Monopotassium phosphate (KH2PO4) and salicylic acid (SA) as seed priming in Vicia faba L. and Vicia sativa L. / Fosfato de monopotássio (KH2PO4) e ácido salicílico (SA) como primagem de sementes em Vicia faba L. e Vicia sativa L.

The first experiment was conducted to evaluate the impact of seed priming on germination behavior and seedling establishment in Vicia faba and Vicia sativa, for that, seeds priming was done using SA (100 µM) and KH2PO4. In order to determine the optimal concentration of KH2PO4 for improving germination, different concentrations were used: 25 µM, 50 µM, and 100 µM. The best germination behavior and seedling establishment were obtained with 25 and 50 µM KH2PO4, respectively for Vicia faba and Vicia sativa. Moreover, data showed that 100 µM of SA improved seed germination as well as the seedling establishment for both species. The second experiment was carried out to investigate the influence of seed priming for improving phosphorous (P) deficiency tolerance. To do, seedling obtained from primed and nonprimed seeds were grown in a hydroponic culture system with three different treatments: control (C, medium containing sufficient P concentration: 360 µM KH2PO4), direct phosphorus-deficient (DD, medium containing only 10 µM KH2PO4), and induced P deficiency by bicarbonate (ID, medium containing sufficient P concentration: 360 µM KH2PO4 + 0.5 g L-1 CaCO3 + 10 mM NaHCO3). Furthermore, the role of exogenous SA applied to P deficiency tolerance enhancement was explored. Seed priming or the exogenous application of SA significantly reduced the severity effect of P deficiency. In fact, the pretreated plants were observed more tolerant to P deficiency as reflected from the significant increase in plant biomass, P uptake, and an efficient antioxidant system. Overall, this paper highlights the beneficial effect of seeds priming or the exogenous application of SA in the improvement of plant tolerance to phosphorus deficiency.

A deficiência de fósforo (P) é um fator ambiental adverso comum que limita a produção agrícola em todo o mundo. Este estudo é uma avaliação do efeito benéfico da técnica de priming de sementes para tolerância à deficiência de P em Vicia faba e Vicia sativa. Para avaliar o impacto do condicionamento das sementes no comportamento germinativo de Vicia faba e Vicia sativa, suas sementes foram imersas em diferentes concentrações de KH2PO4 (25 µM, 50 µM e 100 µM) e em 100 µM de ácido salicílico (SA) por 24 h. Os resultados obtidos definiram KH2PO4 50 µM (para Vicia sativa) e KH2PO4 25 µM (para Vicia faba) como as concentrações ótimas que garantem uma melhor germinação das sementes. Além disso, os dados mostraram que a SA melhora a germinação de sementes e o estabelecimento de mudas. Posteriormente, para investigar a contribuição dessa técnica no aumento da tolerância à deficiência de P, sementes preparadas e não preparadas foram cultivadas em solução hidropônica com três tratamentos diferentes: controle (C, meio contendo concentração suficiente de P: KH2PO4 360 µM), deficiente em fósforo direto (DD, meio contendo apenas 10 µM de KH2PO4) e deficiência induzida de P por bicarbonato (ID, meio contendo concentração suficiente de P: 360 µM de KH2PO4 + 0,5 g l-1 de CaCO3 + 10 mM de NaHCO3). Além disso, o papel da SA exógeno aplicada no aumento da tolerância à deficiência de P foi explorado. A preparação das sementes ou a aplicação exógena de SA reduziu significativamente o efeito da severidade da deficiência de P. De fato, as plantas pré-tratadas foram observadas mais tolerantes à deficiência de P, refletidas no aumento significativo da biomassa da planta, na absorção de P e em um eficiente sistema antioxidante. No geral, este artigo destaca o efeito benéfico da priming de sementes ou a aplicação exógena de SA na melhoria da tolerância das plantas à deficiência de fósforo.

Effect of Instant Controlled Pressure-Drop (DIC), Cooking and Germination on Non-Nutritional Factors of Common Vetch (Vicia sativa spp.).

Legumes are widely consumed by humans, being an important source of nutrients; however, they contain non-nutritional factors (NNFs), such as phytic acid (IP6), raffinose, stachyose, total phenolic compounds, condensed tannins, and flavonoids, that have negative effects on human health. Although vetches (Vicia sativa) are widely cultivated, they are not intended for human feeding due to their contents of NNF. Usually, the NNF are removed by cooking or germinating; however, germination is a process that requires extended time, and cooking may compromise the viability of some nutrients. To promote vetches for human consumption, the effect of the Instant Controlled Pressure Drop (DIC) process was studied as an alternative to cooking and germinating to decrease NNF contents. Results showed that compared to raw vetches, DIC treatment reduced total phenolic compounds (48%), condensed tannins (28%), flavonoids (65%), IP6 (92%), raffinose (77%), and stachyose (92%). These results are very similar to the ones achieved by traditional ways of removing NNF.

