Variáveis morfogênicas e estruturais de sorgo forrageiro implantado com diferentes arranjos populacionais sob pastoreio contínuo / Morphogenetic and structural variables of sorghum implanted with different population arrangements under continuous grazing

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da utilização de diferentes arranjos populacionais na implantação de sorgo forrageiro nas características morfogênicas e estruturais do pasto. Os tratamentos foram 22 ou 44cm entrelinhas e 12 ou 24kg de sementes ha-1. O método de pastoreio foi contínuo. Foram utilizadas 36 novilhas, com idade e peso corporal médios de 15 meses de 262kg. As variáveis morfogênicas não foram influenciadas significativamente (P>0,05) pelos arranjos populacionais e pelos períodos de avaliação, sendo obtidos taxa de alongamento e senescência foliar de 1,43 e 1,11cm dia-1afilho-1, respectivamente, taxa de aparecimento foliar e intervalo de surgimento de folhas de 0,28 folhas dia-1afilho-1 e 3,81 dias, filocrono e duração de vida foliar de 72,99 e 351,68 graus dia, nessa ordem. As características estruturais do pasto foram influenciadas pelos períodos de avaliação. Do primeiro para o terceiro período de avaliação, foi verificada uma redução de 65,53% no número de folhas em alongamento e de 47,79% no número de folhas vivas.(AU)

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of using different population arrangements in the implementation of sorghum in the morphogenetic and structural characteristics of the pasture. The treatments were 22 or 44cm between rows and 12 or 24kg ha-1 of seed. The grazing method was continuous. The sample consisted of 36 heifers with an average age of 15 months and average body weight of 262kg. Morphogenic variables were not significantly influenced (P>0.05) by population arrangements and evaluation periods, elongation rate and leaf senescence of 1.43 and 1.11cm afilho-1 day-1 being obtained, respectively, and leaf appearance rate of leaf appearance leaves the range of 0.28 day-1 and 1afilho 3.81 days, phyllochron and leaf duration of life of 72.99 and 351.68 degree day, in that order. The structural characteristics of the pasture were influenced by evaluation periods. From the first to the third evaluation period, a reduction of 65.53% in the number of leaves in stretching and 47.79% in the number of living leaves was verified.(AU)

Variáveis morfogênicas e estruturais de sorgo forrageiro implantado com diferentes arranjos populacionais sob pastoreio contínuo / Morphogenetic and structural variables of sorghum implanted with different population arrangements under continuous grazing

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da utilização de diferentes arranjos populacionais na implantação de sorgo forrageiro nas características morfogênicas e estruturais do pasto. Os tratamentos foram 22 ou 44cm entrelinhas e 12 ou 24kg de sementes ha-1. O método de pastoreio foi contínuo. Foram utilizadas 36 novilhas, com idade e peso corporal médios de 15 meses de 262kg. As variáveis morfogênicas não foram influenciadas significativamente (P>0,05) pelos arranjos populacionais e pelos períodos de avaliação, sendo obtidos taxa de alongamento e senescência foliar de 1,43 e 1,11cm dia-1afilho-1, respectivamente, taxa de aparecimento foliar e intervalo de surgimento de folhas de 0,28 folhas dia-1afilho-1 e 3,81 dias, filocrono e duração de vida foliar de 72,99 e 351,68 graus dia, nessa ordem. As características estruturais do pasto foram influenciadas pelos períodos de avaliação. Do primeiro para o terceiro período de avaliação, foi verificada uma redução de 65,53% no número de folhas em alongamento e de 47,79% no número de folhas vivas.(AU)

