A rare case: Endobronchial solitary mixed papilloma.

Endobronchial solitary papillomas are extremely rare lung neoplasms originating from the bronchial surface epithelium. They often present with cough or recurrent hemoptysis. These tumors are benign, but they should be followed closely because they may even have a low probability of malignant transformation features. It should be kept in mind that malignancy may develop especially if the patient is a smoker. Although the etiology is not known for certain, it is thought to be caused by human papillomavirus in some cases. A 43-year-old male patient was admitted with a complaint of chronic cough. Rigid bronchoscopy was performed for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes after imaging techniques revealed a lesion obstructing the lumen of the right main bronchus. The pathology result was reported as mixed bronchial papilloma. We aimed to present our case because of its rarity and to indicate that chronic cough must be further evaluated.

Evaluation of the Prevalence of Barotrauma and Affecting Factors in Patients with COVID-19 during Follow-Up in the Intermediate Care Unit.

It is known that pneumothorax (PX) and pneumomediastinum (PM) develop due to COVID-19 disease. The objective of our study was to determine the prevalence of PX/PM due to COVID-19 in the intermediate intensive care unit (IMCU) and to evaluate the factors causing barotrauma and also the clinical outcomes of these patients. A total of 283 non-intubated patients with COVID-19 pneumonia followed up in the IMCU in a 1-year period were included in the study. The patients were classified as group 1 (having barotrauma) and group 2 (without barotrauma). The rate of barotrauma was 8.1% (n = 23, group 1). PX developed on the right hemithorax in 12 (70.6%) patients. Group 1 had statistically significantly higher 28-day mortality rates compared with group 2 (p = 0.014). The eosinophil and d-dimer levels of the patients in group 1 were higher, while C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, and albumin levels were lower than Group 2 (p < 0.001, p = 0.017, p = 0.001, p < 0.001), and p < 0.001, respectively). The similar rates of NIMV administration in our study groups support that barotrauma is not the only mechanism in the development of PX/PM. The findings of high blood eosinophil count and low blood levels of CRP, albumin, and fibrinogen in the barotrauma group of our study might be a pathfinder for future studies.

Use of airway stents to treat malignant tracheobronchial fistulas: Our six-year experience.

Background: This study aims to investigate the indications, safety, complications, and long-term outcomes of airway stenting in the treatment of malignant tracheobronchial fistulas. Methods: The medical records of a total of 34 patients (24 males, 10 females; mean age: 55.4+13 years; range, 23 to 76 years) with malignant tracheobronchial fistulas treated with airway stenting between February 2014 and August 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Data including demographic features, diagnosis, symptoms, treatment, complications and outcomes were recorded. Results: Thirty-eight airway stents were inserted in 34 patients with malignant tracheobronchial fistulas, including 19 patients with malignant tracheobronchial esophageal fistulas and 15 patients with bronchopleural fistulas. The clinical success and the technical success rates were 91% and 100%, respectively. No perioperative death or severe complications occurred. Chronic complications (>24 h) occurred in eight (23%) patients with malignant tracheobronchial fistula. Median follow-up was 3.5 (range, 1.4 to 5.5) months in patients with malignant tracheobronchial esophageal fistulas and 18 (range, 9.5 to 26.5) months in patients with bronchopleural fistulas. Mortality rates were 79% and 61%, respectively. Conclusion: Airway stent insertion provides a secure and effective treatment for patients with malignant tracheobronchial fistulas.

Management of recurrent hemoptysis: a single-center experience.

BACKGROUND: A successful planning methodology for patients with hemoptysis promises overall improvement in patient care. Conducted in a reference center for chest diseases, the present study aims to analyze characteristics and predictors of interventional methods in patients with recurrent hemoptysis. METHODS: The present study is a single-center, retrospective observational study. Between 2015 and 2018, 5973 patients with follow-up data until 2021 requiring more than one hospitalization due to recurrent hemoptysis were investigated. Patient characteristics, the amount of hemoptysis, baseline admission parameters, interventional procedures of bronchial artery embolization (BAE), fiberoptic bronchoscopy, rigid bronchoscopy, and surgical resections applied were analyzed according to number of hospitalizations and outcome. RESULTS: : Hospital admission numbers were higher in patients with sequela of tuberculosis, bronchiectasis and lung cancer. While lung cancer was the most frequent underlying reason in recurrent admissions, it was determined that as the amount of bleeding increased, the number of admissions also increased to the hospital, and BAE and rigid bronchoscopy were performed more frequently in the groups with less frequent admissions. There was no statistically significance between the amount of bleeding, and the interventional procedure alone or in combination with another procedure (p > 0.05). DISCUSSION: In conclusion, patients with certain diseases may experience frequent hospital admissions due to hemoptysis. Recurrent admissions may get better results with BAE and rigid bronchoscopy. We think that these procedures should be preferred in the foreground of suitable patient selection in line with available facilities and experience.

