Micropreparative Gel Electrophoresis for Purification of Nanoscale Bioconjugates.

Conventional techniques for purifying macromolecular conjugates often require complex and costly installments that are inaccessible to most laboratories. In this work, we develop a one-step micropreparative method based on a trilayered polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (MP-PAGE) setup to purify biological samples, synthetic nanoparticles, as well as biohybrid complexes. We apply this method to recover DNA from a ladder mixture with yields of up to 90%, compared to the 58% yield obtained using the conventional crush-and-soak method. MP-PAGE was also able to isolate enhanced yellow fluorescence protein (EYFP) from crude cell extract with 90% purity, which is comparable to purities achieved through a more complex two-step purification procedure involving size exclusion and immobilized metal-ion affinity chromatography. This technique was further extended to demonstrate size-dependent separation of a commercial mixture of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) into three different fractions with distinct optical properties. Finally, MP-PAGE was used to isolate DNA-EYFP and DNA-GQD bioconjugates from their reaction mixture of DNA and EYFP and GQD precursors, samples that otherwise could not be effectively purified by conventional chromatography. MP-PAGE thus offers a rapid and versatile means of purifying biological and synthetic nanomaterials without the need for specialized equipment.

A new isolate cold-adapted Ankistrodesmus sp. OR119838: influence of light, temperature, and nitrogen concentration on growth characteristics and biochemical composition using the two-stage cultivation strategy.

Natural-based chemicals from microalgae such as lipids and pigments are the interests in industries and the bioeconomy. Cold-adapted Ankistrodesmus sp. OR119838, an isolated strain from Cheshmeh-Sabz Lake in northeastern Iran, was cultivated using a two-stage culture strategy under different environmental conditions. With doubling the nitrate concentration at the vegetative stage (170 mg/L) and increasing the light intensity (180 µmol photons/m2/s) the highest specific growth rate (0.61 ± 0.02 per day) and biomass productivity (121.1 ± 7.2 mg/L/day) were observed at 25 °C. In the optimal growth condition Chl a and Chl b contents of Ankistrodesmus sp. OR119838 reached the highest amount (11.07 ± 0.14 and 11.23 ± 0.29 µg/mL, respectively) at 25 °C. While carotenoid content correlated negatively with optimum biomass productivity (- 0.708) and had the best value (12.23 ± 0.29 µg/mL) in nitrogen deficiency (42 mg/L) and intense light conditions (180 µmol photons/m2/s) at 15 °C. Lipid content was increased with declined nitrate concentration (42 mg/L), high light intensity, and 180 µmol photons/m2/s at 25 °C. The highest percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (71.94%) and α-linolenic acid (57.73 ± 6.63%) was observed in conditions with 170 mg/L nitrate concentration and low light intensity (40 µmol photons/m2/ s) at the low temperature (15 °C). While saturated fatty acids content (43.27%) and palmitic acid reached the highest amount under 40 µmol photons/m2/s, 42 mg/L nitrate at 25 °C (35.02 ± 5.33%). Biomass productivity of Ankistrodesmus sp. OR119838, as a cold-adapted strain, decreased by only 8.2% with a 10-degree decline in temperature. Therefore, this strain has good potential to grow in open ponds by tolerating the daily temperature fluctuations.

Water desalination using stainless steel meshes coated with layered double hydroxide/graphene oxide nanocomposite.

Coated stainless steel meshes with layered double hydroxides and graphene oxide nanocomposites (LDH/GO) were used as desalination membranes. The nature of stainless steel mesh allows a greater amount of sorbent to be coated on the surface using sol-gel technique and increases the adsorption capacity of ions and the efficiency of desalination. These substrates improve the contact surface area so that approximately 5 min is required for the desalination process. The LDH/GO stainless steel mesh exhibited excellent corrosion resistance and tensile strength of 99.9% and 112 MPa, respectively. To achieve the best desalination efficiency, different parameters were optimized, including the ratio of GO to LDH in the nanocomposites, the number of mesh layers, NaCl concentrations, and process cycles. The maximum adsorption capacity for the NaCl was 555.5 mg g-1 . The results revealed that LDH/GO nanocomposite was able to remove (94.3 ± 0.5) % of the NaCl under the optimum conditions. The proposed method was used to successfully remove Na+ , Mg+2 , Ca+2 , and K+ cations from seawater, with the yields of 92.3%, 92.5%, 91.2%, and 90.2%, respectively. PRACTITIONER POINTS: The salts are removed via interaction between salt ions and functional groups on the LDH/GO nanocomposite surface. A high amount of adsorbent loaded on the surface of steel mesh leads to an improvement in the adsorption capacity. The sol-gel technique strengthens the LDH/GO nanocomposites on the surface of steel mesh.

