[Bilateral intrauterine testicular torsion in a mature newborn]. / Bilaterale intrauterine Hodentorsion bei einem reifen Neugeborenen.

Bilateral intrauterine testicular torsion is an extremely rare emergency and can be difficult to diagnose due to its diverse manifestation and potential differential diagnoses. In time surgical intervention is crucial for the retention of testicular function. We present a newborn with a bilateral testicular torsion, in which one testicle could be saved after detorsion. The contralateral side showed hemorrhagic infarction and was removed. Since organ preservation is rarely successful, the surgical therapy is discussed controversially.

Torsión testicular prenatal: revisión a propósito de un caso / Prenatal torsion of the testis: a review based on one case

La torsión testicular prenatal ocurre intraútero y se des-cubre inmediatamente en la exploración del recién nacido. Existen antecedentes familiares en un 10% de los niños. La clínica varía dependiendo del momento en el que ha ocurrido la torsión durante la gestación. En cuanto al diagnóstico, se basa en la sospecha clínica y el empleo de la ecografía, que se puede complementar con otras técnicas novedosas en pediatría como la elastografía. El manejo terapéutico sigue siendo controvertido. El objetivo de la comunicación es hacer una revisión y puesta al día de la torsión testicular prenatal, valorando el empleo de la elastografía como técnica complementaria de ayuda en el diagnóstico. Presentamos el caso de un neonato de 18 horas de vida, que en la primera exploración presentaba un testículo aumentado de tamaño, indoloro y de consistencia dura. En la historia familiar, el padre refería haber sufrido una torsión testicular también intraútero. Se realizó una ecografía que confirmó la sospecha clínica de torsión testicular prenatal, completándose el estudio con una elastografía, que mostró un testículo duro y rígido. El paciente fue valorado por Cirugía Pediátrica, decidiendo actitud expectante inicial y controles clínicos evolutivos

Prenatal testicular torsion occurs intrauterine and is dis-covered immediately during the exploration of the newborn. There is a previous family history in 10% of the children. The symptomatology varies depending on the moment in which the torsion occurred during pregnancy. The diagnosis is based on clinical suspicion and the use of ultrasound, which can be complemented with other new techniques in Pediatrics such as elastography. The therapeutic treatment remains controversial. The objective is to review and update the sources about prenatal testicular torsion and introduce the use of elastography as a complementary technique to help with the diagnosis. We report an 18-hour old newborn, who presents an enlarged, painless testicle of a hard consistency in the first exploration. In his family history, the father reports having suffered intrauterine testicular torsion. An ultrasound was performed which confirmed the clini-cal suspicion of prenatal testicular torsion. The study was completed with an elastography, which showed a hard and rigid testicle. The patient was evaluated by the department of Pediatric Surgery, who initiately decided a conservative management and clinical evolutionary controls

Bilateral testicular torsion in a 36-week neonate.

A male neonate born after uncomplicated vaginal delivery at 36 weeks' gestation was noted to have large and firm testicles bilaterally on routine examination. A testicular ultrasound scan was subsequently organised that showed detailed appearances consistent with bilateral testicular torsion. This was thought to have taken place antenatally and as such was unfortunately not suitable for intervention. The patient was therefore managed conservatively with the testicles left to involute naturally. He was started on testosterone replacement therapy after follow-up when gonadotrophin levels were found to be raised and testosterone low (suggesting absent testicular function) and will be closely followed up regarding his future development which is normal to this point.

[A Case of Prenatal Testicular Torsion].

We report a prenatal case of neonatal testicular torsion. A 0-day-old boy with left scrotal swelling from the time of birth was referred to us. The physical examination revealed left intrascrotal hard mass. The ultrasonography with doppler color flow showed heterogeneous parenchymal echogenicity and the lack of blood flow to the affected testis. Testicular torsion was suspected and emergent surgical exploration was performed. The left testis was necrotic with extravaginal torsion of the spermatic cord. Left high orchiectomy was performed, considering the possibility of inguinal hernia. The histopathological examination confirmed the necrosis of the left testis.