Características fisiológicas de plantas hibernais com potencial fitorremediador sob influência dos herbicidas fomesafen e sulfentrazone / Physiological characteristics of winter cultivated plants with phytoremediation potential under the influence of of the herbicides fomesafem and sulfentrazone

O emprego de espécies vegetais para fitorremediação de solos contaminados com herbicidas persistentes, como os inibidores da enzima protoporfirinogênio oxidase (PROTOX), é uma alternativa interessante dos pontos de vista econômico e ambiental. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência de fomesafen e sulfentrazone nas características relacionadas à fisiologia de espécies hibernais compotencial para aplicação como fitorremediadoras de solo contaminado por esses herbicidas. Dois experimentos foram instalados em casa de vegetação, um com o herbicida fomesafen e outro com o sulfentrazone, no delineamento de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Foram testadas doses dos herbicidas fomesafen (0,0; 0,125; 0,250; e 0,5 kg ha-1) e sulfentrazone (0,0; 0,3; 0,6; e 1,2 kg ha-1),marcas comerciais Flex® e Boral 500®, respectivamente, aplicadas na pré-emergência das espécies com potencial fitorremediador (aveia-preta, ervilhaca, nabo e cornichão). Aos 45 dias após a emergência das plantas, foram avaliados o índice de clorofila, a eficiência de carboxilação (EC- mol CO2 m-2 s-1), a condutância estomática de vapores de água (Gs - mol m-1 s-1), a concentração interna de CO2 (Ci - µmolmol-1), a taxa de transpiração (E - mol H2O m-2 s-1), a quantidade de CO2 consumido (QT - µmol mol-1), ouso eficiente da água (UEA - mol CO2 mol H2O-1), a temperatura da folha ΔT (ºC), a taxa fotossintética (A- µmol m-2 s-1) e a massa seca (g vaso-1) da parte aérea. Observou-se que a ervilhaca apresenta os melhores resultados para todas as variáveis avaliadas, demonstrando assim potencial para ser testada como fitorremediadora de solos contaminados com os herbicidas fomesafen e sulfentrazone.(AU)

The use of plant species for phytoremediation of soil contaminated with persistent herbicides, such as inhibitors of the protoporphyrinogen oxidase enzyme (PROTOX), is an interesting alternative from the economic and environmental point of view. This work aimed to evaluate the influence of fomesafen and sulfentrazone on the characteristics related to the physiology of winter species with potential for phytoremediation of soil contaminated by these herbicides. Two experiments were installed in a greenhouse, one with the herbicide fomesafen and another with the sulfentrazone, in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Fomesafen (0.0, 0.125, 0.250, and 0.5 kg ha-1) and sulfentrazone (0.0, 0.3, 0.6, and 1.2 kg ha-1), commercial brands Flex® and Boral 500®, respectively, were applied pre-emergence on species with phytoremediation potential (black oats, vetch, turnip and lotus).The chlorophyll index, the carboxylation efficiency (EC - mol CO2 m-2 s-1), the stomatal conductance of water vapors (Gs - mol m-1 s-1), the internal CO2 concentration (Ci - μmol mol-1), the transpiration rate (E -mol H2O m-2 s-1), the amount of CO2 consumed (QT - μmol mol-1) and the water use efficiency (UEA - molCO2 mol H2O-1), the leaf temperature ΔT (ºC), the photosynthetic rate (A - μmol m-2 s-1) and the shoot drymass (g vase-1) were evaluated 45 days after plant emergence. It was observed that the vetch presented the best results for all evaluated variables, thus demonstrating potential to be further tested for phytoremediation of soils contaminated with the herbicides fomesafen and sulfentrazone.(AU)

Características fisiológicas de plantas hibernais com potencial fitorremediador sob influência dos herbicidas fomesafen e sulfentrazone / Physiological characteristics of winter cultivated plants with phytoremediation potential under the influence of of the herbicides fomesafem and sulfentrazone

O emprego de espécies vegetais para fitorremediação de solos contaminados com herbicidas persistentes, como os inibidores da enzima protoporfirinogênio oxidase (PROTOX), é uma alternativa interessante dos pontos de vista econômico e ambiental. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência de fomesafen e sulfentrazone nas características relacionadas à fisiologia de espécies hibernais compotencial para aplicação como fitorremediadoras de solo contaminado por esses herbicidas. Dois experimentos foram instalados em casa de vegetação, um com o herbicida fomesafen e outro com o sulfentrazone, no delineamento de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Foram testadas doses dos herbicidas fomesafen (0,0; 0,125; 0,250; e 0,5 kg ha-1) e sulfentrazone (0,0; 0,3; 0,6; e 1,2 kg ha-1),marcas comerciais Flex® e Boral 500®, respectivamente, aplicadas na pré-emergência das espécies com potencial fitorremediador (aveia-preta, ervilhaca, nabo e cornichão). Aos 45 dias após a emergência das plantas, foram avaliados o índice de clorofila, a eficiência de carboxilação (EC- mol CO2 m-2 s-1), a condutância estomática de vapores de água (Gs - mol m-1 s-1), a concentração interna de CO2 (Ci - µmolmol-1), a taxa de transpiração (E - mol H2O m-2 s-1), a quantidade de CO2 consumido (QT - µmol mol-1), ouso eficiente da água (UEA - mol CO2 mol H2O-1), a temperatura da folha ΔT (ºC), a taxa fotossintética (A- µmol m-2 s-1) e a massa seca (g vaso-1) da parte aérea. Observou-se que a ervilhaca apresenta os melhores resultados para todas as variáveis avaliadas, demonstrando assim potencial para ser testada como fitorremediadora de solos contaminados com os herbicidas fomesafen e sulfentrazone.

The use of plant species for phytoremediation of soil contaminated with persistent herbicides, such as inhibitors of the protoporphyrinogen oxidase enzyme (PROTOX), is an interesting alternative from the economic and environmental point of view. This work aimed to evaluate the influence of fomesafen and sulfentrazone on the characteristics related to the physiology of winter species with potential for phytoremediation of soil contaminated by these herbicides. Two experiments were installed in a greenhouse, one with the herbicide fomesafen and another with the sulfentrazone, in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Fomesafen (0.0, 0.125, 0.250, and 0.5 kg ha-1) and sulfentrazone (0.0, 0.3, 0.6, and 1.2 kg ha-1), commercial brands Flex® and Boral 500®, respectively, were applied pre-emergence on species with phytoremediation potential (black oats, vetch, turnip and lotus).The chlorophyll index, the carboxylation efficiency (EC - mol CO2 m-2 s-1), the stomatal conductance of water vapors (Gs - mol m-1 s-1), the internal CO2 concentration (Ci - μmol mol-1), the transpiration rate (E -mol H2O m-2 s-1), the amount of CO2 consumed (QT - μmol mol-1) and the water use efficiency (UEA - molCO2 mol H2O-1), the leaf temperature ΔT (ºC), the photosynthetic rate (A - μmol m-2 s-1) and the shoot drymass (g vase-1) were evaluated 45 days after plant emergence. It was observed that the vetch presented the best results for all evaluated variables, thus demonstrating potential to be further tested for phytoremediation of soils contaminated with the herbicides fomesafen and sulfentrazone.