Modified polysulfone membrane facilitates rapid separation of plasma from whole blood for an effective anti-SARS-CoV-2-IgM diagnosis.

During the outbreak of coronavirus, RT-PCR was the premier gold standard method for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV-2) diagnosis. However, the sophisticated procedure of RT-PCR persuades researchers to develop sustainable point-of-need immunoassay methods for tracing unwitting carriers of SARSCoV-2. Herein, by fabricating a modified polysulfone (MPSF) membrane, we developed an integrated radial flow immunoassay (IRFIA) platform as a point-of-care system, capable of multiplying the immunoassays at a short run time. The target molecule is the SARSCoV-2 IgM in separated plasma. Although the lateral flow immunoassay kits for the rapid identification of Covid-19 have already been commercially developed but, the proposed method is superior to the conventional lateral flow immunoassay. In the newly designed membrane system, we have combined the five membranes of prevalent lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) strips in one polymeric membrane. The MPSF membrane is capable of separating plasma from whole blood sample, which will reduce the interference of red colour of hemoglobin with generated signal and enhance the immunoassay precision. The efficiency of plasma separation, reached the mean value of 97.34 v/v% in 5 s. Furthermore, the gel electrophoresis results of the separated plasma contrasted with centrifuged plasma sample, demonstrated more efficient separation by the membrane. Using the MPSF membrane, signal generation time reduced from about 20 min in conventional rapid test strip for Covid-19 to about 7 min in IRFIA platform. The sensitivity and specificity of the membrane platform were determined to be 89% and 90%, respectively and a Kappa coefficient of 0.79 showed reliable agreement between the RT-PCR and the membrane system.

Dynamic removal of Pb(II) by live Dunaliella salina: a competitive uptake and isotherm model study.

The main aim of this study is modeling of a continuous biosorption system for the removal of Pb(II) ions in the aqueous conditions using live Dunaliella salina microalgae. The live microalgae can grow in saline water and opens new opportunities in varying the amount and properties of biosorbent. The effects of five parameters, including pH, optical density of algae as a factor indicating the adsorbent dosage, injection time, contact time, and initial concentration of Pb(II), were optimized by means of response surface methodology (RSM) based on the central composite design (CCD). Dunaliella salina algae showed maximum Pb(II) biosorption with 96% efficiency. For the selective Pb(II) uptake in the presence of Cd(II) and Ni(II), binary and ternary systems of ions were chosen. The mutual effect of each heavy metal ion in all systems on the total uptake percentage was also examined. The ion selectivity was investigated in the presence of diverse heavy metal ions, and the Pb(II) uptake percentage was determined to be 80%. Both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were suitable for describing multicomponent binary and ternary systems depending on the presence of competitive ions in the mixture. Main functional groups and surface properties of the Dunaliella salina were identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectrometry. Hence, effective heavy metal ion uptake, simple design, and cost-effective cultivation confirmed live Dunaliella salina as suitable microalgae for purifying contaminated water in an economic and safe manner.

Changes in metabolites level in internet-addicted adolescents through exercise.