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of using different population arrangements in the implementation of sorghum in the morphogenetic and structural characteristics of the pasture. The treatments were 22 or 44cm between rows and 12 or 24kg ha-1 of seed. The grazing method was continuous. The sample consisted of 36 heifers with an average age of 15 months and average body weight of 262kg. Morphogenic variables were not significantly influenced (P>0.05) by population arrangements and evaluation periods, elongation rate and leaf senescence of 1.43 and 1.11cm afilho-1 day-1 being obtained, respectively, and leaf appearance rate of leaf appearance leaves the range of 0.28 day-1 and 1afilho 3.81 days, phyllochron and leaf duration of life of 72.99 and 351.68 degree day, in that order. The structural characteristics of the pasture were influenced by evaluation periods. From the first to the third evaluation period, a reduction of 65.53% in the number of leaves in stretching and 47.79% in the number of living leaves was verified.(AU)

Ingestive behavior of young bovines kept in sorghum or millet pasture / Comportamento ingestivo de bovinos jovens mantidos em pasto de sorgo ou milheto

The objective of this study was to evaluate the ingestive behavior and the displacement patterns of cutting steers kept in millet or sorghum pastures. The treatments consisted of: millet pasture (Pennisetum americanum Leeke) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench), both undergoing continuous stocking. Eighteen steers Charolais × Nellore breeding cross, with initial age of 14 months, and initial body weight of 195 kg, were used. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with 3 replicates and plots subdivide in time and by periods, and the data were submitted to variance analysis through the MIXED proc with P≤0,05. Grazing time was not inÁ uenced by forage species. The animals grazed longer in the third evaluation period (613.3 minutes) than the À rst period (555.5 minutes), both of which did not differ from the grazing time presented in the second period (568.9 minutes). The rumination and idle times were similar among the pastures evaluated, however, leisure time decreased and rumination increased with the advancement of the periods. Forage species did not influence the variables related to the displacement strategies. As the pasture cycle progressed, the time for 10 seasons and the time of rumination per cake increased, while the number of seasons per minute and per day, and the number of times animals water decreased. The use of millet or sorghum pastures does not alter the ingestive behavior and the displacement and feeding patterns of beef steers. The structural variation of the pastures throughout the vegetative cycle, alter the strategies of feeding and consumption, which are closely associated with the productive characteristics of the pasture.

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o comportamento ingestivo e os padrões de deslocamento de novilhos de corte mantidos em pastagens de milheto ou de sorgo. Os tratamentos consistiam em: pastagem de milheto ( Penniselum americanum Leeke) ou pastagem de sorgo ( Sorghum bicolor L. Moench), ambos submetidos à lotação contínua. Foram utilizados 18 novilhos, oriundos do cruzamento entre as raças Charolês e Nelore, com idade média inicial de 14 meses, e peso corporal inicial de 195 kg. O delineamento experimental foi blocos ao acaso com 3 repetições e parcelas subdivididas no tempo em 3 períodos, sendo os dados submetidos a análise de variância através do proc MIXED com P≤0,05. O tempo de pastejo não foi inÁ uenciado pelas espécies forrageiras. Os animais pastejaram por mais tempo no terceiro período de avaliação (613,3 minutos) em relação ao primeiro (555,5 minutos), sendo que ambos não diferiram do tempo de pastejo apresentado no segundo período (568,9 minutos). Os tempos de ruminação e ócio foram semelhantes entre as pastagens avaliadas, no entanto, o tempo de ócio diminuiu e o de ruminação aumentou com o avanço dos períodos. As espécies forrageiras não inÁ uenciaram as variáveis relacionadas às estratégias de deslocamento. Com o avanço do ciclo das pastagens, o tempo para 10 estações e o tempo de ruminação por bolo regurgitado aumentaram, enquanto que o número de estações por minuto e por dia, e o número de vezes que os animais ingeriram água diminuíram. O uso de pastagens de milheto ou de sorgo não altera o comportamento ingestivo e os padrões de deslocamento e alimentação de novilhos de corte. A variação estrutural das pastagens ao longo do ciclo vegetativo, alteram as estratégias de alimentação e consumo, as quais, estão intimamente associadas às características produtivas da pastagem.