Secondary pulmonary malignancies requiring interventional bronchoscopic procedures.

BACKGROUND: In this study, we aimed to share our singlecenter experience and to investigate the effect of interventional bronchoscopic procedures on secondary pulmonary malignancies in terms of complications, success, and survival rates. METHODS: A total of 83 patients (42 males, 41 females; mean age: 57.8±15.2 years; range, 18 to 94 years) with secondary pulmonary malignancies who underwent interventional bronchoscopic procedures between January 2009 and December 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. Data including demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients, complications, and success and survival rates were recorded. RESULTS: The most common secondary pulmonary malignancies were kidney and thyroid tumors with the complaints of cough, shortness of breath, and hemoptysis. The mean duration before the diagnosis was 34.7±52.8 (range, 0.1 to 219.3) months, and the mean survival after the diagnosis were 10±13.1 (range, 0.2 to 44.4) months. A total of 92% of the patients had an airway obstruction of >50% and the interventional bronchoscopic procedures such as argon plasma coagulation, laser, cryo, and mechanical resection were successful in achieving airway patency. Laser application was found to significantly improve survival (p=0.015). Acute complication rate was 8.4% and mortality rate was 0%. CONCLUSION: In patients with tracheobronchial lesions due to secondary pulmonary malignancies, interventional bronchoscopic procedures, regardless of the stage of the disease, provide rapid palliation in life-threatening symptoms such as dyspnea and hemoptysis due to airway obstruction, prolonging patient"s survival and gain time for additional treatments to take effect for primary disease.

Transbronchial cryobiopsy for diagnosing parenchymal lung diseases: real-life experience from a tertiary referral center.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Transbronchial cryobiopsy (cryo-TBB) is increasingly being used in the diagnosis of diffuse parenchymal lung diseases (DPLD). Varying diagnostic success and complication rates have been reported. Herein we report our experience with cryo-TBB, focusing on diagnostic yield, factors affecting diagnosis, and safety. METHODS: This retrospective study was conducted in a tertiary referral chest diseases hospital. Data regarding the patients, procedures, complication rates, diagnostic yield, and the final diagnosis made by a multidisciplinary committee at all diagnosis stages were evaluated. RESULTS: We recruited 147 patients with suspected DPLD. The definitive diagnosis was made pathologically in 98 of 147 patients (66.6%) and using a multidisciplinary approach in 109 of 147 (74.1%) cases. The number of samples had a significant effect on diagnostic success. Histopathologic diagnostic yield and diagnostic yield with a multidisciplinary committee after a single biopsy were 50%, and histopathological diagnostic yield and diagnostic yield with multidisciplinary committee increased to 71.4% and 85.7%, respectively, with a second biopsy (p = 0.034). The incidence of mild-to-moderate hemorrhage was 31.9%; no severe hemorrhage occurred. Pneumothorax rate was 15.6%, and the mortality rate was 0.68%. CONCLUSIONS: Cryo-TBB has sufficient diagnostic yield in the context of a multidisciplinary diagnosis with acceptable complication rates. Performing at least 2 biopsies and from at least 2 segments increases diagnostic success.

Does Bronchoscopic Lung Volume Reduction Reduce Mortality in Patients with Severe Emphysema?