BACKGROUND: Internet addiction has been particularly prevalent among adolescents in recent years. This type of addiction, similar to drug addiction, causes dependence and disturbance in brain reward pathways. Physical activity is one way to prevent and treat some types of addiction. Aerobic exercise affects the dopaminergic and serotonergic pathways and improves the side effects of addiction. In this study, we examined the effect of eight weeks of aerobic exercise on the dopamine metabolite including homovanillic acid, L-tryptophan and 5-hydroxy indole acetic acid, which are precursors and the final product of serotonin metabolism in adolescent boys with internet addiction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-nine healthy non-internet addicted and internet-addicted boys were selected and divided into three groups: exercising internet-addicted (G1), internet-addicted (G2), and healthy non-internet addicted (G3) groups. Before and after aerobic exercise, 24-h urine samples were collected, and the target metabolites were analyzed spectrophotometrically. RESULTS: Results showed that for pre-exercise subjects, there was a significant difference in the homovanillic acid levels in G3 as compared to G1 and G2. For post-exercise cases, the changes were significant in G1 in comparison to G2 and for G2 in comparison G3. For pre-exercise subjects, there was a significant difference in the L-tryptophan level in G3 and G1, as well as G3 and G2. CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that Aerobic exercise can improve the dopaminergic system that is disrupted by internet addiction.

Magnetic solid-phase extraction of organophosphorus pesticides from apple juice and environmental water samples using magnetic graphene oxide coated with poly(2-aminoterephthalic acid-co-aniline) nanocomposite as a sorbent.

An effective magnetic solid-phase extraction method was proposed using magnetic graphene oxide coated with poly(2-aminoterephthalic acid-co-aniline) as a sorbent for preconcentration and extraction of organophosphorus pesticides from environmental water and apple juice samples, and determined using the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. To approve the successful synthesis of the magnetic nanocomposite, the prepared sorbent was characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, vibrating sample magnetometer, and Fourier transforms infrared techniques. The main parameters affecting the extraction efficiency were considered and studied to afford an optimized procedure. Systematic method validation verified its suitable recoveries (89.4-107.3%), and precision (relative standard deviations < 6.8%). The method showed a wide linear dynamic range (0.04-700 ng/mL) with low limits of detection (0.01-0.06 ng/mL) and quantification (0.04-0.21 ng/mL). This method presented good potential and great sensitivity for the pesticides determination.

A Mechanically Flexible Superhydrophobic Rock Wool Modified with Reduced Graphene Oxide-Chloroperene Rubber for Oil-Spill Clean-Up.

The leakage of industrial oil and organic wastewater discharge has caused serious damage to the natural environment and ecology. Therefore, implementation of a low-cost and high-performance adsorbent material is of great significant. This work reports the preparation of superhydrophobic rock wool (RW) for efficient clean-up of oil and organic solvents. The modified RW is prepared by coating a commercial RW with reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nanosheets under hydrothermal treatment. To improve the adhesion between the RGO nanosheets and RW, a film of chloroperene rubber is deposited on the RW surface followed by modification with RGO. The modified RW possesses superhydrophobicity and superoleophilicity with a water contact angle of 152.4°, and it is used for separation of oil-water mixture. The modified RW exhibits excellent mechanical elasticity and durability when compared with commercial one, and the adsorbed oils are recycled by simple squeezing. Its oil adsorption capacities are maintained above 95%, after several compression cycles. Importantly, the modified RW exhibits excellent photothermal properties which are beneficial for the separation of high-viscosity oils. Owing to low costs, versatility, and scalability in production, the modified RW can be regarded as a suitable choice for large-scale oil/water separation.

Organophosphorus pesticides extraction with polyvinyl alcohol coated magnetic graphene oxide particles and analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: Application to apple juice and environmental water.

In this study, we synthesized, characterized the magnetic graphene oxide coated with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA@MGO), and used it as an adsorbent for the magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) of organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) residue in the apple juice and environmental water samples followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Effective factors on the extraction efficiency, including the adsorbent dosage, desorption conditions, sample pH, extraction and desorption time, and ionic strength were optimized. The dynamic range of the MSPE-GC-MS method was obtained in the concentration range of 0.07-500 ng mL-1 OPPs with the limits of detection (LODs) in the range of 20-80 pg mL-1. Also, the intra- and inter-day precisions were determined to be in the range of 3.3-5.7% and 5.9-8.2%. The relative recoveries of pesticides for spiked real water samples and apple juice were in the range of 94.5 and 107.1%, with relative standard deviations between 2.6 and 6.5%. These results propose that the PVA@MGO is appropriate for simultaneous determination and high throughput analysis of OPPs residues.