Effect of herbicides in the oxidative stress in crop winter species.

Most herbicides applied in crop field, stay in the soil for a period, affecting next crop or even the plants using as green manure. Nowadays, the use of herbicides grow to increase productivity, mainly in the grain producing region north of Rio Grande do Sul state. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of herbicides fomesafen and sulfentrazone on antioxidant system in Avena sativa1, Vicia sativa2, Raphanus sativus and Lupinus albus. The plants were exposed to varying concentrations of fomesafen3 (0, 0.125, 0.25 and 0.5 kg ha -1) and sulfentrazone (0, 0.3, 0.6 and 1.2 kg ha-1). For this, the activities of, ascorbat peroxidase, catalase and guaiacol enzymes were analyzed, and the levels of MDA were quantificated. Fomesafen and sulfentrazone promoted alterations in balance of plants generating oxidative stress and elicited the response of the antioxidant system of plants, mainly in the high doses of fomesafen, for the species V. sativa and R. sativus. At the same time, the 1,2 kg ha -1 dose of sulfentrazone generated lipid peroxidation for V. sativa, R. sativus and L. albus. Additionally, A. sativa was the species that demonstrated low alterations on antioxidant system with the exposure to herbicide fomesafen and sulfentrazone. Thus, we can we can suggest that the species present a better response in defense of the oxidative stress generated by the herbicides.

Selection and characterization of coal mine autochthonous rhizobia for the inoculation of herbaceous legumes.

Coal open pit mining in the South of Santa Catarina state (Brazil) was inappropriately developed, affecting approximately 6.700 ha. Re-vegetation is an alternative for the recovery of these areas. Furthermore, the use of herbaceous legumes inoculated with nitrogen fixing bacteria is motivated due to the difficulty implementing a vegetation cover in these areas, mainly due to low nutrient availability. Therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate, among 16 autochthonous rhizobia isolated from the coal mining areas, those with the greatest potential to increase growth of the herbaceous legumes Vicia sativa and Calopogonium mucunoides. Tests were conducted in greenhouse containing 17 inoculation treatments (16 autochthonous rhizobia + Brazilian recommended strain for each plant species), plus two treatments without inoculation (with and without mineral nitrogen). After 60 days, nodulation, growth, N uptake, and symbiotic efficiency were evaluated. Isolates characterization was assessed by the production of indole acetic acid, ACC deaminase, siderophores, and inorganic phosphate solubilization. The classification of the isolates was performed by 16 S rDNA gene sequencing. Only isolates UFSC-M4 and UFSC-M8 were able to nodulate C. mucunoides. Among rhizobia capable of nodulating V. sativa, only UFSC-M8 was considered efficient. It was found the presence of more than one growth-promoting attributes in the same organism, and isolate UFSC-M8 presented all of them. Isolates were classified as belonging to Rhizobium, Burkholderia and Curtobacterium. The results suggest the inoculation of Vicia sativa with strain UFSC-M8, classified as Rhizobium sp., as a promising alternative for the revegetation of coal mining degraded areas.

Valor nutritivo de pastagens de Coastcross-1 em consórcio com diferentes leguminosas de ciclo hibernal / Nutritive value of coastcross-1 pastures mixed to different cool season legumes

Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa avaliar três sistemas forrageiros constituídos por Coastcross-1 (CC) + 100kg de N/ha/ano + ervilhaca comum; CC + 100kg de N/ha/ano + trevo vesiculoso; e CC + 200kg de N/ha/ano. Durante o período experimental (345 dias), foram realizados treze pastejos. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente ao acaso, com três tratamentos (sistemas forrageiros), três repetições (piquetes) em parcelas subdividas no tempo (valores médios dos pastejos em cada estação do ano). Para avaliação, foram utilizadas vacas em lactação da raça Holandesa. Amostras de simulação de pastejo foram coletadas para análise de proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e ácido (FDA), digestibilidade in situ da matéria seca (DISMS) e da matéria orgânica (DISMO) e os nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT). Os valores médios para PB, FDN, FDA, DISMS, DISMO e NDT foram de 18,1; 16,7 e 17,6%; 57,8; 58,9 e 58,7%; 26,5; 26,5 e 26,7%; 79,6; 78,9 e 80,6%; 79,8; 79,1 e 80,6%; 72,1; 71,4 e 72,7%, respectivamente. Melhores resultados de valor nutritivo foram obtidos no inverno, em especial para o consórcio de Coastcross-1 com ervilhaca.

The aim of this research was to evaluate three grazing systems with Coastcross-1 (CC) + 100kg N/ha/year + common vetch; CC + 100kg N/ha/year + arrowleaf clover; and CC + 200kg N/ha/year. Thirteen grazing cycles were performed during the experimental period (345 days). The experimental design was completely randomized with three treatments (grazing systems), three replicates (paddocks) in completely split-plot time (average values of grazing season). Lactating Holstein cows were used in the evaluation. Forage mass and botanical composition were evaluated. Samples from the hand-plucking method were collected to analyze crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid (ADF), in situ digestibility of dry matter (ISDMD) and organic matter (ISOMD) and total digestible nutrients (TDN). The averages of CP, NDF, ADF, ISDMD, ISOMD and TDN were 18.1, 16.7 and 17.6 %; 57.8, 58.9 and 58.7 %; 26.5, 26.5 and 26.7 %; 79.6, 78.9 and 80.6 %; 79.8, 79.1 and 80.6 %; 72.1, 71.4 and 72.7 %, respectively. Better results for nutritive value were found during winter, especially on Coastcross-1 mixed with common vetch.