ABSTRACT       Objective: To compare the 12-month mortality for patients with severe emphysema who underwent either endobronchial valve (EBV) or coil treatments with those managed with standard of care (SoC). Bronchoscopic lung volume reduction (BLVR) is a useful treatment option in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), who have severe emphysema. STUDY DESIGN: A case-control study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Department of Pulmonology, Yedikule Pulmonary Diseases and Thoracic Surgery Education and Research Hospital, Turkey, between January 2018 and January 2019. METHODOLOGY: Medical data of patients diagnosed with severe/very severe emphysema between January 2010 and January 2017 were evaluated. One hundred and forty-eight patients with advanced COPD-emphysema phenotype, who met the BLVR treatment criteria, were evaluated. One hundred and twenty-four patients with 12-month follow-up data, 73 patients treated with BLVR, 43 cases of EBV, 30 cases of coil treatment, and 51 patients managed with standard of care (SoC) were analysed for this study. RESULTS: A total of 20 (16.1%) patients died at the end of 12th month and 4 (3.2%) in the early period. At the end of the 12th month, mortality was found in 7 patients (9.6%) in the BLVR group (3 underwent EBV and 4 received coil treatment, respectively), and 13 (25.5%) patients in the SoC group. There was no statistically significant difference in mortality between groups in the early period, but it was lower in the BLVR group at the end of 12th month. CONCLUSION: BLVR treatment significantly decreases mortality compared to SoC in patients with advanced emphysema. Key Words: Emphysema, Mortality, Endobronchial valve, Coil, Bronchoscopic lung volume reduction.

Results of Tobramycin Inhalation Therapy in Patients with Noncystic Fibrosis Bronchiectasis with Pseudomonas aeruginosa Colonization: Real Life Management.

Background: Inhaled antibiotics for treating bronchiectasis have been investigated in the cystic fibrosis population since 1981 and long-term clinical benefits have been reported. However, studies on noncystic fibrosis bronchiectasis (NCFB) have only been performed more recently. Owing to limited evidence, inhaled antibiotics are not currently approved for treating NCFB by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of tobramycin inhalation therapy in patients with bronchiectasis with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) colonization. Methods: In this retrospective cross-sectional study, NCFB patients who were Pseudomonas positive on three consecutive cultures 1 month apart and receiving tobramycin inhalation therapy were evaluated. Evaluation of the following parameters was done in this study: age, gender, smoking history, symptoms, pulmonary function test results, sputum culture results, tobramycin treatment duration, side effects of tobramycin and response evaluation, and hospital admissions before and after treatment. Treatment with 300 mg tobramycin through nebulizer twice daily for 28 days on-off cycles for a total of 6 months was considered to be one treatment period. The approvals for the study were received by the local ethics committee and institutional review board. Results: Of the 27 patients, 21 patients completed the first period, 7 patients completed the second period, 4 patients completed the third period, and 1 patient completed the fourth period. Sputum culture was negative in 10 (47.6%) of the 21 patients who completed the first period. Decreased sputum purulence and quantity, dyspnea, and cough were observed during treatment. The frequency of hospitalizations before treatment was 1.24 ± 1.36, whereas after treatment, it decreased to 0.52 ± 0.91, this difference was statistically significant (p = 0.019). The most common side effect was increased dyspnea after nebulization in five patients. Conclusion: Tobramycin inhalation appears to be a well-tolerated treatment in patients with PA colonization with bronchiectasis. This treatment may decrease the hospitalization rates and improve the symptoms.

Does ischemia-modified albumin level predict severity of obstructive sleep apnea?

OBJECTIVE AND AIM: Ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) is a newly recognized marker of chronic inflammation used to evaluate oxidative stress status in patients with various diseases. We explored the possible relationship between IMA levels and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). METHODS: In this retrospective study, 169 of 216 sequential patients being evaluated for suspicion of OSAS met inclusion criteria. Polysomnography confirmed OSA in 86 patients (51%) while 81 patients (49%) without OSA were categorized as control subjects. All study participants were tested for blood IMA level, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), C-reactive protein (CRP) level, and red blood cell distribution width (RDW). RESULTS: The serum IMA level was significantly higher in patients with OSAS than controls (p = 0.008). The serum IMA level increased significantly as OSAS severity increased (r = 0.50, p < 0.001) and was positively correlated with the AHI (r = 0.41, p < 0.001), CRP level (r = 0.31, p = 0.004), body mass index (r = 0.24, p = 0.022), RDW (r = 0.31, p = 0.03), oxygen desaturation index (ODI) (r = 0.22, p = 0.02), and negatively correlated with the hemoglobin concentration (r = - 0.28, p = 0.04) and minimum hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SpO2) (r = - 0.25, p = 0.02). Receiver operator curve (ROC) analysis showed that the optimal serum IMA, CRP, RDW, and NLR values were not different for predicting OSAS diagnosis (areas under the curves (AUC) = 0.62, 0.59, 0.60, and 0.43, respectively). However, the serum IMA level was superior in reflecting OSAS severity (AUC = 0.78) compared to CRP, RDW, and NLR values (AUC = 0.61, 0.53, and 0.51, respectively) (all p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Like other markers of inflammation, blood IMA levels were significantly elevated in patients with OSA. However, blood IMA level was a better predictor of disease severity than the other markers.

