premolar, where it reached its deepest point, the path continued in gentle ascent until to the mental foramen. Our data contribute to the anatomical study of the feline jaw and allow a better planning and execution of surgical procedures in the mandible of this species.

Estudo anatômico do trajeto do canal mandibular em felinos (Felis catus domesticus) / Anatomical study of the mandibular canal course in felines (Felis catus domesticus)

Objetivou-se descrever, por meio de tomografia computadorizada, o trajeto do canal mandibular (CM) em 20 gatos sem raça definida, com ausência de alterações na cavidade oral, provenientes do Centro de Controle de Zoonoses do Distrito Federal. Foram realizados cortes tomográficos com 2mm de espessura, acompanhando todo o trajeto do CM, tendo como referência a região do forame mandibular, as raízes distais e mesiais dos dentes pré-molares e molares e o forame mentoniano, obtendo-se medidas desde o CM até as faces vestibular, lingual, ventral e alveolar (profundidade) do corpo da mandíbula, bem como seu diâmetro. Pôde constatar que o CM manteve-se no aspecto lingual do corpo da mandíbula desde o forame mandibular até a raiz mesial do 1º pré-molar, onde se deslocou para a face vestibular, emergindo no forame mentoniano. Com relação à profundidade, seu trajeto sofreu declive a partir do forame mandibular até a região da raiz mesial do 1º molar, onde alcançou seu ponto mais profundo para prosseguir em suave ascensão até o forame mentoniano. Os dados apresentados contribuem para o estudo anatômico da mandíbula de gatos, bem como auxiliam no melhor planejamento e execução de procedimentos cirúrgicos na mandíbula dessa espécie(AU)

This study aimed to describe the path of the mandibular canal (MC), using computerized tomography, in twenty mongrel cats, with no changes in the oral cavity, from the Zoonosis Control Center of the Federal District. 2mm thick tomographic sections were taken following the entire path of the mandibular canal, considering as reference the region of the mandibular foramen, the distal and mesial roots of premolar and molar teeth, and mental foramen, obtaining measurements from the MC until the buccal, lingual, ventral and alveolar (depth) surfaces of the mandibular body as well as its diameter. MC remained on the lingual aspect of the mandibular body from the mandibular foramen to the mesial root of the first premolar, where it displaced to the buccal surface, emerging from the mental foramen. Regarding the depth, we observed a downward path from the mandibular foramen to the mesial root of the first premolar, where it reached its deepest point, the path continued in gentle ascent until to the mental foramen. Our data contribute to the anatomical study of the feline jaw and allow a better planning and execution of surgical procedures in the mandible of this species(AU)

Análise crítica comparativa, radiográfica e tomográfica, das alterações do trato respiratório de felinos domésticos portadores ou não de imunodeficiência viral / Critical comparative analysis, radiographic and tomographic appearance, of the respiratory tract disease in domestic cats with immunodeficiency vírus (FIV) and FIV negative cats

Na rotina de felinos domésticos, algumas modalidades de diagnóstico por imagem, como a radiografia simples e, na última década, a tomografia computadorizada (TC) já são amplamente utilizadas. Este estudo teve por objetivo realizar uma análise crítica da contribuição dos exames radiográfico e tomográfico (simples e contrastado), na avaliação do trato respiratório de felinos portadores ou não de imunodeficiência viral (FIV). Identificando as principais alterações encontradas em felinos FIV+ aos exames radiográfico e tomográfico do crânio e tórax. E ainda, correlacionando os achados radiográficos e tomográficos com os resultados laboratoriais de sorologia para imunodeficiência viral felina, citologia e cultura (bacteriana e fúngica) do lavado traqueal. Foram utilizados 20 felinos adultos jovens de ambos os sexos, sendo 14 FIV+ e 06 FIV-, todos provenientes do mesmo gatil. Pela análise estatística houve um maior percentual de felinos FIV+ com opacificação nas bulas timpânicas pela TC (57,14%) e resultado positivo na análise citológica do lavado traqueal (85,71%). Constatou-se que os felinos portadores de imunodeficiência viral possuíram, por meio da avaliação radiográfica e tomográfica, um maior comprometimento do trato respiratório relacionado às cavidades nasais, bulas timpânicas, parênquima pulmonar e vias aéreas inferiores, quando comparados aos felinos negativos para imunodeficiência viral.

In internal medicine of domestic cats, imaging modalities, such as radiography and, in the last decade, computed tomography (CT) are widely used. The aim of this study was to perform a critical analysis of the radiographic and tomographic contribution in assessing the respiratory tract of feline immunodeficiency vírus (FIV) infected cats and FIV negative cats. Identifying the radiographic and tomographic findings, in FIV+ cats, of the skull and chest examination. And, correlating radiographic and tomographic findings with the laboratory serology for feine immunodeficiency vírus results, cytology evaluation and culture (bacterial and fungal) from tracheal lavage fluid.Twenty young adults cats of both gender were used, 14 FIV+ and 06 FIV-, all from the same cattery. By the statstical analysis there was a higher percentage of FIV+ infected cats with timpanic bullae opacification by the CT examination (57,14%) and positive cytologic evaluation of traqueal aspirates (85,71%). It was found that FIV+ infected cats has greater involvement of the respiratory tract related to the nasal cavity, tympanic bullae, lung parenchyma and lower airways, when compared with FIV- cats.

Estudo da correlação da densitometria óssea e do perímetro diafisário medial do terceiro metacarpiano em equinos / Correlation study on equine bone densitometry and third metacarpus diaphyseal perimeter

In this study, 14 "post mortem" equine metacarpal bones were evaluated to correlate the medial III metacarpus perimeter to dorsal bone density of the same region using Computed Tomography and Quantitative Ultrasound (QUS). According to Pearson's test, there were not correlations between these variables. Considering there are few bone densitometry studies in horses and there are many variables that can interfere with bone mineralization, new studies on equine bone density applying standard variables are recommended.