Fetal diagnosis of testicular torsion: what shall we tell the parents?

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study are to present our collective experience with the prenatal diagnosis of testicular torsion and to propose a possible prenatal management scheme. METHODS: We retrospectively collected and reviewed all medical records of cases that were diagnosed with perinatal testicular torsion in our medical center between the years 2002 and 2013. Prenatal torsion was categorized as torsion diagnosed in utero or on immediate newborn examination. RESULTS: A total of five unilateral prenatal torsions were diagnosed. Two fetuses were diagnosed in the third trimester of pregnancy. In both cases, cesarean section was performed immediately upon diagnosis. One newborn underwent immediate orchiectomy with contralateral orchiopexy. Torsion was confirmed by pathological examination. The other was managed conservatively, just as the three newborns who were diagnosed immediately after birth. On follow-up scan, the affected testicle was found atrophied with lack of blood flow on color Doppler examination. The unaffected contralateral testicle remained within the normal size with good blood flow. CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal diagnosis of unilateral testicular torsion is a coincidental rare finding. Because the twisted testicle cannot be salvaged, induced delivery and prompt surgery are not recommended.

An infant with an ectopic torsed testis in the abdominal wall.

We report a unique case of an infant with testicular torsion in the anterior abdominal wall. In the work-up of acute abdominal pain in a male infant with nonpalpable testes, a careful search for the testes using ultrasound can often identify undescended or ectopic testes. Testicular torsion should remain an important consideration as a potential cause of abdominal pain in this selected group of individuals.

[Bilateral perinatal torsion of spermatic cord - a case report and literature review]. / Oboustranná perinatální torze semenného provazce - kazuistika a prehled literatury.

INTRODUCTION: Perinatal spermatic cord torsion represents a less common manifestation of spermatic cord torsion. In newborns, normal fixation between testicular coverings and tunica dartos is not yet well established, and abnormal testicular mobility results in extravaginal type of torsion. Salvage rate of testes after detorsion is low. Management of perinatal torsion still remains a controversial issue. Some authors refuse scrotal exploration as useless, their opponents recommend emergent bilateral surgical exploration for the protection of the healthy gonad. CASE STUDY: Authors report a case of a newborn who underwent scrotal exploration for clinical signs of the right-side perinatal torsion. The right completely necrotic testicle was removed. It was decided to fix the contralateral testis to prevent torsion. However, the exploration of the left testicle revealed ischemic damage corresponding to the asynchronous perinatal torsion after its spontaneous detorsion. The testicle was left (preserved) in scrotum and fixed. The follow-up then confirmed the loss of functional testicular tissue. This is the first case of bilateral perinatal torsion described in the Czech and Slovak literature. CONCLUSIONS: Perinatal spermatic cord torsion may result in a severe complication - bilateral testicular atrophy due to asynchronous torsion of the contralateral testicle. The authors demonstrate that in newborns physical examination and ultrasonography may be not sensitive enough for the assessment of the testis condition. In the light of the case study and literature reviewed they strongly recommend early bilateral scrotal exploration with preventive testes fixation to protect the healthy gonad.

Intravaginal testicular torsion in newborns. To fix or not to fix the contralateral testis?

Scrotal swelling suggesting testicular torsion is a rare urological emergency which requires a clinical urgent evaluation and most of the times must be managed surgically. In newborns it can occur in the postnatal period, usually within the twenty-eighth day of life, or more frequently in utero, during the descent of the testis into the scrotum. Usually its poor fixedness allows the testis an abnormal mobility inside the scrotum, configuring the framework of extravaginal torsion. On the contrary during the perinatal period a twist that takes place inside the tunica vaginalis, known as intravaginal torsion, is extremely uncommon and only few cases are well documented in the literature. Authors present a rare case of intravaginal testicular torsion occurred in perinatal period. In this situation only the early surgical exploration of the scrotum may allow the rescue of the gonad, although in rare cases. Timing of surgical treatment and need for contralateral testicular fixation remain controversial. However since the anatomical defect of the tunica vaginalis can be bilateral the surgical fixation even of the contralateral testis is important, now or later, in order to prevent any future torsion of this gonad. The authors also present a brief review of recent literature on the subject.