Ingestive behavior of young bovines kept in sorghum or millet pasture / Comportamento ingestivo de bovinos jovens mantidos em pasto de sorgo ou milheto

The objective of this study was to evaluate the ingestive behavior and the displacement patterns of cutting steers kept in millet or sorghum pastures. The treatments consisted of: millet pasture (Pennisetum americanum Leeke) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench), both undergoing continuous stocking. Eighteen steers Charolais × Nellore breeding cross, with initial age of 14 months, and initial body weight of 195 kg, were used. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with 3 replicates and plots subdivide in time and by periods, and the data were submitted to variance analysis through the MIXED proc with P≤0,05. Grazing time was not inÁ uenced by forage species. The animals grazed longer in the third evaluation period (613.3 minutes) than the À rst period (555.5 minutes), both of which did not differ from the grazing time presented in the second period (568.9 minutes). The rumination and idle times were similar among the pastures evaluated, however, leisure time decreased and rumination increased with the advancement of the periods. Forage species did not influence the variables related to the displacement strategies. As the pasture cycle progressed, the time for 10 seasons and the time of rumination per cake increased, while the number of seasons per minute and per day, and the number of times animals water decreased. The use of millet or sorghum pastures does not alter the ingestive behavior and the displacement and feeding patterns of beef steers. The structural variation of the pastures throughout the vegetative cycle, alter the strategies of feeding and consumption, which are closely associated with the productive characteristics of the pasture.

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o comportamento ingestivo e os padrões de deslocamento de novilhos de corte mantidos em pastagens de milheto ou de sorgo. Os tratamentos consistiam em: pastagem de milheto ( Penniselum americanum Leeke) ou pastagem de sorgo ( Sorghum bicolor L. Moench), ambos submetidos à lotação contínua. Foram utilizados 18 novilhos, oriundos do cruzamento entre as raças Charolês e Nelore, com idade média inicial de 14 meses, e peso corporal inicial de 195 kg. O delineamento experimental foi blocos ao acaso com 3 repetições e parcelas subdivididas no tempo em 3 períodos, sendo os dados submetidos a análise de variância através do proc MIXED com P≤0,05. O tempo de pastejo não foi inÁ uenciado pelas espécies forrageiras. Os animais pastejaram por mais tempo no terceiro período de avaliação (613,3 minutos) em relação ao primeiro (555,5 minutos), sendo que ambos não diferiram do tempo de pastejo apresentado no segundo período (568,9 minutos). Os tempos de ruminação e ócio foram semelhantes entre as pastagens avaliadas, no entanto, o tempo de ócio diminuiu e o de ruminação aumentou com o avanço dos períodos. As espécies forrageiras não inÁ uenciaram as variáveis relacionadas às estratégias de deslocamento. Com o avanço do ciclo das pastagens, o tempo para 10 estações e o tempo de ruminação por bolo regurgitado aumentaram, enquanto que o número de estações por minuto e por dia, e o número de vezes que os animais ingeriram água diminuíram. O uso de pastagens de milheto ou de sorgo não altera o comportamento ingestivo e os padrões de deslocamento e alimentação de novilhos de corte. A variação estrutural das pastagens ao longo do ciclo vegetativo, alteram as estratégias de alimentação e consumo, as quais, estão intimamente associadas às características produtivas da pastagem.(AU)

Population demographics of American eels Anguilla rostrata in two Arkansas, U.S.A., catchments that drain into the Gulf of Mexico.

The goal of this study was to compare American eel Anguilla rostrata life history in two inland river systems in Arkansas, U.S.A., that ultimately discharge into the Gulf of Mexico via the Mississippi River and the Red-Atchafalaya catchments. From 21 June 2011 to 24 April 2014, 238 yellow-phase A. rostrata were captured in the middle Ouachita River and tributaries using boat electrofishing and 39 in the lower White River using multiple sampling gears. Most of them were caught downstream of dams in both basins (61%). Medium-sized A. rostrata ranging from 225 to 350 mm total length (LT ) were the most abundant size group in the Ouachita River basin, but they were absent from the White River. Mean LT at age 4 years (i.e. youngest shared age) was 150 mm greater for the White River than the Ouachita River basin. Anguilla rostrata appeared to have a greater initial LT (i.e. minimum size upon arrival) in the White River that allowed them to reach a gonado-somatic index (IG ) of 1·5 up to 4 years earlier, and downstream migration appeared to occur 5 years earlier at 100 mm greater LT ; these differences may be related to increased river fragmentation by dams in the Ouachita River basin. Growth and maturation of A. rostrata in this study were more similar to southern populations along the Atlantic coast than other inland populations. Adult swimbladder nematodes Anguillicoloides crassus were not present in any of the 214 swimbladders inspected. Gulf of Mexico catchments may be valuable production areas for A. rostrata and data from these systems should be considered as range-wide protection and management plans are being developed.

