ABSTRACT
In the ongoing fight against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), researchers are exploring potential treatments to improve outcomes, especially in severe cases. This includes investigating the repurposing of existing medications, such as furosemide, which is widely available. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of furosemide on mortality rates among COVID-19 patients with severe or critical illness. We assessed a cohort of 515 hospitalized adults who experienced a high mortality rate of 43.9%. Using a multivariate analysis with adjusted risk ratios (AdRRs), factors like smoking (AdRR 2.48, 95% CI 1.53-4.01, p < 0.001), a high Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI) score (AdRR 7.89, 95% CI 5.82-10.70, p < 0.001), mechanical ventilation (AdRR 23.12, 95% CI 17.28-30.92, p < 0.001), neutrophilia (AdRR 2.12, 95% CI 1.52-2.95, p < 0.001), and an elevated neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) (AdRR 2.39, 95% CI 1.72-3.32, p < 0.001) were found to increase mortality risk. In contrast, vaccination and furosemide use were associated with reduced mortality risk (AdRR 0.58, p = 0.001 and 0.60, p = 0.008; respectively). Furosemide showed a pronounced survival benefit in patients with less severe disease (PSI < 120) and those not on hemodialysis, with mortality rates significantly lower in furosemide users (3.7% vs. 25.7%). A Kaplan-Meier analysis confirmed longer survival and better oxygenation levels in patients treated with furosemide. Furthermore, a Structure-Activity Relationship analysis revealed that furosemide's sulfonamide groups may interact with cytokine sites such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), potentially explaining its beneficial effects in COVID-19 management. These findings suggest that furosemide could be a beneficial treatment option in certain COVID-19 patient groups, enhancing survival and improving oxygenation.
ABSTRACT
Accurate evaluation of the mitral valve (MV) apparatus is essential for understanding the mechanisms of MV disease across various clinical scenarios. The mitral annulus (MA) is a complex and crucial structure that supports MV function; however, conventional imaging techniques have limitations in fully capturing the entirety of the MA. Moreover, recognizing annular changes might aid in identifying patients who may benefit from advanced cardiac imaging and interventions. Multimodality cardiovascular imaging plays a major role in the diagnosis, prognosis, and management of MV disease. Transthoracic echocardiography is the first-line modality for evaluation of the MA, but it has limitations. Cardiac MRI (CMR) has emerged as a robust imaging modality for assessing annular changes, with distinct advantages over other imaging techniques, including accurate flow and volumetric quantification and assessment of variations in the measurements and shape of the MA during the cardiac cycle. Mitral annular disjunction (MAD) is defined as atrial displacement of the hinge point of the MV annulus away from the ventricular myocardium, a condition that is now more frequently diagnosed and studied owing to recent technical advances in cardiac imaging. However, several unresolved issues regarding MAD, such as the functional significance of pathologic disjunction and how this disjunction advances in the clinical course, require further investigation. The authors review the role of CMR in the assessment of MA disease, with a focus on MAD and its functional implications in MV prolapse and mitral regurgitation. ©RSNA, 2024 Supplemental material is available for this article. See the invited commentary by Stojanovska and Fujikura in this issue.
Subject(s)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Mitral Valve , Humans , Mitral Valve/diagnostic imaging , Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods , Mitral Valve Insufficiency/diagnostic imaging , Heart Valve Diseases/diagnostic imagingABSTRACT
The parasite Trichomonas vaginalis is the etiologic agent of trichomoniasis, the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease worldwide. This infection often remains asymptomatic and is related to several health complications. The traditional treatment for trichomoniasis is the use of drugs of the 5-nitroimidazole family, such as metronidazole; however, scientific reports indicate an increasing number of drug-resistant strains. Benzimidazole derivatives could offer an alternative in the search for new anti-trichomonas drugs. In this sense, two attractive candidates are the compounds O2N-BZM7 and O2N-BZM9 (1H-benzimidazole derivatives), since, through in vitro tests, they have shown a higher trichomonacide activity. In this study, we determined the effect on the expression level of metabolic genes in T. vaginalis. The results show that genes involved in redox balance (NADHOX, G6PD::6PGL) are overexpressed, as well as the gene that participates in the first reaction of glycolysis (CK); on the other hand, structural genes such as ACT and TUB are decreased in expression in trophozoites treated with the compound O2N-BZM9, which would probably affect its morphology, motility and virulence. These results align with the trichomonacidal activity of the compounds, with benzimidazole O2N-BZM9 being the most potent, with an IC50 value of 4.8 µM. These results are promising for potential future therapeutic applications.
Subject(s)
Benzimidazoles , Trichomonas vaginalis , Trichomonas vaginalis/drug effects , Trichomonas vaginalis/genetics , Trichomonas vaginalis/metabolism , Benzimidazoles/pharmacology , Protozoan Proteins/genetics , Protozoan Proteins/metabolism , Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects , Humans , Antiprotozoal Agents/pharmacology , Antitrichomonal Agents/pharmacologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: A phase I clinical study for patients with locally advanced H&N cancer with a new class of botanical drug APG-157 provided hints of potential synergy with immunotherapy. We sought to evaluate the efficacy of the combination of APG-157 and immune checkpoint inhibitors. METHODS: CCL23, UM-SCC1 (human), and SCCVII (HPV-), MEER (HPV+) (murine) H&N cancer cell lines were utilized for in vitro and in vivo studies. We measured tumor growth by treating the mice with APG-157, anti-PD-1, and anti-CTLA-4 antibody combinations (8 groups). The tumor microenvironments were assessed by multi-color flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, and RNA-seq analysis. Fecal microbiome was analyzed by 16S rRNA sequence. RESULTS: Among the eight treatment groups, APG-157 + anti-CTLA-4 demonstrated the best tumor growth suppression (p = 0.0065 compared to the control), followed by anti-PD-1 + anti-CTLA-4 treatment group (p = 0.48 compared to the control). Immunophenotype showed over 30% of CD8+ T cells in APG-157 + anti-CTLA-4 group compared to 4%-5% of CD8+ T cells for the control group. Differential gene expression analysis revealed that APG-157 + anti-CTLA-4 group showed an enriched set of genes for inflammatory response and apoptotic signaling pathways. The fecal microbiome analysis showed a substantial difference of lactobacillus genus among groups, highest for APG-157 + anti-CTLA-4 treatment group. We were unable to perform correlative studies for MEER model as there was tumor growth suppression with all treatment conditions, except for the untreated control group. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that APG-157 and immune checkpoint inhibitor combination treatment could potentially lead to improved tumor control.
Subject(s)
CTLA-4 Antigen , Head and Neck Neoplasms , Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors , Tumor Microenvironment , Animals , Mice , CTLA-4 Antigen/antagonists & inhibitors , Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/pharmacology , Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/therapeutic use , Cell Line, Tumor , Tumor Microenvironment/immunology , Tumor Microenvironment/drug effects , Head and Neck Neoplasms/immunology , Head and Neck Neoplasms/drug therapy , Head and Neck Neoplasms/pathology , Humans , Female , Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/pharmacology , Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use , Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/antagonists & inhibitors , Disease Models, AnimalABSTRACT
Acinetobacter baumannii is a relevant bacterium due to its high-resistance profile. It is well known that antimicrobial resistance is primarily linked to mutations and the acquisition of external genomic material, such as plasmids or phages, to which the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats associated with Cas proteins, or CRISPR-Cas, system is related. It is known that the system can influence the acquisition of foreign genetic material and play a role in various physiological pathways. In this study, we conducted an in-silico analysis using 91 fully assembled genomes of clinical strains obtained from the NCBI database. Among the analyzed genomes, the I-F1 subtype of the CRISPR-Cas system was detected showcasing variations in architecture and phylogeny. Using bioinformatic tools, we determined the presence, distribution, and specific characteristics of the CRISPR-Cas system. We found a possible association of the system with resistance genes but not with virulence determinants. Analysis of the system's components, including spacer sequences, suggests its potential role in protecting against phage infections, highlighting its protective function.