Neonatal testicular torsion: a systematic literature review.

Neonatal testicular torsion (NTT) is rare and reported salvage rates vary widely both in their cited frequency and plausibility. The timing and necessity of surgery is controversial with different centers arguing for the conservative management of all cases while others argue for prompt exploration for all. Confusion also reigns over the need to fix the contralateral testis. In order to clarify the issue the authors reviewed the literature and found 18 case series of NTT, containing 268 operated cases suitable for analysis. This paper reviews the literature on NTT specifically regarding salvage rates and timing/necessity of surgery. Its primary aim is to produce an overall salvage rate in the operated group. Overall salvage rate was 8.96%, 24 testes. When operation is specified as an emergency, salvage may be as high as 21.7%. While salvage of a testis torted at birth is rare, it is reported. Early asynchronous torsion is also rare but reported. Worryingly, bilateral torsion can present with unilateral signs.Given these findings, we would suggest early surgery with fixation of the contralateral side.

Incomplete prenatal torsion of the testicle--a successful salvage.

The role of emergent intervention in prenatal testicular torsion is controversial. We report a case of successful testicular salvage of incomplete prenatal torsion. A 1-day-old male infant presented with a bluish-hued scrotum at birth. Testicular ultrasonography demonstrated right testicular torsion with minimal peripheral blood flow. Scrotal exploration was performed, confirming extravaginal torsion; both testes underwent orchiopexy. Subsequent imaging demonstrated normal bilateral testes with good vascular flow. Although intervention of prenatal torsion has been debated, the present case represents prenatal torsion saved by intervention. We propose the presence of any blood flow suggests incomplete torsion and the potential for salvage.

New insights into perinatal testicular torsion.

Perinatal testicular torsion is a relatively rare event that remains unrecognized in many patients or is suspected and treated accordingly only after an avoidable loss of time. The authors report their own experience with several patients, some of them quite atypical but instructive. Missed bilateral torsion is an issue, as are partial torsion, possible antenatal signs, and late presentation. These data are discussed together with the existing literature and may help shed new light on the natural course of testicular torsion and its treatment. The most important conclusion is that a much higher index of suspicion based on clinical findings is needed for timely detection of perinatal torsion. It is the authors' opinion that immediate surgery is mandatory not only in suspected bilateral torsions but also in cases of possible unilateral torsions. There is no place for a more fatalistic "wait-and-see" approach. Whenever possible, even necrotic testes should not be removed during surgery because some endocrine function may be retained.

Torsión intraútero de un quiste ovárico. Presentación neonatal atípica / Intrauterine torsion of ovarian cyst. Atypical neonatal presentation

La ecografía prenatal y posnatal nos ha permitido conocer realmente los datos sobre la frecuencia y la evolución de los quistes ováricos fetales. Aunque la mayoría de estos quistes involucionan en el transcurso de los primeros meses de vida, pueden presentar complicaciones durante el periodo fetal o posnatal, entre las cuales la torsión ovárica es la más frecuente. Presentamos el caso de una niña de 5 meses de edad, remitida a nuestro servicio de cirugía pediátrica por una tumoración intraabdominal, que resultó ser una autoamputación ovárica, complicación derivada de un quiste ovárico fetal que provocó una torsión ovárica intraútero. Revisamos los conocimientos actuales sobre los quistes ováricos fetales, haciendo especial hincapié en su manejo médico y quirúrgico posnatal (AU)

Pre- and postnatal echographies have allowed us to know reliable data about frequency and evolution of fetal ovarian cysts. Though most of these cysts involute during the first months of life, sometimes complications may appear during fetal or neonatal periods, being the ovarian torsion the most frequent. We present a case report of a 5 months-old female patient referred to our Pediatric Surgery Service with an intraabdominal tumoration. This tumoration resulted to be an ovarian autoamputation, which is a complication derived from a fetal ovarian cyst which caused an intrauterine ovarian torsion. We revise the current knowledge about fetal ovarian cysts emphasizing its postnatal surgical and clinical management (AU)

Intrauterine testicular torsion: a surgical emergency.