Hydroxychloroquine plus azithromycin and early hospital admission are beneficial in COVID-19 patients: Turkish experience with real-life data

Background/aim: New treatment regimens for COVID-19, which has threatened the world recently, continue to be investigated. Although some of the treatments are promising, it is thought to be early to state that there is definitive treatment. Experiences and treatment protocol studies from treatment centers are still important. The aim of this study is to evaluate factors affecting the treatment process of the first cases followed in our clinic. Materials and methods: The consecutive hospitalized patients with COVID-19 pneumonia were analyzed in this retrospective and cross-sectional study. Data were recorded from the electronic and written files of patients. Results: Eighty-three patients were evaluated. The median age was 50 ± 15 years. Forty-eight (57.8%) patients had one or more comorbidities. The most common comorbidity was hypertension. The most common symptom was cough in 58 patients (70%). The overall mortality was 15%, and 85% of the patients were discharged. The time between the onset of symptoms and hospitalization was statistically significantly longer in deceased patients (P = 0.039). Age, D-Dimer, troponin, CK, CK-MB, ferritin, procalcitonin, and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio were statistically significantly higher in deceased patients than survivor patients. In subgroup analysis, in the patients receiving azithromycin plus hydroxychloroquine and other antibiotics plus hydroxychloroquine, the duration of hospitalization was shorter in the azithromycin group (P = 0.027). Conclusion: Early treatment and early admission to the hospital can be crucial for the better treatment process. Combination therapy with azithromycin may be preferred in the first treatment choice because it can shorten the length of hospital stay.

Immunoglobulin G4 Related Lung Disease.

Immunoglobulin G4 related disease (IgG4-RD) is a relatively newly defined disease known for multiple organ involvement. Histopathologically, the disease is characterized by lymphoplasmatic inflammation, fibrosis, and enhanced levels of IgG4-positive plasma cells in tissues. IgG4-RD has been reported in almost every organ system. With pulmonary involvement, lesions have been described in the lung parenchyma, airways, pleura, and the mediastinum. Glucocorticoids are the first choice of treatment, but additional immunosuppressive drugs may be administered in refractory patients. In this article, we report a patient with IgG4 syndrome who had lung parenchyma, mediastinum, aorta wall, and pancreatic involvement. Histopathological findings and high serum IgG4 level established the diagnosis of IgG4-related disease. The patient was treated successfully with glucocorticoids.

Real life results of coil treatment for bronchoscopic lung volume reduction in emphysema.

INTRODUCTION: The lung volume reduction coil treatment is a minimally invasive bronchoscopic treatment option for emphysema patients who suffer from severe hyperinflation. Previous studies have reported successful outcomes in selected cases using coil for bronchoscopic lung volume reduction (BLVR). Our aim is to determine the changes in respiratory function tests, perception of dyspnea and exercise capacities after 12 months in patients treated with endobronchial coil. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The data of patients with severe emphysema and treated with coils between 2014-2017 were evaluated retrospectively. Dynamic and static lung volume capacities at baseline and 12 months, modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) questionnaire and six-minute walk test (6-MWT) results were recorded. RESULT: BLVR was performed in thirty patients (one female, twenty-nine males). Five patients were treated bilaterally and twentyfive unilaterally. One patient died after 7 days and 4 patients died during follow-up. Five patients were lost to follow-up. A total of twenty patients with available data were included in the study. A statistically significant difference was found in mMRC results in pre-treatment and 12-month evaluations. There was no significant difference in FEV1, TLC and RV values at the end of 12 months. There was an increase of 18.9 meters (± 83.5 m) between the baseline and 12 months in 6-MWT. 45% of the patients improved their walking distance over 26 meters which is known as minimal clinically important difference (MCID). CONCLUSIONS: Although no significant changes were observed in pulmonary function tests and lung volumes, the increase in exercise capacity and decreased perception of dyspnea indicate the efficacy of endobronchial coil.