Subject(s)
Acinetobacter baumannii , Bacteriophages , Acinetobacter baumannii/genetics , CRISPR-Cas Systems , Plasmids/genetics , Genomics , Phylogeny , Bacteriophages/geneticsABSTRACT
Resumen Introducción: La pandemia por COVID-19 ha requerido de la respuesta institucional de las diferentes organizaciones para mitigar sus efectos. Objetivo: Describir el proceso de respuesta institucional dirigida a la comunidad universitaria de la Universidad Industrial de Santander (UIS) frente la epidemia por COVID-19 y analizar los resultados de los procesos implementados durante 2020 y 2021. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo de tipo mixto con un componente cualitativo descriptivo de la organización y desarrollo de la respuesta institucional y un componente cuantitativo descriptivo del análisis de los casos sospechosos y confirmados de COVID-19 en la comunidad universitaria UIS. Resultados: La respuesta institucional UIS comenzó desde marzo de 2020 y comprendió lineamientos y adaptaciones de tipo académico y laboral y un plan de respuesta que incluyó 6 componentes de acción y un retorno gradual a la presencialidad. Durante 2021 se confirmaron 272 casos en funcionarios y docentes y 208 casos en estudiantes, con una tendencia que reflejó la dinámica de transmisión local, pero con menor letalidad. Conclusiones: La respuesta institucional UIS frente a la epidemia por COVID-19 inició tempranamente e incluyó diferentes componentes que permitieron un retorno progresivo con baja transmisión en las sedes. Los aspectos por mejorar estuvieron relacionados con la cobertura, calidad y continuidad del diagnóstico y atención oportunos, conexas a las competencias y fragmentación propias del sistema de salud, y con la visibilidad del plan y sus resultados dentro de la comunidad universitaria.
Abstract Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has required the institutional response of different organizations to mitigate its effects. Objective: To describe the institutional response process for the COVID-19 pandemic at the Universidad Industrial de Santander (UIS) and analyze the results of the processes implemented during 2020 and 2021. Methodology: Descriptive mixed study with a qualitative component of the organization and development of the institutional response, and a descriptive quantitative component of the analysis of suspected and confirmed cases of COVID-19. Results: The UIS institutional response began in March 2020. The plan included academic and employment guidelines and adaptations, a response plan that included 6 action components and a gradual return to attendance. During 2021, 272 cases were confirmed in employees and professors, and 208 cases in students with a trend that reflected the dynamics of local transmission, but with lower lethality. Conclusions: The UIS institutional response to the COVID-19 epidemic began early and included different components that allowed for a progressive return with low transmission. The aspects to improve were related to the coverage, quality and continuity of timely diagnosis and care related to competencies and fragmentation of the health system, and the visibility of the plan and its results within the university community.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Young Adult , Universities , COVID-19 , Virus Diseases , Public Health , Colombia , Education , PandemicsABSTRACT
La inesperada llegada de la pandemia, enfrentó a todo el mundo a cambios drásticos en la forma de vida que se disfrutaba en épocas de normalidad, obligando a la población a diferentes tipos de confinamientos. Estos trajeron consigo el cierre de casi todos los sectores y en consecuencia la interrupción de muchos servicios esenciales, como las intervenciones en el sector educativo. Muchas de estas intervenciones estaban dirigidas, además de a la educación misma, a brindar protección a los escolares, detectar condiciones de riesgo de violencia intrafamiliar, maltrato y trabajo infantil, suministrar raciones alimenticias, vigilar el cumplimiento del esquema de vacunación y a evitar la deserción escolar, entre otras. Aunque los escolares no son el grupo más afectado por COVID-19, un reciente estudio de UNICEF realizado en 87 países revela que, en noviembre de 2020, los niños y los adolescentes representaron el 11% del total de infecciones1, mientras que, en Colombia, la proporción de casos pediátricos (menores de 18 años) se estima entre 7-8% y representan el 0.025% del total de fallecimientos2. Aunque se ha reportado que el riesgo de infección en escolares es menor que el del personal docente y administrativo en instituciones de educación, esta discrepancia pudiera estar sobreestimada debido a una menor probabilidad de detección considerando el curso predominantemente asintomático de la infección en niños. Sin embargo, COVID-19 puede ser una enfermedad severa en los menores, contribuyendo no solo al número de ingresos a unidades de cuidados intensivo sino al de casos fatales3. En términos de la transmisión, un estudio conducido en población infantil evidenció que esta ocurre con mayor frecuencia en el entorno familiar, relacionándose directamente con el estadio de enfermedad del caso índice: comparados con casos asintomáticos aquellos en etapa pre sintomática fueron responsables del doble de casos secundarios (1/3 versus 1/6)4. Esto indica que los niños infectados constituyen una fuente importante de contagio para sus pares, con evidencia de mayor transmisión en el nivel de secundaria comparado con el de primaria5, así como para los miembros del personal docente y administrativo de sus escuelas. Estos últimos, a su vez generarían nuevos casos de infección en la comunidad estudiantil y dada cuenta de su mayor movilidad, también en la población general6. La importancia que la socialización tiene en los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje y en el desarrollo psicológico de los niños, niñas, adolescentes y jóvenes es ampliamente reconocida. Además, es conocido el impacto beneficioso que tienen las actividades educativas en la salud física y mental y en general, en la probabilidad que nuestros niños alcancen todo su potencial y tengan una vida plena. En esta dirección, y ajustándose a la coyuntura, el sector educativo ha tenido que instaurar nuevas estrategias, pasando a la modalidad virtual (asistida por las tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones TICs) y a diferentes modelos de alternancia escolar. La alternancia se ofrece en diferentes modalidades como la híbrida, en la que es posible que un grupo de estudiantes reciban de manera presencial la clase y el resto lo hagan de manera virtual en forma sincrónica, con opciones de participación en ambos espacios. Otra estrategia es el desarrollo de la clase presencial y de manera asincrónica el desarrollo de actividades virtuales en casa, es decir, con grupos de estudiantes que tendrán asistencia a la institución y trabajo virtual o so-lamente asistencia a la institución. Las instituciones que no acojan la alternancia continuarán con su oferta pedagógica en la modalidad virtual. Cualquiera de los modelos de alternancia que las instituciones adopten trae consigo la presencialidad y, por lo tanto, la necesidad de realizar acciones para la disminución del riesgo, la identificación de casos (sintomáticos y asintomáticos) y sus contactos y el seguimiento y aislamiento, cuando ello se requiera. Nadie niega la importancia del regreso a la escuela, pero ésta debe hacerse en condiciones seguras que garanticen la protección de la salud y la vida de escolares, maestros, personal administrativo y de apoyo y de sus familias. Para lograr este objetivo se requiere adherencia y adaptación en cada institución educativa de los protocolos de bioseguridad emanados de los ministerios de educación y salud. Además, se requiere tener en cuenta la situación epidemiológica actual del municipio o área metropolitana y de la evolución de la epidemia en la población local y la comunidad educativa institucional. Esto último, el conocimiento cabal de la situación epidemiológica local e institucional es crucial para poder decidir responsablemente cuando se abre o se cierra una institución educativa, a fin de preservar la salud, el bienestar y la vida de sus integrantes. En particular, al momento de tomar estas decisiones, es esencial tener en cuenta los siguientes aspectos: La situación de la transmisión y la velocidad de contagio del SARS-CoV-2 en la localidad y cómo esto afectará el entorno educativo. El nivel de capacidad de los servicios de salud y especialmente las EPS para detectar y aislar casos sintomáticos y asintomáticos; detectar brotes o conglomerados de casos; identificar y seguir contactos de los