Valor nutritivo de pastagens de Coastcross-1 em consórcio com diferentes leguminosas de ciclo hibernal / Nutritive value of coastcross-1 pastures mixed to different cool season legumes

Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa avaliar três sistemas forrageiros constituídos por Coastcross-1 (CC) + 100kg de N/ha/ano + ervilhaca comum; CC + 100kg de N/ha/ano + trevo vesiculoso; e CC + 200kg de N/ha/ano. Durante o período experimental (345 dias), foram realizados treze pastejos. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente ao acaso, com três tratamentos (sistemas forrageiros), três repetições (piquetes) em parcelas subdividas no tempo (valores médios dos pastejos em cada estação do ano). Para avaliação, foram utilizadas vacas em lactação da raça Holandesa. Amostras de simulação de pastejo foram coletadas para análise de proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e ácido (FDA), digestibilidade in situ da matéria seca (DISMS) e da matéria orgânica (DISMO) e os nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT). Os valores médios para PB, FDN, FDA, DISMS, DISMO e NDT foram de 18,1; 16,7 e 17,6%; 57,8; 58,9 e 58,7%; 26,5; 26,5 e 26,7%; 79,6; 78,9 e 80,6%; 79,8; 79,1 e 80,6%; 72,1; 71,4 e 72,7%, respectivamente. Melhores resultados de valor nutritivo foram obtidos no inverno, em especial para o consórcio de Coastcross-1 com ervilhaca.(AU)

The aim of this research was to evaluate three grazing systems with Coastcross-1 (CC) + 100kg N/ha/year + common vetch; CC + 100kg N/ha/year + arrowleaf clover; and CC + 200kg N/ha/year. Thirteen grazing cycles were performed during the experimental period (345 days). The experimental design was completely randomized with three treatments (grazing systems), three replicates (paddocks) in completely split-plot time (average values of grazing season). Lactating Holstein cows were used in the evaluation. Forage mass and botanical composition were evaluated. Samples from the hand-plucking method were collected to analyze crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid (ADF), in situ digestibility of dry matter (ISDMD) and organic matter (ISOMD) and total digestible nutrients (TDN). The averages of CP, NDF, ADF, ISDMD, ISOMD and TDN were 18.1, 16.7 and 17.6 %; 57.8, 58.9 and 58.7 %; 26.5, 26.5 and 26.7 %; 79.6, 78.9 and 80.6 %; 79.8, 79.1 and 80.6 %; 72.1, 71.4 and 72.7 %, respectively. Better results for nutritive value were found during winter, especially on Coastcross-1 mixed with common vetch.(AU)

Forage yield in pastures with bermuda grass mixed with different legumes / Produção de forragem em pastagens de capim bermuda consorciado com diferentes leguminosas

Three grazing systems with Coastcross-1 bermuda grass (CC) + 100 kg N ha-1 year-1 + common vetch; CC + 100 kg N ha-1 year-1 + arrowleaf clover; and CC + 200 kg N ha-1 year-1 were evaluated. Thirteen grazing cycles were performed during the experimental period (313 days), with two, five, four and two cycles respectively in winter, spring, summer and fall. Lactating Holstein cows were used in the evaluation. Daily accumulation rate, forage production, rate of forage disappearance, agronomic intake, grazing efficiency, herbage allowance and stocking rate were evaluated. Mean rates of forage yield and stocking rate were 20.8; 17.6 and 19.7 t DM ha-1 and 7.0; 6.8 to 6.8 animal units ha-1 day-1 for the respective forage systems. The mixture Coastcross-1 plus common vetch, fertilized with 100 kg N ha-1 year-1 and Coastcross-1 fertilized with 200 kg N ha-1 year-1 provided greater productivity and better distribution of forage throughout the seasons.

Este trabalho foi realizado para avaliar três sistemas forrageiros constituídos por capim bermuda, cv. Coastcross-1 (CC) + 100 kg N ha -1 ano-1 + ervilhaca comum; CC + 100 kg N ha -1 ano-1 + trevo vesiculoso e CC + 200 kg N ha -1 ano-1. Foram realizados 13 ciclos de pastejo durante o período experimental (313 dias), dois, cinco, quatro e dois ciclos, no inverno, primavera, verão e outono, respectivamente. Para avaliação experimental foram utilizadas vacas em lactação da raça Holandesa. Foram avaliados a taxa de acúmulo diário, a produção de forragem, a taxa de desaparecimento, o consumo agronômico, a eficiência de pastejo, a oferta de forragem e a taxa de lotação. Os valores médios da produção de forragem e taxa de lotação foram 20,8; 17,6 e 19,7 t MS ha-1 e 7,0; 6,8 e 6,8 unidade animal ha-1 dia-1 para os respectivos sistemas de forrageiras. O consórcio constituído por Coastcross-1 + ervilhaca, adubado com 100 kg N ha -1 ano-1 e a pastagem de Coastcross-1 adubada com 200 kg N ha -1 ano-1 proporcionaram maior produtividade e melhor distribuição da forragem ao longo das estações.