Pharmacognostic and phytochemical studies on Ayurvedic drugs Ativisha and Musta

The study include the establishment of pharmacognostic and phytochemical characters of Ativisha (Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. ex Royle, Ranunculaceae) and to compare them with its substitutes, Cyperus rotundus L. (Musta), C. scariosus R. Br., Cyperaceae, and Cryptocoryne spiralis (Retz.) Fisch. ex Wydler, Araceae (Country Ativisha). Morphology of the four species was compared in authentic samples collected from the field. We performed histological, histochemical, phytochemical tests, using standard protocols. HPLC studies were done on aqueous extracts of samples in a Shimadzu HPLC system and the peaks were observed at 254 nm. Pharmacognostic characterization of Ativisha and others was done as completely as possible. On basis of histochemical analyses revealed the presence of alkaloid, terpenoid-alkaloid complex, lipids and calcium oxalate majorly. There was less than 50% similarity between Ativisha and the other three species in microscopic characters. There was greater similarity (87%) between the two Cyperus species. The phytochemical studies, on the other hand, showed less similarity (79.2%) between the two Cyperus species. There was greater phytochemical similarity (84.6%) between Aconitum and Cryptocoryne, which justifies the name "Country Ativisha" for the latter. Based on anatomical and histochemical analysis, structural as well as chemical parameters helpful in distinguishing Ativisha from the other three species were established. The phytochemical profiles showed that A. heterophyllum and Cyperus species have five common HPLC peaks which may explain some of their common therapeutic activities. Ativisha and Cryptocoryne show greater phytochemical similarities to one another and this explains why the latter is used in Siddha system of medicine as country Ativisha.

Experimental infection of Anopheles gambiae s.s., Anopheles freeborni and Anopheles stephensi with Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium brasilianum.

Susceptibility to infection of 2 strains of Anopheles gambiae s.s., An. freeborni and An. stephensi, was determined for 2 closely related malaria parasites, Plasmodium malariae and P. brasilianum. Neither strain of An. gambiae supported development of oocyst densities as great as the other 2 anopheline mosquitoes. The ZAN strain of An. gambiae s.s. from Zanzibar was more susceptible to infection with the strain of P. malariae from Uganda than the G-3 strain of An. gambiae s.s. from The Gambia. All species and strains of mosquitoes supported complete development to the presence of sporozoites in the salivary glands.

[Activities of the International Committee for Prevention and Treatment of Depression]. / Deiatel'nost' Mezhdunarodnogo komiteta po preduprezhdeniiu i lecheniiu depressii.

During recent decades depressive states, mainly those of a psychogenic nature, have been encountered with ever increasing frequency; somatization of depressive syndromes has also been on the increase. Since the number of psychiatrists available had become hardly sufficient to cope with all the depressed patients, it proved possible--thanks to progress in the diagnosis and management of depression--also to enlist the aid of general practitioners in treatment for depression on an ambulant basis. The general practitioner is in fact usually the first person to whom depressed patients, including especially those with physical complaints, turn for help; it is he who must then decide whether the patient is suffering from depression and, if so, whether he himself will treat the case or refer the patient to a practising psychiatrist or to a hospital. In order to contribute to the postgraduate instruction of non-psychiatrists working in everyday practice by enlightening them on the problem of depression, an "International Committee for Prevention and Treatment of Depression" (P.T.D. Committee) was founded some 15 years ago.