casos; y establecer cercos epidemiológicos para detener la transmisión de la enfermedad dentro de la institución educativa. En qué medida la infección y enfermedad en familiares de los estudiantes, profesores y otro personal de la institución, constituye un factor de riesgo para los niños y viceversa. Dada la dinámica de la transmisión, los protocolos de bioseguridad por sí mismos, no garantizan la reducción del riesgo, si no se acompañan del cumplimiento estricto de los mismos, del acondicionamiento de las instituciones educativas para garantizar ambientes seguros, y de un análisis técnico, permanente y veraz de las condiciones de la pandemia en la localidad. Garantizar la ventilación adecuada y los recambios de aire, de los diferentes espacios de las instituciones educativas especialmente en las áreas cerradas, es un factor de especial importancia para disminuir la transmisión del virus. Por lo tanto, este aspecto es un asunto clave en la adecuación de las instituciones educativas. La decisión de abrir una institución de educación, debe estar precedida de un trabajo conjunto entre los escolares, los padres, los maestros, el personal directivo, y el personal de salud, con el fin de fijar los lineamientos básicos de las decisiones y acciones tanto en los asuntos de salud, como de protección de los escolares y del personal y sus familias, la coordinación con las entidades de salud y la anticipación de la mayoría de las situaciones que puedan derivarse de los procesos de apertura. La institución educativa debe definir, con el apoyo del sector salud, los indicadores que les permitan decidir en qué momento la institución debe cerrarse, bien sea de manera parcial o total, dada la existencia de casos en una burbuja (grupos estables de convivencia) o en varias burbujas. Además de los aspectos relacionados con minimizar el riesgo y disminuir la transmisión, en el proceso de apertura deben contemplarse otros aspectos tales como: garantizar el acceso a la educación a distancia a todos los escolares de las poblaciones distantes o rurales, marginadas, de escasos recursos, con discapacidad y cuyos familiares pertenecen a grupos de alto riesgo. Garantizar mecanismos pedagógicos que les permitan a los escolares, superar la brecha en que pudieron haber caído, por las dificultades de acceso a la educación virtual. Proveer la asistencia en salud y nutrición a los escolares, así como la atención a las niñas y adolescentes para la prevención del embarazo, el acoso y el abuso sexual. Ante la situación tan cambiante de la pandemia, es necesario tomar las decisiones de la apertura de las instituciones, en medio de gran incertidumbre. Son muchos los retos que el sector educativo tiene que superar. Pero en la planeación y toma de decisiones, como bien lo enuncia la UNICEF, "la respuesta debe servir de catalizador para mejorar los resultados del aprendizaje, hacer más equitativo el acceso a la enseñanza y fortalecer la protección, la salud y la seguridad de los niños"1. En consecuencia, si bien es prioritario el regreso a la presencialidad especialmente en los niveles de educación básica, deberán primar el principio de la protección y bienestar de los niños y los principios éticos, por encima de cualquier interés político o económico, del ejercicio de autoridad, o de una falsa sensación de seguridad. Conflicto de intereses: Los autores declaran no tener conflicto de intereses.
The unexpected arrival of the pandemic brought everyone to face drastic changes in the way people used to live in normal times, forcing them to experience different types of home confinement. These resulted in the closure of almost all sectors and, consequently, the disruption of many essential services, such as educational interventions. Many of these interventions were aimed, apart from education itself, at providing protection to schoolchildren, detecting risk conditions of domestic violence, child abuse and child labor, providing school meals, monitoring compliance with immunization programs and preventing school dropout, among others.Although schoolchildren are not the group most affected by COVID-19, a recent UNICEF study conducted in 87 countries found that in November 2020, children and adolescents accounted for 11% of reported COVID-19 infections1, while in Colombia the number of pediatric COVID-19 cases (patients aged < 18 years) is estimated at 7-8% representing 0.025% of deaths2.While the risk of infection in schoolchildren has been reported to be lower than that of teaching and administrative staff in schools, this difference may be overestimated due to a lower probability of detection considering the predominantly asymptomatic course of infection in children. However, COVID-19 can be a severe disease in young people, contributing not only to the number of admissions to intensive care units but also to the number of deaths3.As for COVID-19 transmission, a study conducted with children showed that it occurs more frequently in the home environment, which is directly related to the stage of disease of the index case (that is, compared to asymptomatic cases, those in the pre- 2Revista Cuidarte mayo - agosto 2021;12(2): e2244http://dx.doi.org/10.15649/cuidarte.2244symptomatic stage were responsible for twice as many secondary cases as index case (1/3 versus 1/6)4. This means that infected children are an important source of infection for their peers, suggesting greater transmission rates in high school compared to elementary school5, as well as in teachers and school administrative staff. The latter would in turn lead to new cases of infection in the school community and, given their greater mobility, also in the general population6.The importance of socialization in teaching-learning processes and the psychological development of children, adolescents and young people is widely recognized. Furthermore, the positive impacts that educational activities have on physical and mental health and more generally, the chances that our children will reach their full potential and have a fulfilling life are well-known. In this regard, and in response to the current situation, the education sector needed to implement new strategies, switching to online education (assisted by information and communications technology (ICT)) and different models of educational alternation.Educational alternation can be offered in different modes such as hybrid learning, in which a group of students has in-person classes and the rest of the group receive online instruction in a synchronous way, providing options for participation in both spaces. Another strategy combines in-person instruction and asynchronous online activities at home, i.e., a group of students will have in-person and remote instruction and another one will only have in-person instruction. Schools that do not implement any educational alternation model will continue with their educational online offer. Every alternation model implemented by schools entails face-to-face instruction and, therefore, the need to take actions for risk reduction, identification of symptomatic and asymptomatic cases, contact tracing, subsequent follow up and self-isolation, when required.No one denies the importance of returning to school. However, this should be safely done to protect the health and life of students, teachers, school administrative and support staff and their families. To this end, each school is required to adhere to and adapt biosafety protocols issued by the ministries of education and health. In addition, the current epidemiological situation of each municipality or urban area as well as the course of the outbreak in the local population and school community need to be taken into account. A complete understanding of the local and institutional epidemiological situation is crucial to make responsible decisions when reopening or closing schools to protect the health, wellbeing and life of the school community.The following aspects are essential to consider when making these decisions:-Transmission and speed rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the local population and their impact on the educational environment.-Health care services capacity, especially in Health Promotion Agencies (EPSs in Spanish), to detect and isolate symptomatic and asymptomatic cases; detect outbreaks or clusters of This means that infected children are an important source of infection for their peers, suggesting greater transmission rates in high school compared to elementary school5, as well as in teachers and school administrative staff. A complete understanding of the local and institutional epidemiological situation is crucial to make responsible decisions when reopening or closing schools to protect the health, wellbeing and life of the school community. 