Forage mass and nutritive value of bermuda grass mixed to forage peanut or common vetch / Massa de forragem e valor nutritivo de pastagens de capim bermuda consorciadas com amendoim forrageiro ou ervilhaca

Three pasture-based systems (PS) with  bermuda grass (BG) + forage peanut + 75 kg of N ha-1; BG + common vetch + 75 kg of N ha-1 and BG + 150 kg of N ha-1 were evaluated. Lactating Holstein cows were used for evaluation and the experimental design was completely randomized. Forage mass, botanical and structural composition, daily dry matter accumulation rate and stocking rate were evaluated. Samples were collected by hand-plucking method to analyze crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), (ISDMD), in situ organic matter digestibility (ISOMD) and total digestible nutrients (TDN). Average forage production and stocking rate were 13.8; 15.3 and 16.1 t ha-1 and 5.6; 6.4 and 5.5 UA ha-1 day-1 for PS respectively. Average CP and NDF were 16.4; 22.2 and 15.3%; 68.3; 65.7 and 66.3%; for ISDMD, ISOMD and TDN were 68.5; 70.3 and 66.4%; 64.3; 63.2 and 65.3%; 57.3; 58.3 and 57.5%, for PS respectively. Best results were reported on bermuda grass mixed with common vetch.

O objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar três sistemas forrageiros (SF), constituídos por capim bermuda (CB) + amendoim forrageiro + 75 kg de N ha-1; CB + ervilhaca + 75 kg de N ha-1 e CB + 150 kg de N ha-1. Para a avaliação foram usadas vacas em lactação da raça Holandesa. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado. Avaliaram-se a massa de forragem, as composições botânica e estrutural, a taxa de acúmulo de matéria seca e a taxa de lotação. Foram coletadas amostras pelo método de simulação de pastejo para analisar proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), digestibilidade in situ da matéria seca (DISMS), digestibilidade in situ da matéria orgânica (DISMO) e nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT). Os valores médios de produção de forragem e taxa de lotação foram de 13,8; 15,3 e 16,1 t ha-1 e 5,6; 6,4 e 5,5 UA ha-1dia-1, para os respectivos SF. Os valores médios para PB e FDN foram de 16,4; 22,2 e 15,3%; 68,3; 65,7 e 66,3%; para DISMS, DISMO e NDT foram de 68,5; 70,3 e 66,4%; 64,3; 63,2 e 65,3%; 57,3; 58,3 e 57,5%, para os respectivos SF. Melhores resultados foram obtidos no consórcio de capim bermuda com ervilhaca.

Forage mass and nutritive value of bermuda grass mixed to forage peanut or common vetch / Massa de forragem e valor nutritivo de pastagens de capim bermuda consorciadas com amendoim forrageiro ou ervilhaca

Three pasture-based systems (PS) with  bermuda grass (BG) + forage peanut + 75 kg of N ha-1; BG + common vetch + 75 kg of N ha-1 and BG + 150 kg of N ha-1 were evaluated. Lactating Holstein cows were used for evaluation and the experimental design was completely randomized. Forage mass, botanical and structural composition, daily dry matter accumulation rate and stocking rate were evaluated. Samples were collected by hand-plucking method to analyze crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), (ISDMD), in situ organic matter digestibility (ISOMD) and total digestible nutrients (TDN). Average forage production and stocking rate were 13.8; 15.3 and 16.1 t ha-1 and 5.6; 6.4 and 5.5 UA ha-1 day-1 for PS respectively. Average CP and NDF were 16.4; 22.2 and 15.3%; 68.3; 65.7 and 66.3%; for ISDMD, ISOMD and TDN were 68.5; 70.3 and 66.4%; 64.3; 63.2 and 65.3%; 57.3; 58.3 and 57.5%, for PS respectively. Best results were reported on bermuda grass mixed with common vetch.(AU)

O objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar três sistemas forrageiros (SF), constituídos por capim bermuda (CB) + amendoim forrageiro + 75 kg de N ha-1; CB + ervilhaca + 75 kg de N ha-1 e CB + 150 kg de N ha-1. Para a avaliação foram usadas vacas em lactação da raça Holandesa. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado. Avaliaram-se a massa de forragem, as composições botânica e estrutural, a taxa de acúmulo de matéria seca e a taxa de lotação. Foram coletadas amostras pelo método de simulação de pastejo para analisar proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), digestibilidade in situ da matéria seca (DISMS), digestibilidade in situ da matéria orgânica (DISMO) e nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT). Os valores médios de produção de forragem e taxa de lotação foram de 13,8; 15,3 e 16,1 t ha-1 e 5,6; 6,4 e 5,5 UA ha-1dia-1, para os respectivos SF. Os valores médios para PB e FDN foram de 16,4; 22,2 e 15,3%; 68,3; 65,7 e 66,3%; para DISMS, DISMO e NDT foram de 68,5; 70,3 e 66,4%; 64,3; 63,2 e 65,3%; 57,3; 58,3 e 57,5%, para os respectivos SF. Melhores resultados foram obtidos no consórcio de capim bermuda com ervilhaca.(AU)

Forage yield in pastures with bermuda grass mixed with different legumes / Produção de forragem em pastagens de capim bermuda consorciado com diferentes leguminosas

Three grazing systems with Coastcross-1 bermuda grass (CC) + 100 kg N ha-1 year-1 + common vetch; CC + 100 kg N ha-1 year-1 + arrowleaf clover; and CC + 200 kg N ha-1 year-1 were evaluated. Thirteen grazing cycles were performed during the experimental period (313 days), with two, five, four and two cycles respectively in winter, spring, summer and fall. Lactating Holstein cows were used in the evaluation. Daily accumulation rate, forage production, rate of forage disappearance, agronomic intake, grazing efficiency, herbage allowance and stocking rate were evaluated. Mean rates of forage yield and stocking rate were 20.8; 17.6 and 19.7 t DM ha-1 and 7.0; 6.8 to 6.8 animal units ha-1 day-1 for the respective forage systems. The mixture Coastcross-1 plus common vetch, fertilized with 100 kg N ha-1 year-1 and Coastcross-1 fertilized with 200 kg N ha-1 year-1 provided greater productivity and better distribution of forage throughout the seasons.(AU)