Surface-directed engineering of tissue anisotropy in microphysiological models of musculoskeletal tissue.

Here, we present an approach to model and adapt the mechanical regulation of morphogenesis that uses contractile cells as sculptors of engineered tissue anisotropy in vitro. Our method uses heterobifunctional cross-linkers to create mechanical boundary constraints that guide surface-directed sculpting of cell-laden extracellular matrix hydrogel constructs. Using this approach, we engineered linearly aligned tissues with structural and mechanical anisotropy. A multiscale in silico model of the sculpting process was developed to reveal that cell contractility increases as a function of principal stress polarization in anisotropic tissues. We also show that the anisotropic biophysical microenvironment of linearly aligned tissues potentiates soluble factor-mediated tenogenic and myogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. The application of our method is demonstrated by (i) skeletal muscle arrays to screen therapeutic modulators of acute oxidative injury and (ii) a 3D microphysiological model of lung cancer cachexia to study inflammatory and oxidative muscle injury induced by tumor-derived signals.

Graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets prepared by electrophoretic size fractionation as an anticancer agent against human bone carcinoma.

Graphitic carbon nitride, g-C3N4, is a fascinating candidate for biomedical applications. Of course, bulk g-C3N4 is not appropriate for this purpose due to its large size distribution and low dispersion in water. Herein, for the first time, the electrophoretic size fractionation of g-C3N4 without introducing some functional groups into its structure was performed within a very short time. This simple separation technique resulted in several factions. The smallest collected fraction was nanosheets and showed the enhanced photoluminescence properties such as high PL intensity and bright luminescence. The nanosheets demonstrated significantly higher toxicity (IC50 of 27.0 ± 4.2 µg/ml- after 48 h) against human bone carcinoma cell line, Saos-2, in the absence of external light source compared to the bulk g-C3N4 (IC50 of 104.0 ± 8.5 µg/ml- after 48 h) without any cytotoxic effect on normal cells, human foreskin fibroblast.

Enhanced electrophoretic separation of proteins by tethered SiO2 nanoparticles in an SDS-polyacrylamide gel network.

Nanoparticles (NPs) are able to improve the separation efficiency of proteins in SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) due to their capability of enhancing heat dissipation during electrophoresis. However, the intrinsic surface charges of NPs (at buffer pH or charge induced due to the SDS coating) make them acquire electrophoretic mobility and movement in the gel. Such a movement leads to viscosity and temperature gradients in the gel and deteriorates the separation. In this work, we proposed a novel method by using tethered NPs in the gel. Silica NPs, as the model NPs, were prepared and their surfaces were modified using 3-[(methacryloxy)propyl] trimethoxysilane (MPS) which locks the NPs in the gel via covalent bonds (M-SiO2/PA (polyacrylamide)). SiO2 NPs were embedded into the gel (SiO2/PA) as the positive control, while pure PA gel was chosen as the negative control. The results showed that at a relatively high voltage of 250 V, although the Joule heat generated during electrophoresis disturbed the separation in the pure gel, the SiO2/PA and M-SiO2/PA nanocomposite gels showed better performances. In comparison with the pure PA gel, the resolution increased by 3 and 32% for SiO2/PA and M-SiO2/PA, respectively, in a relatively short separation time of 35 min. The gel with tethered NPs presented a more efficient separation in terms of band broadening and resolution compared with the gel with free NPs probably due to the movement of free charged particles in the gel. Evidently, the migration speed of protein bands in the gels decreased especially for larger proteins in the presence of the NPs compared to the pristine gel due to the steric hindrance of the NPs. Finally, we separated E. coli proteins, as a real sample. Among the three gels (pure PA, SiO2/PA, and M-SiO2/PA), the gel containing M-SiO2 showed the best performance.

The Use of Microalgae for Coupling Wastewater Treatment With CO2 Biofixation.