3Revista Cuidarte mayo - agosto 2021;12(2): e2244http://dx.doi.org/10.15649/cuidarte.2244COVID-19 cases; identify and trace contacts and implement epidemiological fences to stop disease transmission within the school community.-The degree to which coronavirus infection and disease in students, teachers and other school staff 's relatives can become a risk factor for children and vice versa.-Considering transmission dynamics of COVID-19, biosafety protocols alone do not ensure risk reduction unless supported by strict compliance, school preparation to ensure safe environments and technical, ongoing and accurate analysis of the pandemic situation in the local territory.-Proper ventilation and air circulation of school areas, especially indoors, is a key factor in reducing virus transmission. Therefore, it is a key issue to consider in school preparation.-The decision to reopen a school should be preceded by joint efforts among students, parents, teachers, school board and healthcare personnel to define the basic guidelines for decision making and management actions on healthcare issues, protection of students, staff and their families, as well as coordination with healthcare agencies and anticipation of potential challenges that may arise from school reopening.-Supported by the healthcare sector, schools need to define the indicators that will help them decide when the school should be closed, either partially or totally, given the existence of cases in one bubble (stable coexistence groups) or several bubbles.-In addition to risk and transmission reduction, aspects such as access to distance learning to all schoolchildren from remote, rural, marginalized, low-income, disabled populations and those having relatives at higher risk for COVID-19 should be considered in school reopenings.-Teaching mechanisms should be in place to overcome any gap that schoolchildren may have fallen into due to difficulties in accessing online learning.-Implementation of health and nutrition assistance for children, in addition to health care services for girls and adolescents to prevent pregnancy, harassment and sexual abuse.Faced with the rapidly changing situation of the pandemic, it is necessary to make decisions on school reopening in the midst of great uncertainty. Although there are many challenges that the education sector needs to overcome, during planning and decision making "the response should serve as a catalyst to improve learning outcomes, increase equitable access to education and strengthen the protection, health and safety of children"1 as stated by UNICEF. Consequently, while the return to in-person education is a priority, especially for basic education, the principle of protection and wellbeing of children and ethical principles should take precedence over any political or economic interest, the exercise of authority or a false sense of security.Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
A inesperada chegada da pandemia, enfrentou a todos mudanças drásticas na forma de vida que se desfrutava em épocas de normalidade, obrigando a população a diferentes tipos de confinamento. Estes levaram ao encerramento de quase todos os setores e, consequentemente, à interrupção de muitos serviços essenciais, como as intervenções no sector da educação. Muitas destas intervenções eram dirigidas, além da própria educação, a proporcionar proteção aos alunos, identificar as condições de risco de violência doméstica, maus-tratos e trabalho infantil, fornecer porções alimentares, controlar o cumprimento do plano de vacinação e evitar a deserção escolar, entre outras. Embora os alunos não sejam o grupo mais afetado pela COVID-19, um estudo recente da UNICEF realizado em 87 países revela que, em Novembro de 2020, crianças e adolescentes representaram 11% do total de infeção1, enquanto, na Colômbia, a proporção de casos pediátricos (menores de 18 anos) é estimada entre 7-8% e representam 0.025% do total de mortes2. Embora se tenha relatado que o risco de infecção em escolas é menor do que o do pessoal docente e administrativo em instituições de educação 3, esta discrepância pode ser sobrestimada devido a uma menor probabilidade de detecção, tendo em conta o curso predominantemente assintomático da infecção em crianças. No entanto, COVID-19 pode ser uma doença grave em crianças, contribuindo não só para o número de entradas nas unidades de cuidados intensivos, mas também para o número de casos fatais3. Em termos de transmissão, um estudo conduzido em população infantil evidenciou que a transmissão acontece com maior 2Revista Cuidarte mayo - agosto 2021;12(2): e2244http://dx.doi.org/10.15649/cuidarte.2244frequência no ambiente familiar, relacionadas diretamente com o estádio da doença do caso índice: comparados com casos assintomáticos aqueles em etapa pré-sintomática foram responsáveis pelo dobro de casos secundários (1/3 versus 1/6)4. Isto indica que as crianças infectadas constituem uma fonte importante de contágio para os seus pares, com evidência de maior transmissão no nível secundário comparado com o primário5, como para os membros do pessoal docente e administrativo das suas escolas. Estes últimos, por sua vez, gerariam novos casos de infecção na comunidade estudantil e dada a sua maior movimentação, também na população geral6. A importância que a socialização tem nos processos de ensino-aprendizagem e no desenvolvimento psicológico dos meninos, meninas, adolescentes e jovens é amplamente reconhecida. Além disso, é conhecido o impacto benéfico das atividades educativas na saúde física e mental e em geral, na probabilidade que nossas crianças alcançarem todo o seu potencial e terem uma vida plena. Neste sentido, e adaptando-se à conjuntura, o setor da educação teve que instaurar novas estratégias, passando à modalidade virtual (assistida pelas tecnologias da informação e das comunicações - TICs) e a diferentes modelos de alternância escolar. A alternância é oferecida em diferentes modalidades, como a híbrida, na qual um grupo de estudantes pode receber a aula em forma presencial e os restantes podem fazê-lo de forma virtual e sincronizada, com opções de participação em ambos os espaços. Outra estratégia é o desenvolvimento da classe presencial e de maneira assíncrona o desenvolvimento de atividades virtuais em casa, ou seja, com grupos de estudantes que terão assistência à instituição e trabalho virtual ou apenas assistência à instituição. As instituições que não acolham a alternância continuarão com sua oferta pedagógica na modalidade virtual. Qualquer dos modelos de alternância que as instituições adotem traz consigo a presencialidade e, portanto, a necessidade de realizar ações para a diminuição do risco, a identificação de casos (sintomáticos e assintomáticos) e respectivos contatos, bem como a monitorização e o isolamento, se necessário.Ninguém nega a importância do regresso à escola, mas isso deve ser feito em condições seguras que garantam a proteção da saúde e da vida de alunos, professores, pessoal administrativo e de apoio e das suas famílias. Para alcançar este objetivo, requer-se adesão e adaptação em cada instituição educativa dos protocolos de biossegurança emitidos dos ministérios de educação e saúde. Além disso, é necessário ter em conta a situação epidemiológica atual do município ou área metropolitana e a evolução da epidemia na população local e na comunidade educativa institucional. Este último, o pleno conhecimento da situação epidemiológica local e institucional é crucial para poder decidir responsavelmente quando se abre ou fecha uma instituição educativa, a fim de preservar a saúde, o bem-estar e a vida de seus integrantes. Em particular, no momento das tomadas de decisões, é essencial ter em conta os seguintes aspectos: Isto indica que as crianças infectadas constituem uma fonte importante de contágio para os seus pares, com evidência de maior transmissão no nível secundário comparado com o primário5, como para os membros do pessoal docente e administrativo das suas escolas., o pleno conhecimento da situação epidemiológica local e institucional é crucial para poder decidir responsavelmente quando se abre ou fecha uma instituição educativa, a fim de preservar a saúde, o bem-estar e a vida de seus integrantes. 3Revista Cuidarte mayo - agosto 2021;12(2): e2244http://dx.doi.org/10.15649/cuidarte.2244- A situação da transmissão e a velocidade de contágio do SARS-CoV-2 na localidade e como isso afetará o ambiente educacional- O nível de capacidade dos serviços de saúde e, em especial, das EPS (entidades promotoras de saúde) para detectar e isolar casos sintomáticos e assintomáticos; detectar surtos ou conglomerados de casos; identificar e acompanhar os contatos dos casos e estabelecer barreiras epidemiológicas para impedir a transmissão da doença dentro da instituição de ensino. - Em que medida a infecção e a doença nos familiares dos estudantes, professores e outro pessoal da instituição constituem um fator de risco para as crianças e vice-versa.