Evaluation of Serum Biomarkers in Patients with Sarcoidosis: Can Visfatin Be a New Biomarker for Sarcoidosis?

OBJECTIVES: Sarcoidosis is a chronic systemic inflammatory disease that affects multiple organ systems. The role of biomarkers in the diagnosis and prognosis of sarcoidosis is increasing. Interest in the role of adipose tissue-mediated inflammation in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases has increased in recent years. Visfatin is a proinflammatory adipocytokine that has been studied for several inflammatory diseases such as diabetes mellitus, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. We aimed to assess serum visfatin levels in sarcoidosis and its relationship with other markers of inflammation such as C-reactive protein (CRP), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We enrolled 59 patients with sarcoidosis and 21 healthy controls and measured plasma levels of visfatin, along with serum CRP, ESR, and ACE using ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) kits (Blue Gene Biotech, Shanghai, China). RESULTS: Visfatin levels did not differ significantly between the patients and control subjects (29.9±15.8 ng/mL for patients and 23.93±16.73 ng/mL for controls, p=0.15), and there was no correlation between visfatin and serum CRP, ACE, or ESR in patients with sarcoidosis. CONCLUSION: Visfatin is recently being discussed as a biomarker for inflammatory diseases in several studies, and results are controversial. In our study, no differences were found in the serum levels of visfatin between patients with sarcoidosis and the control group.

Is there any effect of smoking status on severity and mortality of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 pneumonia?

INTRODUCTION: The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) virus, which emerged from China and spread all over the world, has affected the world in every aspect and will do so in the foreseeable future. This study was carried out to investigate the possible aggravating effect of smoking on the prognosis of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia presenting with pulmonary involvement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 114 adult patients who received inpatient treatment in our clinic with the diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia between 11 March 2020 and 30 April 2020 were retrospectively included in the study; in particular, they were evaluated in terms of smoking history, severity of disease, need for NIMV and ICU admission, and mortality during their hospitalization. RESULT: The mean age of the 114 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 pneumonia was 51.14 ± 14.97 (range 16-81), and 77 (67.5%) were male. Of the patients, 19 (15.9%) were active smokers, 23 were ex-smokers (20.1%), 72 (63.1%) non-smokers. The effect of smoking on the severity of the disease, length of hospitalization, need for non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV) and intensive care unit (ICU) admission and mortality were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: The rate of active smoking in patients hospitalized with COVID- 19 is lower than the population average. In this study, no correlation was observed between smoking status and the severity, prognosis and mortality of the disease. Further studies with larger number of patients and case series are needed to better elucidate the relationship between smoking and COVID-19 and the pathophysiologic mechanisms of the effects of smoking on the natural history of COVID-19 pneumonia.

The role of interventional pulmonology in endobronchial metastasis of renal cell carcinoma.

INTRODUCTION: Although metastasis of extrapulmonary solid organ malignant tumors to the lungs is very common, endobronchial metastases are very rare. The most common extrapulmonary tumors that make endobronchial metastases are breast, kidney and colorectal carcinomas. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, we retrospectively examined the data of eleven renal cell carcinoma patients who underwent endobronchial metastases in an eight-year period. RESULT: Ten of the patients were male and the mean age was 55 ± 1 (41-71) years. The most common symptom was cough (45.5%, n= 5), on the other hand 18.2% (n= 2) of the patients had no complaints. Right bronchial system, left bronchial system and tracheal distribution rates of endobronchial lesions were 45.5% (n= 5), 63.6% (n= 7) and 27.3% (n= 3) respectively. The mean time from diagnosis of primary renal cell carcinoma to endobronchial metastases was 47.5 ± 32 (5.2-100.5) months. A total of twenty two interventional procedures were performed. All except one patient underwent endobronchial treatment. Argon plasma coagulation was most commonly used as the endobronchial metastases option (n= 10, 100%). The mechanical resection (n= 6, 60%), laser (n= 5, 50%), cryoextraction (n= 5, 50%) and cryotherapy (n= 4, 40%) methods were used other than argon plasma coagulation. The mean survival time was 19.4 ± 15.7 (3.2-40.5) months after endobronchial metastases and 54.0 ± 40.4 (8.7-107.6) months after renal cell carcinoma diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Extrathoracic malignancy that most metastasis to the airways is renal cell carcinoma. Endobronchial treatment procedures for endobronchial metastasis of renal cell carcinoma can be performed with low complication rates.