Este trabalho foi realizado para avaliar três sistemas forrageiros constituídos por capim bermuda, cv. Coastcross-1 (CC) + 100 kg N ha -1 ano-1 + ervilhaca comum; CC + 100 kg N ha -1 ano-1 + trevo vesiculoso e CC + 200 kg N ha -1 ano-1. Foram realizados 13 ciclos de pastejo durante o período experimental (313 dias), dois, cinco, quatro e dois ciclos, no inverno, primavera, verão e outono, respectivamente. Para avaliação experimental foram utilizadas vacas em lactação da raça Holandesa. Foram avaliados a taxa de acúmulo diário, a produção de forragem, a taxa de desaparecimento, o consumo agronômico, a eficiência de pastejo, a oferta de forragem e a taxa de lotação. Os valores médios da produção de forragem e taxa de lotação foram 20,8; 17,6 e 19,7 t MS ha-1 e 7,0; 6,8 e 6,8 unidade animal ha-1 dia-1 para os respectivos sistemas de forrageiras. O consórcio constituído por Coastcross-1 + ervilhaca, adubado com 100 kg N ha -1 ano-1 e a pastagem de Coastcross-1 adubada com 200 kg N ha -1 ano-1 proporcionaram maior produtividade e melhor distribuição da forragem ao longo das estações.(AU)

Densidade de semeadura de duas espécies de ervilhaca sobre caracteres agronômicos e composição bromatológica / Seeding rate of two cultivars of vetch on agronomic traits and chemical composition

O estande de plantas é um dos principais componentes do rendimento que altera a produtividade das culturas, maximizando o ambiente produtivo para a cultura. Nesse sentido, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a produção de forragem e a composição química de duas espécies de ervilhaca em diferentes densidades de semeadura. O experimento foi conduzido no ano de 2011, em área experimental do Departamento de Fitotecnia da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul. Os tratamentos constaram de duas espécies de ervilhaca (ervilhaca peluda e ervilhaca comum) em quatro densidades de semeadura (50, 100, 150 e 200 sementes m-2). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao caso, disposto em fatorial (2x4), em quatro repetições. Os valores de FDA aumentaram conforme o aumento da densidade de semeadura, o que não ocorreu para as demais características bromatológicas avaliadas. A densidade ótima de semeadura deve ser ajustada conforme a espécie e o corte, variando de 66 a 200 sementes viáveis por metro quadrado. A produção de massa seca total é maximizada quando a densidade de semeadura for de 136 sementes viáveis m-2 .(AU)

The plant stand is one of the main yield components amending crop productivity, maximizing productive environment for culture. In this sense the objective with this study was to evaluate forage production and chemical composition of two cultivars of common vetch at different densities. The experiment was conducted in 2011, in an area of the Crop Science of the Department of the Federal University of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul. Treatments consisted of two genotypes of vetch (hairy vetch and common vetch) at four seeding rates (50, 100, 150 and 200 seeds m-2). The experimental design was a randomized blocks design, arranged in (2x4) factorial design with four replications. The ADF values increased with increasing seeding rate, which did not occur for the other qualitative characteristics evaluated. The optimum seeding rate should be adjusted according to the cultivar and cutting, ranging 66-200 viable seeds per square meter. The total dry matter production is maximized when the seeding rate is 136 seeds m-2 .(AU)

Carcass traits and meat quality of steers finished on pasture of white oat / Características de carcaça e qualidade da carne de novilhos terminados em pastagem de aveia branca

The objective of this study was to evaluate carcass traits and meat quality of steers finished only on oat (Avena sativa L.) pasture or intercropped with vetch (Vica sativa) or associated with supplementation based grain ground corn. 18 steers, 1/4 Aberdeen Angus - » Marchigiana - 2/4 Nellore with initial live weight and average age of approximately 360 kg and 19 months, respectively, were used. During 72 days the steers were kept in three different treatments: oat pasture, oat + legume pasture and oat pasture associated with supplementation based ground corn in the proportion of 1 % of body weight. After this period, the animals were slaughtered and the carcass traits and meat quality, were evaluated. The slaughter weight of steers receiving supplementation (428.5 kg) was higher than animals grazing only oats (400.67 kg), but did not differ of the slaughter weight of animals maintained on pasture oats and vetch (409.27 kg). The hot carcass weight (245.69 kg) and cold carcass weight (244.22 kg) of the animals receiving supplementation was higher than carcasses of animals grazing oat or oat + vetch. The carcass conformation of steers receiving supplementation (11.50 points) was higher than that animals grazing oat + vetch (10.17 points). There was no difference among treatments for metric measurements of carcasses. For commercial cuts, the hindecut + sidecut were heavier for animals receivingsupplementation (158.20 kg). The meat from animals finished with oats showed less tenderness (6.53points) when evaluated by the taste panel, requiring more shear force (6.32 kgf/cm2) .(AU)