- Dada a dinâmica da transmissão, os protocolos de biossegurança, por si só, não garantem a redução do risco, se não forem acompanhados do cumprimento estrito dos mesmos, do acondicionamento das instituições educativas para garantir ambientes seguros, e de uma análise técnica, permanente e verdadeira das condições da pandemia na localidade.- Garantir a ventilação adequada e a mudança de ar dos diferentes espaços das instituições educativas, especialmente nas áreas fechadas, é um fator de especial importância para diminuir a transmissão do vírus. Portanto, este aspecto é uma questão chave na adequação das instituições de ensino. - A decisão de abrir uma instituição de educação deve ser precedida de um trabalho conjunto entre os escolares, os pais, os professores, o pessoal dirigente, e o pessoal de saúde, a fim de estabelecer as orientações básicas das decisões e ações, tanto em matéria de saúde como de proteção dos estudantes e do pessoal e suas respectivas famílias, a coordenação com as instituições de saúde e a antecipação da maioria das situações que possam resultar dos processos de abertura. - A instituição educativa deve definir, com o apoio do sector da saúde, os indicadores que lhes permitam decidir em que momento a instituição deve ser encerrada, seja de forma parcial ou total, dada a existência de casos numa bolha (grupos estáveis de convivência) ou em várias bolhas. - Além dos aspectos relacionados com minimizar o risco e diminuir a transmissão, O processo de abertura deve contemplar outros aspectos, tais como: garantir o acesso à educação à distância a todos os alunos das populações distantes ou rurais, marginalizadas, de escassos recursos, com deficiência e cujos familiares pertencem a grupos de alto risco.- Garantir mecanismos pedagógicos que permitam aos alunos, superar a brecha em que podem ter caído, pelas dificuldades de acesso à educação virtual. - Fornecer cuidados de saúde e nutrição às crianças em idade escolar, bem como de cuidados às meninas e adolescentes para a prevenção da gravidez e do assédio sexual.Perante a situação tão variável da pandemia, é necessário tomar as decisões de abertura das instituições, no meio de grande incerteza. São muitos os desafios que o setor da educação tem que enfrentar. Mas na planificação e tomada de decisão, como bem o indica a UNICEF, "a resposta deve servir de catalisador para melhorar os resultados da aprendizagem, tornar mais equitativo o acesso ao ensino e reforçar a proteção, a saúde e a segurança das crianças"1. Embora seja prioritário o regresso à presencialidade, especialmente nos níveis de educação básica, deverão prevalecer o princípio da proteção e do bem-estar das crianças e os princípios éticos, acima de qualquer interesse político ou econômico, do exercício de autoridade ou de uma falsa sensação de segurança.Conflito de interesses: Os autores declaram não ter conflito de interesses.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , HealthABSTRACT
INTRODUCCIÓN/OBJETIVO: La estrechez uretral puede causar síntomas miccionales, dolor, disfunción vesical y eyaculatoria. La tasa de complicaciones en uretroplastía anterior es baja. El principal objetivo es evaluar complicaciones del posoperatorio (pop) inmediato (dentro de los 30 días pop). El objetivo secundario es valorar la relación entre complicaciones y la tasa de recaída. MATERIALES Y MÉTODO: Se realizó una revisión retrospectiva de las uretroplastías anteriores realizadas entre octubre del 2012 y junio del 2017. Se valoró: reinternación, reingreso a cirugía, infarto agudo de miocardio, tromboembolismo de pulmón, trombosis venosa profunda, óbito, infecciones, dehiscencia de herida, hematomas, sangrados, etc. Se definió recaída a la necesidad de realizar cualquier instrumentación uretral secundaria a la uretroplastía. Las variables se analizaron estadísticamente con Chi square y Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 92 pacientes, con un seguimiento mínimo de 12 meses. Las edades fueron de 18 a 88 años (mediana, 61,5 años). En 58 pacientes, se utilizaron transferencia de tejidos (27 injertos y 31 colgajos). La longitud de la estrechez fue desde 1-15 cm (media, 3,25 cm). La iatrogénica (56%) fue la etiología más frecuente. 56 pacientes (63%) tenían tratamientos previos. La tasa de complicaciones pop inmediato fue del 32%, las infecciones fueron las más frecuentes. Según Clavien, se clasificaron: I: 40%; II: 47%; III: 10%; IV: 3%. Hubo 17 recaídas (18%), 13 dentro de los primeros 6 meses del pop. De los pacientes que presentaron complicaciones, recayó el 23%; solo 16% de los que no las presentaron (p: 0,4). Aquellos pacientes con complicaciones graves presentaron mayor tasa de recaída (p: 0,2). CONCLUSIÓN: La tasa de complicaciones pop inmediata de uretroplastía anterior fue de 32%; las infecciones fueron las más frecuentes. La mayoría fue Clavien I y II. La recaída fue mayor en aquellos pacientes que sufrieron complicaciones en pop inmediato.
INTRODUCCION/OBJECTIVE: Urethral stenosis can cause mictional symptoms, pain, bladder dysfunction and ejaculatory problems. Complications rate in anterior urethroplasty is low. Main objetive is to evaluate early post operatory complications Secondary objetive is to assess the relationship between complications and recurrence rate. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a restrospective review of our anterior urethroplasty database between October 2012 and June 2017. We recorded: patients readmission, return to operating room, acute myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, deep venous thrombosis, death, infections, wound dehiscense, hematomas, bleedings, etc. We defined recurrence as any urethral instrumentation after urethroplasty. Variables were analyzed using Chi Square and Mann Whitney U test. RESULTS: 92 patients were included in the study with at least 12 months follow up. Age range was between 18-88 years. (median 61,5 years) Substitution urethroplasty were performed in 58 patients (grafts 27 and flaps 31) Urethral stenosis lenght range was between 1 and 15 cm (mean 3,25cm) Most frequent cause of urethral stenosis was iatrogenic (56%) 56 patients underwent previous treatment (63%) Complication rate in early post operative period was 32%, most of them infections. Clavien clasiffication: I: 40%; II: 47%; III: 10%; IV: 3%. There were 17 recurrences (18%), 13 during the first 6 months after surgery. 23 % of patients with complications had recurrence and only 16% of patients without, had recurrence (p:0,4) Patients with serious complications had greater recurrence rate (p: 0,2) CONCLUSION: Recurrence rate in early complications of anterior urethroplasty was 32%, most of them infections. Clavien I and II are the most frequent. Recurrence was greater in patients who suffered early complications
Subject(s)
Humans , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Postoperative Complications/epidemiology , Recurrence , Urologic Surgical Procedures/adverse effects , Urologic Surgical Procedures/methods , Urethral Stricture/surgery , Retrospective Studies , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Resumen La Ascariasis es la geohelminitiasis más común del mundo, catalogándose como una enfermedad tropical desatendida, que puede causar compromiso pulmonar, gastrointestinal, hepatobiliar y nutricional. Se presenta el caso inusual de una lactante procedente de una zona de extrema pobreza quien consultó por fiebre, vómito, ausencia de deposiciones, distensión y dolor abdominal. Fue diagnosticada con pseudoobstrucción intestinal, desnutrición severa, choque séptico de origen intraabdominal, retraso del neurodesarrollo y deprivación psicoafectiva, cuyas imágenes reportaron ascariasis hepatobiliar y granulomas hepáticos calcificados y abscedados, con infestación severa por Ascaris lumbricoides. Recibió manejo antibiótico y antiparasitario con recuperación exitosa. En nuestro medio, las infecciones por helmintos son causa frecuente de anemia, retraso cognitivo y del crecimiento en niños en edad escolar. Sin embargo, la infestación y complicaciones hepatobiliares como colangitis, colecistitis, pancreatitis, litiasis biliar y hepatitis abscedada son inusuales en menores de dos años. A través de este caso se pretende resaltar la presentación atípica de la enfermedad en lactantes e incitar al fortalecimiento de las intervenciones en salud pública. MÉD.UIS.2020;33(1):67-72.
