ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health problem in the developing world. Depression affects medicine adherence in TB patients. There is a scarcity of data regarding the prevalence of depression among TB patients from any city in central India. Therefore, the aim of this research was to study the prevalence of depression and associated factors in TB patients in the Vidisha district of Madhya Pradesh, India. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study conducted on 106 TB patients visiting the TB and chest outpatient department of Atal Bihari Vajpayee Government Medical College (ABVGMC). It is a tertiary health care facility located in the district of Vidisha in Madhya Pradesh, India. Data collection was done from September 2020 to January 2021. Depression was measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). We used a semi-structured questionnaire to collect data regarding relevant demographic and behavioral factors. Analyses were done in IBM SPSS software, version 25 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). RESULTS: The prevalence of depression among TB patients was 55.7% (n = 59). Depression in the mild category was most common (n = 44, 41.5%), followed by moderate (n = 10, 9.4%), and the moderately severe (n = 5, 4.7%) category. Depression prevalence was found to be slightly more common in females (58.5% vs. 52.8% in males), married participants (58.2% vs. 51.3% in unmarried), educated more than high school (56.8% vs. 54.8% in less than high school), socioeconomically Above Poverty Line (APL) (60.5% vs. 52.4% in Below Poverty Line (BPL)), living in urban areas (60.9% vs. 47.6% in rural areas), and in the continuation phase of anti-TB treatment (58.6% vs. 52.1% in intensive phase), but differences were statistically non-significant. Depression was significantly associated with the medicine non-adherence group (vs. the medicine adherence group; p-value: 0.022) and the previously treated TB patient category (vs. the new case group; p-value: 0.031). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of depression among TB patients was very high (55.7%). The prevalence of depression was significantly higher in the medicine non-adherent group (p-value: 0.022) and the previously treated TB patient group (p-value: 0.031). In this study, we have not found any significant association between the prevalence of depression among TB patients and sex, marital status, education attainment, poverty status, or living in an urban or rural areas.
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: This meta-analysis was conducted to estimate the prevalence of hypothyroidism among pregnant women in India. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Shodhganga (Indian thesis repository) for observational studies, providing prevalence of hypothyroidism among pregnant women in India. Systematic study selection and data extraction procedures were followed. Quality assessment of each study was done using JBI critical appraisal checklist. The random effects model was used for pooling the effect sizes. Publication bias was assessed using the funnel plot and rank correlation test. I 2 statistics was used to measure heterogeneity across the studies. Heterogeneity in the pooled estimates was further explored with subgroup analyses and meta-regression analysis. RESULTS: Sixty-one studies were found eligible and included in this review. The pooled estimate of the prevalence of hypothyroidism in pregnant women was 11.07% (95% CI: 8.79-13.84, I 2 = 99%). Pooled prevalence estimates of subclinical and overt hypothyroidism are 9.51% (95% CI: 7.48-12.04, I 2 = 98%) and 2.74% (95% CI: 2.08-3.58, I 2 = 94%). CONCLUSION: We documented 11.07% pooled prevalence of hypothyroidism in pregnant women in India.
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: The mental health of perimenopausal and postmenopausal women is a relatively understudied area. This review formally explores the prevalence of depression in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women in India. METHODS: Databases like PubMed, Embase, Cochrane library, Web of Science and Scopus were systematically searched for cross-sectional or cohort studies, providing prevalence of depression in Indian perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. Systematic study selection and data extraction procedures were followed. Quality assessment of individual study was done using AXIS tool. For pooling of effect sizes, the random effects model was used. Funnel plot and Egger's test were used to ascertain publication bias. Subgroup analyses and meta-regression analysis were used to explore heterogeneity in the summary estimates. RESULTS: After a thorough search, ten studies were found to be eligible and included in this review. Pooled estimate for prevalence of depression (random effects model) in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women in India is 42.47 % (95 % CI: 28.73-57.49, I2 = 97.7 %). On visual inspection of the funnel plot and interpreting egger's test (bias: 3.49, SE bias: 3.68, p = 0.37), there was absence of publication bias. CONCLUSION: We documented 42.47 % pooled prevalence of depression in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women in India.