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar as características de carcaça e qualidade da carne de novilhos terminados exclusivamente em pastagem de aveia branca (Avena sativa L.) ou consorciada com ervilhaca (Vica sativa) ou associada à suplementação energética a base de grão de milho triturado. Foram utilizados 18 novilhos castrados, cruzados das raças 1/4 Marchigiana - 1/4 Aberdeen Angus - 2/4 Nelore, com peso vivo e idade média inicial de aproximadamente 360 kg e 19 meses, respectivamente. Durante 72 dias os novilhos foram mantidos em três diferentes tratamentos: pastagem de aveia, pastagem de aveia + leguminosa e pastagem de aveia associada com suplementação energética a base de milho triturado na proporção de 1% do peso vivo. Após este período, os animais foram abatidos, sendo avaliadas as características de carcaça e qualidade da carne. O peso de abate dos novilhos mantidos em pastagem de aveia com suplementação (428,5 kg) foi superior ao dos animais mantidos exclusivamente em pastejo com aveia (400,67 kg), porém não diferiram do peso de abate dos animais mantidos na pastagem de aveia e ervilhaca (409,27 kg). O peso de carcaça quente (245,69 kg) e o peso de carcaça fria (244,22 kg) dos animais suplementados foi superior em relação ao peso das carcaças dos animais tratados com aveia ou aveia + ervilhaca. A conformação de carcaça dos novilhos com suplementação (11,50 pontos) foi superior aos dos animais mantidos com aveia + ervilhaca (10,17 pontos). Não houve diferença entreos animais dos tratamentos para as medidas métricas das carcaças. Para os cortes comerciais, o cortetraseiro + costilhar foi mais pesado para os bovinos tratados com suplementação (158,20 kg). A carnedos animais terminados com aveia apresentou menor maciez (6,53 pontos) quando avaliada pelo paineldos degustadores, exigindo maior força ao cisalhamento (6,32 kgF/cm2).(AU)

Carcass traits and meat quality of steers finished on pasture of white oat / Características de carcaça e qualidade da carne de novilhos terminados em pastagem de aveia branca

The objective of this study was to evaluate carcass traits and meat quality of steers finished only on oat (Avena sativa L.) pasture or intercropped with vetch (Vica sativa) or associated with supplementation based grain ground corn. 18 steers, 1/4 Aberdeen Angus - » Marchigiana - 2/4 Nellore with initial live weight and average age of approximately 360 kg and 19 months, respectively, were used. During 72 days the steers were kept in three different treatments: oat pasture, oat + legume pasture and oat pasture associated with supplementation based ground corn in the proportion of 1 % of body weight. After this period, the animals were slaughtered and the carcass traits and meat quality, were evaluated. The slaughter weight of steers receiving supplementation (428.5 kg) was higher than animals grazing only oats (400.67 kg), but did not differ of the slaughter weight of animals maintained on pasture oats and vetch (409.27 kg). The hot carcass weight (245.69 kg) and cold carcass weight (244.22 kg) of the animals receiving supplementation was higher than carcasses of animals grazing oat or oat + vetch. The carcass conformation of steers receiving supplementation (11.50 points) was higher than that animals grazing oat + vetch (10.17 points). There was no difference among treatments for metric measurements of carcasses. For commercial cuts, the hindecut + sidecut were heavier for animals receivingsupplementation (158.20 kg). The meat from animals finished with oats showed less tenderness (6.53points) when evaluated by the taste panel, requiring more shear force (6.32 kgf/cm2) .

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar as características de carcaça e qualidade da carne de novilhos terminados exclusivamente em pastagem de aveia branca (Avena sativa L.) ou consorciada com ervilhaca (Vica sativa) ou associada à suplementação energética a base de grão de milho triturado. Foram utilizados 18 novilhos castrados, cruzados das raças 1/4 Marchigiana - 1/4 Aberdeen Angus - 2/4 Nelore, com peso vivo e idade média inicial de aproximadamente 360 kg e 19 meses, respectivamente. Durante 72 dias os novilhos foram mantidos em três diferentes tratamentos: pastagem de aveia, pastagem de aveia + leguminosa e pastagem de aveia associada com suplementação energética a base de milho triturado na proporção de 1% do peso vivo. Após este período, os animais foram abatidos, sendo avaliadas as características de carcaça e qualidade da carne. O peso de abate dos novilhos mantidos em pastagem de aveia com suplementação (428,5 kg) foi superior ao dos animais mantidos exclusivamente em pastejo com aveia (400,67 kg), porém não diferiram do peso de abate dos animais mantidos na pastagem de aveia e ervilhaca (409,27 kg). O peso de carcaça quente (245,69 kg) e o peso de carcaça fria (244,22 kg) dos animais suplementados foi superior em relação ao peso das carcaças dos animais tratados com aveia ou aveia + ervilhaca. A conformação de carcaça dos novilhos com suplementação (11,50 pontos) foi superior aos dos animais mantidos com aveia + ervilhaca (10,17 pontos). Não houve diferença entreos animais dos tratamentos para as medidas métricas das carcaças. Para os cortes comerciais, o cortetraseiro + costilhar foi mais pesado para os bovinos tratados com suplementação (158,20 kg). A carnedos animais terminados com aveia apresentou menor maciez (6,53 pontos) quando avaliada pelo paineldos degustadores, exigindo maior força ao cisalhamento (6,32 kgF/cm2).

Phytoremediation of phenol using Vicia sativa L. plants and its antioxidative response.

Common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) is a legume species with an extensive agricultural use. However, the phytoremediation potentiality of this species has not been sufficiently explored because little is known about its resistance to inorganic and organic pollutants. In the present work, phenol tolerance of common vetch was assayed at different stages of growth. Germination index and germination rate decreased only at high phenol concentrations (250 and 500 mg L(-1)), whereas 30-day-old plants were able to tolerate this pollutant, with high removal efficiencies. The activities of antioxidative enzymes, such as peroxidase (POD) and ascorbate peroxidase, increased significantly with the highest phenol concentration, whereas superoxide dismutase activity, malondialdehyde, and H(2)O(2) levels remained unaltered. Besides, an increase in two basic isoforms of POD was observed in plants treated with phenol. The results suggested that common vetch has an efficient protection mechanism against phenol-induced oxidative damage. Moreover, it could tolerate and remove high phenol concentrations, avoiding serious phytotoxic effects. Thus, V. sativa could be considered an interesting tool in the field of phytoremediation.