BACKGROUND: Intrauterine torsion of testes (IUTT) is a very rare condition that is being recognized with increasing frequency. The exact cause of IUTT is not known, and controversies still continue regarding the need for urgent exploration as well as the necessity of contralateral orchidopexy. This is a review of our experience with 11 cases of IUTT, highlighting aspects of diagnosis and management. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From 1990 to 2005, we treated 11 newborns with IUTT. Their mean birth weight was 3.50 kg (range, 2.6-4.12 kg). Their age at presentation ranged from 2 hours to 10 days (mean, 45 hours). All underwent emergency exploration. There were 6 left-sided, 4 right-sided, and 1 bilateral torsion. RESULTS: In all, the affected testis was enlarged, tender, firm in consistency, and higher in position, and the overlying skin was dark red in color. Exploration revealed extravaginal torsion in all. In 1, there was partial torsion and the testis was enlarged, congested, but not gangrenous. Another child had complete torsion, but the testis was found enlarged, congested with hemorrhage, but not gangrenous. Both were treated with detorsion and preservation of testes and bilateral orchidopexy. On follow-up, both testes were viable, of good size, and in normal position. The patient with bilateral torsion had frankly necrotic left testis that was removed, but the right testis was smaller in size and ischemic but not frankly necrotic, so it was preserved, but on follow-up, it was found atrophic. One of our patients was evaluated few hours after delivery and found to have normal testes. On the second day, he was found to have enlarged, tender left testis. Emergency exploration revealed extravaginal torsion with slightly enlarged left testis that was ischemic but not frankly necrotic. This was preserved and bilateral orchidopexy was done. On follow-up, both testes were viable, of good size, and normal position. In the remaining 7 patients, the testes were frankly necrotic. They were treated with orchidectomy and contralateral orchidopexy. Histology of the removed testes was variable. In 6, the testes were totally necrotic without any viable testicular tissue, whereas in the remaining 2, there was preservation of some semineferous tubules and hemorrhage with ischemic infarction. CONCLUSION: Intrauterine torsion of testes should be treated as an emergency. To obviate the risk of anorchia, we advocate early recognition of IUTT, expeditious exploration and simultaneous contralateral orchidopexy.

Clinical features of testicular torsion and epididymo-orchitis in infants younger than 3 months.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Testicular torsion (TT) and orchitis/epididymo-orchitis (EO) are confusing and difficult for physicians to diagnose in infants younger than 3 months. The aim of the study was to delineate the etiology and the clinical features of TT and EO in this age group. METHODS: During the period between April 1994 and September 2004, medical charts of infants younger than 3 months with TT and EO were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS: Sixteen patients were eligible for the study, including 9 with TT and 7 with orchitis/EO. Two infants had postnatal torsion, and the testicles were salvaged by emergent surgery. Eighty-six percent (6/7) of infants with EO/orchitis had either abnormal physical signs (fever or scrotal tenderness) or abnormal laboratory findings (leukocytosis or elevated C-reactive protein level). The sensitivity of color Doppler ultrasound to diagnose TT and EO/orchitis was 88% (7/8) and 100% (6/6), respectively. All infants (6/6) with EO/orchitis who were checked for urinary tract infection and sepsis had positive test results. CONCLUSIONS: Pediatricians should examine the testicles meticulously after a baby is born. Orchitis/EO is highly suspected for patients associated with abnormal physical signs and laboratory findings. Prompt prescription of antibiotics is mandatory to avoid serious sequelae.