Abstract Ascariasis is the most common geohelminitiasis in the world. It is categorized as an unattended tropical disease, which can cause pulmonary, gastrointestinal, hepatobiliary and nutritional compromise. We present the unusual case of an infant from an extreme poverty area presenting fever, vomiting, absence of bowel movements, bloating and abdominal pain. She was diagnosed with intestinal pseudoobstruction, severe malnutrition, abdominal septic shock, neurodevelopmental delay and emotional deprivation. The images reported hepatobiliary ascariasis and calcified and abscessed hepatic granulomas, with severe infestation by Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura. She was treated with antibiotics and antiparasitic agents with successful recovery. In our environment, helminth infections are a frequent cause of anemia, stunting and neurodevelopmental delay in school-age children. However, infestation and hepatobiliary complications such as cholangitis, cholecystitis, pancreatitis, biliary lithiasis and hepatic abscess are unusual in children under two years old. Through this case, it is intended to highlight the atypical presentation of this disease at the age of this patient and encourage the strengthening of public health interventions. MÉD.UIS.2020;33(1):67-72.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Infant , Ascariasis , Biliary Tract Diseases , Ascaris lumbricoides , Poverty , Pulmonary Eosinophilia , Tropical Medicine , Trichuris , Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction , Child Nutrition Disorders , Anemia, Iron-Deficiency , Malnutrition , Hepatomegaly , Anemia , Liver Abscess , Antiparasitic AgentsABSTRACT
ABSTRACT: The use of imidazolinone-tolerant rice cultivars allows selective control of weedy rice and barnyardgrass. However, in many situations, there is a need to add herbicides from other chemical groups to increase the spectrum of weed control. In this sense, saflufenacil has the potential to be used in mixture with imidazolinone herbicides. This study aimed to evaluate the interaction effects of the imazapyr+imazapic and saflufenacil herbicides in weedy rice and barnyardgrass and to investigate their impacts on the yield of the irrigated rice cultivar Puitá INTA CL. To reach these aims, greenhouse and field experiments were carried out during two growing seasons, with herbicide treatments sprayed separately and in mixtures of saflufenacil with imazapyr+imazapic. Results showed that saflufenacil did not interfere with control of weedy rice and barnyardgrass obtained with imazapyr+imazapic. The D50 values of imazapyr+imazapic for weedy rice control were 14.5+5, 9.1+3 and 12.5+4.2 g ha-1of imazapyr+imazapic for combinations with 0, 3.06 and 6.12 g ha-1of saflufenacil, respectively. In the field experiments, all doses of imazapyr+imazapic applied isolated or in mixture with saflufenacil provided control levels barnyardgrass above 90% at 28 days after herbicides application. Furthermore, saflufenacil did not cause damage or loss in the yield of the rice crop when mixed with imazapyr+imazapic. The Puitá INTA CL rice cultivar was tolerant of the tested herbicides, whether applied alone or in mixture, reaching grain yield of 9.987 kg ha-1 when applied 42 g ha-1 of saflufenacil plus 147+49 g ha-1 of imazapyr+imazapic.
RESUMO: A utilização de cultivares de arroz tolerantes às imidazolinonas possibilita um controle seletivo de arroz-daninho. No entanto, em muitas situações existe a necessidade de adição de herbicidas de outros grupos químicos para aumentar o espectro de controle de plantas daninhas. Neste sentido, saflufenacil apresenta potencial para ser utilizado em mistura com herbicidas imidazolinonas. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da interação dos herbicidas imazapyr+imazapic e saflufenacil em arroz-daninho e capim-arroz; e averiguar os impactos sobre a produtividade do cultivar de arroz irrigado Puitá INTA CL. Para alcançar esses objetivos, foram realizados experimentos em casa de vegetação e a campo em duas estações de cultivo, com os tratamentos herbicidas aplicados separadamente e em misturas de saflufenacil com imazapyr+imazapic. Os resultados mostraram que a adição de saflufenacil não interferiu no controle de arroz-daninho e capim-arroz obtido com imazapyr+imazapic. Os valores D50 de imazapyr+imazapic para o controle de arroz-daninho foram 14,5+5; 9,1+3 e 12,5+4,2 g ha-1 de imazapyr+imazapic para combinações com 0; 3,06 e 6,12 g ha-1 de saflufenacil. No experimento de campo todas doses de imazapyr+imazapic, aplicadas isoladas ou em mistura, proveram níveis de controle de capim-arroz superiores a 90% aos 28 dias após a aplicação dos herbicidas. Além disso, saflufenacil não causou injúrias ou perda de rendimento da cultura do arroz quando misturado com imazapyr+imazapic. O cultivar Puitá INTA CL foi tolerante aos herbicidas testados, sejam aplicados isolados ou em mistura, atingindo uma produtividade de 9.987 Kg ha-1 quando aplicado 42 g ha-1 de saflufenacil mais 147+49 g ha-1 de imazapyr+imazapic.
ABSTRACT
Introducción y objetivos: Algunas medidas antropométricas muestran mayor capacidad que otras para discriminar la presencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Este trabajo estima la magnitud de la asociación de diversos indicadores antropométricos de obesidad con hipertensión, dislipemia y prediabetes (glucemia basal o glucohemoglobina alteradas). Métodos: Análisis transversal de la información recogida en 2.022 sujetos del estudio PREDAPS (etapa basal). Se definió obesidad general como índice de masa corporal ≥ 30 kg/m2 y obesidad abdominal con 2 criterios: a) perímetro de cintura (PC) ≥ 102 cm en varones/PC ≥ 88 cm en mujeres, y b) índice cintura/estatura (ICE) ≥ 0,55. La magnitud de la asociación se estimó mediante regresión logística. Resultados: La hipertensión arterial mostró la asociación más alta con la obesidad general en mujeres (OR = 3,01; IC95%, 2,24-4,04) y con la obesidad abdominal según el criterio del ICE en varones (OR = 3,65; IC95%, 2,66-5,01). La hipertrigliceridemia y los valores bajos de colesterol unido a lipoproteínas de alta densidad mostraron la asociación más alta con obesidad abdominal según el criterio del ICE en mujeres (OR = 2,49; IC95%, 1,68-3,67 y OR = 2,70; IC95%, 1,89-3,86) y la obesidad general en varones (OR = 2,06; IC95%, 1,56-2,73 y OR = 1,68; IC95%, 1,21-2,33). La prediabetes mostró la asociación más alta con obesidad abdominal según el criterio del ICE en mujeres (OR = 2,48; IC95%, 1,85-3,33) y con obesidad abdominal según el criterio del PC en varones (OR = 2,33; IC95%, 1,75-3,08). Conclusiones: Los indicadores de obesidad abdominal mostraron la mayor asociación con la presencia de prediabetes. La relación de los indicadores antropométricos con hipertensión y con dislipemia mostró resultados heterogéneos (AU)
Introduction and objectives: Some anthropometric measurements show a greater capacity than others to identify the presence of cardiovascular risk factors. This study estimated the magnitude of the association of different anthropometric indicators of obesity with hypertension, dyslipidemia, and prediabetes (altered fasting plasma glucose and/or glycosylated hemoglobin). Methods: Cross-sectional analysis of information collected from 2022 participants in the PREDAPS study (baseline phase). General obesity was defined as body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2 and abdominal obesity was defined with 2 criteria: a) waist circumference (WC) ≥ 102 cm in men/WC ≥ 88 cm in women, and b) waist-height ratio (WHtR) ≥ 0.55. The magnitude of the association was estimated by logistic regression. Results: Hypertension showed the strongest association with general obesity in women (OR, 3.01; 95%CI, 2.24-4.04) and with abdominal obesity based on the WHtR criterion in men (OR, 3.65; 95%CI, 2.66-5.01). Hypertriglyceridemia and low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol showed the strongest association with abdominal obesity based on the WHtR criterion in women (OR, 2.49; 95%CI, 1.68-3.67 and OR, 2.70; 95%CI, 1.89-3.86) and with general obesity in men (OR, 2.06; 95%CI, 1.56-2.73 and OR, 1.68; 95%CI, 1.21-2.33). Prediabetes showed the strongest association with abdominal obesity based on the WHtR criterion in women (OR, 2.48; 95%CI, 1.85-3.33) and with abdominal obesity based on the WC criterion in men (OR, 2.33; 95%CI, 1.75-3.08). Conclusions: Abdominal obesity indicators showed the strongest association with the presence of prediabetes. The association of anthropometric indicators with hypertension and dyslipidemia showed heterogeneous results (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Hypertension/epidemiology , Hypertension/prevention & control , Obesity/complications , Hyperlipidemias/complications , Prediabetic State/diagnosis , Obesity, Abdominal/complications , Hyperlipidemias/prevention & control , Prediabetic State/prevention & control , Anthropometry/methods , Waist-Height Ratio , Logistic Models , Blood Glucose/metabolismABSTRACT
ABSTRACT: Herbicides used in the Clearfield® rice (Oryza sativa L.) production system have a potential for leaching. This can result in contamination of underground water resources and cause injury to not tolerant crops that are sown in a succession and/or crop rotation. The objective of this study was to determine the leaching potential and the residual activity of the herbicides used in the Clearfield® rice system. The experiment was conducted over a period of two years and consisted of conducting a field test to be followed by two bioassays with a year of difference between their implementation. Initially an experiment was conducted in lowland area where it was planted the cultivar of rice ‘PUITA INTA CL’. Approximately one and two years thereafter, soil samples from each plot were collected at intervals of 5cm to a depth of 30cm (B factor) for the bioassay to evaluate persistence of herbicides. Factor A was composed of mixtures formulated of imazethapyr + imazapic (75 + 25g a.i. L-1), imazapyr + imazapic (525 + 175g a.i. kg-1) in two doses, imazethapyr (100g a.i. L-1) and treatment control without application. Basing on results, it was concluded that the mixtures imazethapyr + imazapic, imazapyr + imazapic and imazethapyr leached into the soil, reaching depths of up to 25cm in lowland soil. Imidazolinone herbicides used today in the irrigated rice Clearfield® system are persistent in soil, and their phytotoxic activity can be observed up to two years after application.