Dynamics of yield and nutritional value for winter forage intercropping / Dinâmica da produção e do valor nutritivo do consórcio de forrageiras hibernais

The work was carried out to assess mass production and nutritional content of winter forages using lopsided oat (Avena strigosa) and white oat (Avena sativa) intercropped with ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and vetch (Vicia sativa L.). The species were intercropped as the following treatments: lopsided oat with ryegrass (LO+RG); white oat with ryegrass (CO+RG); lopsided oat with vetch (LO+V); white oat with vetch (CO+V); lopsided oat, vetch and ryegrass (LO+RG+V); and white oat, ryegrass and vetch (CO+RG+V). The study evaluated total forage mass production of each intercropping and crude protein levels, neutral detergent fiber and in vitro digestibility coefficient of dry matter. The results indicate that forage yield of oats was higher in early assessments, and ryegrass and vetch were higher in the final evaluation period. The crude protein levels and neutral detergent fiber were higher at the start of the experiment for all evaluated treatments, and those including vetch intercropped with oats showed an increase in these parameters in the final period due to the presence of vetch, which has a more delayed cycle.

O trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de verificar a produção de massa e teores nutritivos de espécies forrageiras de estação fria, utilizando pastagens de aveia preta (Avena strigosa) e aveia branca (Avena sativa) consorciadas com azevém (Lolium multiflorum) e ervilhaca comum (Vicia sativa L.). As espécies foram consorciadas conforme os tratamentos: Aveia Preta com Azevém (AVP+AZ); Aveia Branca com Azevém (AVB+AZ); Aveia Preta com Ervilhaca (AVP+E); Aveia Branca com Ervilhaca (AVB+E); Aveia Preta, Azevém e Ervilhaca (AVP+AZ+E) e Aveia Branca com Azevém e Ervilhaca (AVB+AZ+E). Foram avaliados a massa total de forragem de cada espécie e os teores de proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro e o coeficiente de digestibilidade "in vitro" da matéria seca. Os resultados indicam que a produção de forragem das aveias foi maior no início das avaliações e de azevém e ervilhaca no período final. Foram maiores os teores de proteína bruta e fibra em detergente neutro no início do experimento para todos os tratamentos avaliados, sendo que os que continham ervilhaca consorciada com aveia apresentaram aumento desses teores no período final pela presença exclusiva de ervilhaca que possui ciclo mais tardio.

Doença granulomatosa sistêmica em bovinos no estado de Santa Catarina associada ao pastoreio de ervilhaca peluda (Vicia villosa) / Systemic granulomatous disease in cattle in Santa Catarina, Brazil, associated with grazing of vetch (Vicia villosa)

Spontaneous intoxication in three dairy cows grazing pasture contaminated with Vicia villosa in two different farms was reported. Hyperthermia, skin alopecia and pruritus were the main clinical signs. Macroscopically, gray to white up to 5cm nodules were detected, especially in kidney and lymph nodes, which correspond to mild to severe multifocal granulomatous infiltrate. This is the first report of systemic granulomatous disease due to consumption of hairy vetch in the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil.

Effect of silage from ryegrass intercropped with winter or common vetch for grazing dairy cows in small-scale dairy systems in Mexico.

The objective was to determine the effect of including silages of annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) intercropped with winter vetch (Vicia villosa) (ARG-VV) or with common vetch (Vicia sativa) (ARG-VS) compared with maize silage (MS) on milk yield and milk composition of dairy cows grazing cultivated perennial ryegrass-white clover pastures with supplemented concentrate during the dry season. Six Holstein dairy cows with a mean yield of 19.0 kg/cow/day at the beginning of the experiment were randomly assigned to a 3 × 3 repeated Latin square. Treatments were: 8 h/day intensive grazing, 3.6 kg of dry matter (DM) per cow per day of concentrate plus MS, and ARG-VV or ARG-VS ad libitum at a stocking rate of 3.0 cows/ha for three experimental periods of 3 weeks each. Milk yield (MY) and milk composition, live weight and body condition score as well as silage and concentrate intakes were recorded during the third week of each experimental period, and pasture intake was estimated indirectly from utilised metabolisable energy. Economic analysis was obtained by preparing partial budgets. There were no statistical differences (P > 0.10) in MY, milk fat or protein content nor for live weight, but there was significant difference (P < 0.10) in body condition score. There were non-statistical differences in silage DM intake (P < 0.11); however, significant differences (P < 0.10) were obtained for estimated grazed herbage intake whilst no differences for total DM intake. Slightly higher economic returns (10%) were obtained with ARG-VS over MS, and this was 7% higher than ARG-VV. It is concluded that ARG-VS could be an option for complementing grazing for small-scale dairy production systems in the dry season as it is comparable to MS in animal performance and slightly better in economic terms.

Doença granulomatosa sistêmica em bovinos no estado de Santa Catarina associada ao pastoreio de ervilhaca peluda (Vicia villosa) / Systemic granulomatous disease in cattle in Santa Catarina, Brazil, associated with grazing of vetch (Vicia villosa)

Spontaneous intoxication in three dairy cows grazing pasture contaminated with Vicia villosa in two different farms was reported. Hyperthermia, skin alopecia and pruritus were the main clinical signs. Macroscopically, gray to white up to 5cm nodules were detected, especially in kidney and lymph nodes, which correspond to mild to severe multifocal granulomatous infiltrate. This is the first report of systemic granulomatous disease due to consumption of hairy vetch in the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil.(AU)