[Endobronchial metastases secondary to extrapulmonary malignancies]. / Ekstrapulmoner malignitelere bagli endobronsiyal metastazlar.

Although parenchymal, pleural and mediastinal lymph node locations of metastatic Lung cancer are frequently seen, they are rarely found endobronchially. Endobronchial metastases comprise a portion of central airway obstructions that are diagnosed and treated by interventional pulmonology. Interventional procedures for endobronchial metastases (EBM) can help us reach early diagnosis, or in advanced cases with respiratory symptoms, used palliatively.

What have we learned in interventional pulmonology in the past decade?

Background/aim: The increasing number of lung diseases and particularly pulmonary malignancies has intensified the need for diverse interventions in the field of interventional pulmonology. In recent years we have seen many new developments and expanding applications in the field of interventional pulmonology. This has resulted in an increased number and variety of performed procedures and differing approaches. The purpose of the present study is to provide information on patient characteristics, range of interventions, complication rates, and the evolving approach of an experienced center for interventional pulmonology. Materials and methods: We retrospectively examined the records of 1307 patients who underwent a total of 2029 interventional procedures in our interventional pulmonology department between January 2008 and December 2017. Results: About half of the interventional procedures (47.2%) were performed on patients with airway stenosis due to malignant disease. Among patients with benign airway stenosis, the most frequent reason for intervention was postintubation tracheal stenosis. The number of patients who developed complications was 81 (6.2%), and the most common complication was hemorrhage (n = 31, 2.99%); 94.9% (n = 1240) of interventional procedures were performed under general anesthesia, without complications or deaths associated with anesthesia. Only one death (0.076%) occurred in the perioperative period. A total of 18 patients (1.38%) died in the 30-day perioperative and postoperative period. None of the patients with benign airway stenosis died. Conclusion: Interventional bronchoscopy is an invasive but considerably safe and efficient procedure for selected cases and effective treatment modality for airway obstructions, massive hemoptysis, and foreign body aspiration. Interventional pulmonology is a field of pulmonary medicine that needs effort to progress and provide an opportunity to witness relevant developments, and increase the number of competent physicians and centers.

Our eight years experience in postintubation/posttracheostomy tracheal stenosis.

INTRODUCTION: The most common cause of tracheal stenosis (TS) continues to be traumas according to the intubation and tracheostomy. Bronchoscopy is considered the gold standard for the detection and diagnosis of tracheobronchial pathology. There are several treatment options. We aimed to discuss our tracheal stenosis patients' treatment options, and their follow-up period. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Consecutive referred patients between 2009 and 2018 presenting with TS were reviewed for the study. Demographic characteristics, localization, length and degree of stenosis, treatment techniques, postoperative complications, and survival were recorded for all patients. RESULT: A total of 110 patients included. The mean age was 53.7 ± 16.7 (16-98 years) years. Of 110 patients, 54 (49.1%) were female. Most common type of stenosis was complex stenosis (74.5%). Mechanical dilatation was applied to all patients. Stenotic regions of 22 (20%) patients were cut with bronchoscopic scissor. Tracheal stents were inserted into trachea of 49 (44.5%) patients. During follow-up period; 36 of 110 (32.7%) patients had surgical resection. Six of 36 (16.7%) patients died during follow-up period (one of them died during surgery), 17 (47.2%) patients had total recovery after surgery. Thirteen of 36 (36.1%) patients had restenosis after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Tracheal stenosis is a process seen after postintubation or posttracheostomy frequently and it has a wide range of management modalities. Although, it is believed that surgery is the most efficient technique in cases without medical contraindications, we determined that endoscopic interventions can be alternative therapeutic options for inoperable patients. Patients must be followed-up after interventional therapies because complications, and restenosis can usually be seen.