RESUMO: Os herbicidas utilizados no sistema Clearfield® de produção de arroz irrigado (Oryza sativa L.) apresentam potencial de lixiviação. Isso pode causar contaminação de mananciais hídricos subterrâneos e fitotoxicidade as culturas não tolerantes semeadas em sucessão e/ou rotação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o potencial de lixiviação e o efeito residual dos herbicidas utilizados no sistema Clearfield® de arroz irrigado. O experimento foi conduzido durante dois anos e consistiu da realização de dois bioensaio com diferença de um ano entre a implantação dos mesmos. Inicialmente foi instalado o experimento em área de várzea onde foi semeada a cultivar de arroz ‘Puitá INTA CL’ em área de várzea. Aproximadamente um e dois anos após, foram coletadas amostras de solo de cada parcela, em intervalos de 5cm até a profundidade de 30cm (fator B) para a realização do bioensaio a fim de avaliar persistência dos herbicidas. O fator A foi constituído pelas misturas formuladas imazethapyr + imazapic (75 + 25g i.a. L-1), imazapyr + imazapic (525 + 175g i.a. kg-1) em duas doses, imazethapyr (100g i.a. L-1) e um tratamento testemunha sem aplicação. Com os resultados obtidos, foi possível concluir que as misturas imazethapyr + imazapic, imazapyr + imazapic e imazethapyr lixiviam no solo, atingindo profundidades de até 25cm em solo de várzea. Os herbicidas imidazolinonas, hoje utilizados no sistema Clearfiel® de arroz irrigado, são persistentes no solo podendo seus efeitos fitotóxicos serem observados até dois anos após sua aplicação.
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Paciente masculino de 23 años que presenta edema agudo del pulmón, no cardiogénico secundario a presión negativa, en el postoperatorio inmediato
This case is about a male patent, 23 years old, who presented negative pressure pulmonary edema during immediate post-operatve period.
Subject(s)
Pulmonary Edema/complications , Pulmonary Edema/diagnosisABSTRACT
ABSTRACT: Despite all advances obtained with the pesticide use worldwide and in Brazilian agriculture, there is still a lack of technologies for agricultural aircrafts. The objective of this study was to evaluate the drift produced by the use of conical nozzles and electrostatic system in aircraft application. The experimental design was completely randomized with a factorial arrangement and four replications. Treatments included two spraying equipment: electrostatic system with 5L ha-1 of spray volume and conical nozzle with 15 and 20L ha-1. In all treatments, azoxystrobin fungicide was used at a dose of 100g a.i. ha-1 and paraffinic mineral oil at a dose of 0.5% v.v. Volume median diameter (VMD) and droplet density were estimated using water sensitive paper. Evaluations of drift distance were performed with glass collectors distributed horizontally on the soil surface, 50m before the application band, at the application site and 12,5, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200 and 300m after the application site, along the wind direction. Azoxystrobin concentration in glasses were quantified by UHPLC-MS/MS. Results indicated that the drift distance can reach more than 300 meters away from the application site, with variable concentrations according to the equipment used. Electrostatic system reduced drift when compared to hydraulic conical nozzles.
RESUMO: Apesar dos avanços obtidos no uso de agrotóxicos na agricultura mundial e brasileira, ainda existe carência em tecnologias voltadas para aviação agrícola. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a deriva ocorrida com a utilização de bicos hidráulicos com pontas cônicas e sistema eletrostático em aplicação aérea. O delineamento experimental adotado foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram compostos por dois equipamentos de pulverização: sistema eletrostático com volume de aplicação de 5L ha-1 e bicos hidráulicos com pontas cônicas, utilizando volumes de aplicação de 15 e 20L ha-1. Em todos os tratamentos, foi utilizado o fungicida azoxistrobina na dose de 100g i.a. ha-1 e óleo mineral parafínico na dose de 0,5% v.v. As avaliações de diâmetro mediano volumétrico e densidade de gotas foram realizadas através de papéis hidrossensíveis na faixa de aplicação. As avaliações de distância de deriva foram realizadas com coletores de vidro distribuídos horizontalmente sobre a superfície do solo, 50m antes da faixa, na faixa de aplicação e aos 12,5, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200 e 300m após a faixa de aplicação, no sentido da direção de vento. Azoxistrobina foi quantificada por UHPLC-MS/MS. Os resultados indicam que a distância de deriva pode alcançar mais de 300 metros do local de aplicação, com concentrações variáveis de acordo com o equipamento utilizado. O sistema eletrostático reduz a deriva, quando comparado aos bicos hidráulicos com pontas cônicas.
ABSTRACT
Resumen: Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de infección de Trypanosoma cruzi en 1 125 mujeres embarazadas y la frecuencia con que éstas la transmiten a sus hijos en Tapachula y Palenque, Chiapas. Material y métodos: Se determinó la prevalencia materna por serología, la frecuencia de transmisión por reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) y la capacidad reactiva a T. cruzi a los 12 meses de edad del niño. Resultados: La prevalencia materna total fue 23/1 125 (2.04%); 9/600 (1.5%) en Tapachula y 14/525 (2.6%) en Palenque. Las mujeres seropositivas tenían entre 20 y 35 años; 31.8% tuvo ruptura prematura de membrana (RPM) y 9.1% tuvo antecedentes de muerte perinatal. La frecuencia de transmisión materno-fetal en Tapachula fue de 2/9(22.2%) y en Palenque de 1/14(7.14%); todos los niños positivos eran asintomáticos. Conclusión: La tasa de transmisión materno-fetal en el estado de Chiapas es variable; la razón podría ser el estado inmunológico de la madre o la cepa de T. cruzi.