Perinatal testicular torsion: a unique strategy.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Perinatal testicular torsion (PTT) is defined as testicular torsion occurring prenatally or within the first 30 days of life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the data obtained from patients with PTT and propose principles of management based on clinical, surgical, and histologic findings. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 27 boys seen between 1990 and 2005 with surgically documented PTT was conducted. Patients were divided into 2 groups: A, prenatal testicular torsion; B, postnatal testicular torsion. The presence of acute scrotal inflammatory signs defined the urgency to operate. RESULTS: There were 4 clinical pictures in group A: A1, patients with a nubbin testis (n = 3); A2, patients with a small and hard testis (n = 12); A3, patients with a normal-sized and hard testis (n = 8); and A4, patients with an acute scrotum (n = 2). Group B (n = 2) presented no sign after birth and later developed an acute scrotum. Surgical exploration and histologic examination showed clear signs of a long-standing testicular torsion in groups A1, A2, and A3 or a recent-onset testicular torsion in groups A4 and B. Only one testis could be salvaged (group B). CONCLUSIONS: Clinical signs correlated very well with surgical and histologic findings and can define the need and the urgency to operate. Although testicular salvage rate is very low, the affected side always should be explored to confirm the diagnosis and to fix or remove the affected testicle. The contralateral scrotum also should be explored because of the risk of asynchronous contralateral testicular torsion.

Right testicular necrosis and left vanishing testis in a neonate.

We describe a rare case of right testicular necrosis and left vanishing testis in a neonate. The patient presented with a right swollen testis and left non-palpable testis at birth. Exploratory laparotomy was performed at 23 days after birth, and the right testis was extirpated because of extensive necrosis due to torsion of the spermatic cord. Histopathological examination revealed a massively necrotic testicular structure with hypertrophy of Leydig cells. Hypergonadotropinemia was also recognized before operation. On laparoscopy at the age of 5.3 years, a normal left vas deferens and spermatic vessels exiting through the internal inguinal ring were confirmed, although the patient's left testis was not found in the intraperitoneal cavity. An hCG test demonstrated no response of serum testosterone. These findings suggested a diagnosis of left vanishing testis due to testicular regression. We therefore speculated that bilateral asynchronous testicular torsion had occurred prenatally in this patient.

Bilateral anorchia in infancy: occurence of micropenis and the effect of testosterone treatment.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the clinical and histological findings in boys with bilateral anorchia and the response to testosterone treatment on penis length. STUDY DESIGN: Patients were divided into two groups according to the absence (group A, n = 29) or the presence (group B, n = 26) of palpable intrascrotal or inguinal mass at first clinical examination. RESULTS: A micropenis was found in 46% of patients (n = 24) with a similar proportion in both groups. Testosterone treatment induced a mean penis length gain of 1.9 +/- 1.3 SDS (standard deviation score). However, micropenis persisted in six patients. Histological examination (n = 18) confirmed the absence of any testicular structure with deferent ducts being present unilaterally or bilaterally in all but three patients. In these three patients, a hemorrhagic testis, probably as a result of a mechanical torsion, was found. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of isolated micropenis in almost half of patients with bilateral anorchia strongly suggests that the testicular damage frequently occurs during the second half of gestation after male sexual differentiation. In most cases, testosterone treatment stimulates the penile growth. Although the pathogenesis of bilateral anorchia may be heterogeneous, our study suggests that gonads may have been functionally abnormal before they disappeared, and suggests that some patients have an intrinsic endocrine disorder.

Intrauterine torsion of a testicular teratoma: a case report.

Neonatal testicular tumors and intrauterine testicular torsions are very rare. The presented case is the first describing intrauterine torsion of a descended testis with a teratomatous tumor. Immediately after birth, right hemiscrotal swelling was seen in a preterm male newborn. Surgical intervention showed extravaginal testicular torsion and a highly differentiated testicular teratoma with haemorrhagic infarction. The testis was removed (orchiectomy). Over a period of twelve months no signs of tumor recurrence were found. While being extremely rare, testicular tumors should be included in the differential diagnosis of neonatal scrotal swelling.