Abstract: Objective: To determine the Trypanosoma cruzi infection prevalence in 1125 pregnant women and the transmission frequency to their children from Tapachula and Palenque, Chiapas. Materials and methods: We determined the prevalence by serology tests and the transmission frequency by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and T. cruzi reactivity capacity after 12 months. Results: Total maternal infection prevalence were 23/1 125 (2.04%), 9/600 (1.5%) were from Tapachula and 14/525 (2.6%) from Palenque. The seropositive women were between 20 and 35 years old, 31.8% have Premature Rapture of Membrane and 9.1% have history of perinatal death. The total percentage of positive newborns by PCR was 9/23 (39.13%), out of those 2/9 (22.2%) are from Tapachula and 7/14 (50%) from Palenque. The Maternal Fetal transmission frequency was. 2/9 (22.2%) in Tapachula and 1/14 (7.14%) in Palenque, all positive infants were asynthomatic. Conclusion: The maternal-fetal transmission rate in Chiapas State is variable; the reason could be the maternal immunological status and T. cruzi strain.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Pregnancy , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Adult , Young Adult , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/epidemiology , Chagas Disease/transmission , Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/statistics & numerical data , Trypanosoma cruzi/immunology , Pregnancy Outcome , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Chagas Disease/epidemiology , Asymptomatic Diseases , Geography, Medical , Mexico/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Weeds cause reduction in the rice yield. Little is known about the competitive ability of yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) with rice and the extent of the economic threshold (ET). The aim of this study was to determine the fit of the regression model to estimate hyperbolic yield losses and ET of yellow nutsedge in rice due to the cycle of cultivars (BRS Querência - Early cycle and IRGA 424 - mid cycle). For this, a field study of competition in the agricultural year 2010/11 was conducted. Yield losses and ET of yellow nutsedge in rice crop is function on the competitive ability of rice cultivar used. The use of rice cultivar with early cycle, BRS Querência, increases the ETs of weed in rice crops compared to the use of IRGA 424, mid-cycle. The hyperbola satisfactorily estimated yield losses that yellow nutsedge causes in rice crops. The explanatory variable, population of yellow nutsedge, was the best fitted to the model. Increases in yield, price paid for rice and control efficiency promoted by the herbicide and decreased cost of weed control, promote ET reduction in yellow nutsedge in rice crops, justifying the adoption of control measures of smaller populations of the weed.
As Plantas daninhas causam redução da produtividade do arroz. Pouco se conhece sobre a habilidade competitiva da tiririca-amarela (Cyperus esculentus) com o arroz e qual seu nível de dano na cultura (NDE). O objetivo desse estudo foi determinar o ajuste do modelo hiperbólico estimando perdas de produtividade e NDEs de tiriricaamarela no arroz em função do ciclo das cultivares (BRS Querência ciclo precoce e IRGA 424 ciclo médio). Para tal, foi conduzido estudo de competição a campo no ano agrícola 2010/11. Perdas de produtividade e NDE de tiririca-amarela no arroz variam em função da habilidade competitiva da cultivar utilizada. O uso da cultivar de ciclo precoce, BRS Querência, aumenta os NDE da infestante no arroz quando comparada ao uso da IRGA 424, de ciclo médio. A hipérbole estima satisfatoriamente as perdas de produtividade que a tiririca-amarela causa à cultura do arroz. A variável explicativa população de tiririca-amarela é a que mais se ajustou ao modelo. Aumentos da produtividade, do preço pago pelo arroz e da eficiência de controle promovido pelo herbicida e a diminuição do custo de controle da planta daninha, promovem redução nos NDE de tiririca-amarela no arroz, justificando adoção de medidas de controle sob menor população da planta daninha.
Subject(s)
Oryza , Cyperus , Plant WeedsABSTRACT
RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a suficiência amostral para estudos de impacto ambiental sobre a comunidade de macroinvertebrados bentônicos em arrozais irrigados (Oryza sativa L.). Amostragens de solo foram realizadas com auxílio de coletor cilíndrico, nos anos agrícolas 2007/08 e 2012/13. As amostras foram triadas e os espécimes identificados até o nível de família. Os dados foram submetidos à análise da curva do coletor e os índices de diversidade de Shannon e equabilidade de Pielou foram calculados para o total de amostras e o número de amostras definido pela curva do coletor, em cada ano amostral. Considerando o método de amostragem verificado no presente trabalho, indica-se um mínimo de 12 réplicas para se obter o maior número de famílias sem perda de informação, quando em estudos de impacto ambiental sobre a comunidade de macroinvertebrados bentônicos em área de cultivo de arroz irrigado.
ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to determine the sample sufficiency in environmental impact studies on the benthic macroinvertebrate community in irrigated rice fields (Oryza sativa L.). Soil samplings were conducted with a cylindrical collector in the agricultural years of 2007/08 and 2012/13. Individuals were sorted out and identified up to family level. Data were analyzed through the collector curve, Shannon's Diversity and Pielou's Evenness Index were calculated for the total number of samples and the number of samples defined by the collector curve in each year. Considering the results observed in this study, we indicate a minimum of 12 replicates to obtain the largest number of families without loss of information, in environmental impact studies on benthic macroinvertebrate community in irrigated rice fields.
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCCIÓN: La neutropenia febril en el paciente pediátrico con enfermedad oncológica es una situación frecuente asociada a la quimioterapia que lleva a una alta morbimortalidad. Su principal etiología es la infección, ameritando un estudio oportuno y completo para identificar el origen e instaurar un tratamiento de forma rápida y dirigida, por lo cual es necesario conocer sobre esta patología y su abordaje. OBJETIVO: Realizar una revisión actual y completa de esta patología, abordando su epidemiología, etiología, diagnóstico clínico y tratamiento. METODOLOGÍA DE BÚSQUEDA: Se realizó una búsqueda en bases de datos como Cochrane Library, Medscape, Pubmed, RIMA, Ebscohost, HINARI, Dynamed, NEJM, usando palabras clave como neutropenia, fiebre, infección, riesgo, neoplasia y tratamiento. Se seleccionaron principalmente guías de práctica clínica, revisiones sistemáticas y estudios clínicos aleatorios. Discusión: Esta situación se presenta principalmente en pacientes con neoplasias hematolinfoides y la causa de la fiebre se debe en primer lugar a una infección, cuyo agente etiológico varía según la procedencia del caso, el uso de catéteres intravenosos o si hay neutropenia profunda y prolongada. El abordaje diagnostico debe ser mediante un examen físico minucioso y el uso de herramientas como hemograma, reactantes de fase aguda y policultivos. El uso de modelos pronósticos para realizar estratificación del riesgo de complicaciones permite dirigir el manejo antibiótico que se va a instaurar. CONCLUSIÓN: Mediante la mejoría del conocimiento de esta enfermedad, las estrategias de diagnóstico y tratamiento han podido mejorar la sobrevida y el pronóstico de los pacientes con esta patología
INTRODUCTION: Febrile neutropenia in pediatric patients with oncological disease, is a common condition leading to high morbidity and mortality. The main cause is infection, meriting a timely and comprehensive study to identify its source and begin an early and a targeted therapy, it is necessary to know about this disease and its management. OBJECTIVE: Perform a current review of this pathology by addressing its epidemiology, etiology, clinical diagnosis and treatment. METHODS: Search in database like Cochrane Library, Medscape, Pubmed, RIMA, Ebscohost, HINARI, Dynamed, NEJM, using keywords like neutropenia, fever, infection, risk, neoplasia and treatment. We selected clinical practice guidelines, systematic reviews and randomized clinical trials. DISCUSSION: It is a common situation mainly in patients with hematological malignancy and the cause of the fever is due to an infection whose etiologic agent varies according to origin of the case, use of intravenous catheters or prolonged and deep neutropenia. The diagnostic approach must be through physical examination and the use of diagnostic tools such blood count, acute phase reactants and polyculture. The use of prognostic models for risk stratification allows to guide the antibiotic treatment. CONCLUSION:Improving the knowledge of this disease, the diagnosis and treatment strategies, it has been able to improve survival and prognosis of this disease