Production and emission of CO2 from different sources have caused significant changes in the climate, which is the major concern related to global warming. Among other CO2 removal approaches, microalgae can efficiently remove CO2 through the rapid production of algal biomass. In addition, microalgae have the potential to be used in wastewater treatment. Although, wastewater treatment and CO2 removal by microalgae have been studied separately for a long time, there is no detailed information available on combining both processes. In this review article, microalgae-based CO2 biofixation, various microalgae cultivation systems,¯ and microalgae-derived wastewater treatment are separately discussed, followed by the concept of integration of CO2 biofixation process and wastewater treatment. In each section, details of energy efficiency and differences across microalgae species are also given.

Heat dissipation in slab gel electrophoresis: The effect of embedded TiO2 nanoparticles on the thermal profiles.

Despite the fast development of novel and high-resolution electrophoresis techniques such as capillary-based methods and microfluidic devices, the slab gel electrophoresis is still a popular method for the separation of biomolecules in medicine and biology. It is a low cost and simple method and offers high throughput. However, this technique is limited to low voltages leading to slow separations. Producing the heat during the electrophoresis known as Joule heating inevitably leads to a rise in the gel temperature. For the first time, this work offers a whole gel temperature measurement by using a thermal camera which presents accurate temperature profiles in the gel with a resolution of more than 10 pixel/mm2 and a precision of 0.1 °C. Titania, TiO2, nanoparticles (NPs) were embedded into the polyacrylamide (PA) gel to improve the electrophoretic separation of proteins. By embedding 0.025% w/v TiO2 NPs, heat dissipation increases by 16.5% at applied voltage of 200 V compared with that of PA gel with no embedded TiO2 NPs. The thermal images showed that the composite gel was 2.5 °C in average cooler than PA gel after 15 min of electrophoresis run at 200 V. The maximum separation voltage increased by 30 V in the composite PA/TiO2 gel compared with the pure PA gel. Moreover, the average number of theoretical plates over the 10 protein peaks, as a criterion of separation performance, increased by about 63% at 180 V when TiO2 NPs were included into the gel.

Remodeling of the Collagen Matrix in Aging Skin Promotes Melanoma Metastasis and Affects Immune Cell Motility.

Physical changes in skin are among the most visible signs of aging. We found that young dermal fibroblasts secrete high levels of extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents, including proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and cartilage-linking proteins. The most abundantly secreted was HAPLN1, a hyaluronic and proteoglycan link protein. HAPLN1 was lost in aged fibroblasts, resulting in a more aligned ECM that promoted metastasis of melanoma cells. Reconstituting HAPLN1 inhibited metastasis in an aged microenvironment, in 3-D skin reconstruction models, and in vivo. Intriguingly, aged fibroblast-derived matrices had the opposite effect on the migration of T cells, inhibiting their motility. HAPLN1 treatment of aged fibroblasts restored motility of mononuclear immune cells, while impeding that of polymorphonuclear immune cells, which in turn affected regulatory T-cell recruitment. These data suggest that although age-related physical changes in the ECM can promote tumor cell motility, they may adversely affect the motility of some immune cells, resulting in an overall change in the immune microenvironment. Understanding the physical changes in aging skin may provide avenues for more effective therapy for older patients with melanoma. SIGNIFICANCE: These data shed light on the mechanochemical interactions that occur between aged skin, tumor, and immune cell populations, which may affect tumor metastasis and immune cell infiltration, with implications for the efficacy of current therapies for melanoma.See related commentary by Marie and Merlino, p. 19.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1.

Newfound sex differences in axonal structure underlie differential outcomes from in vitro traumatic axonal injury.

Since traumatic axonal injury (TAI) is implicated as a prominent pathology of concussion, we examined potential sex differences in axon structure and responses to TAI. Rat and human neurons were used to develop micropatterned axon tracts in vitro that were genetically either male or female. Ultrastructural analysis revealed for the first time that female axons were consistently smaller with fewer microtubules than male axons. Computational modeling of TAI showed that these structural differences place microtubules in female axons at greater risk of failure during trauma under the same applied loads than in male axons. Likewise, in an in vitro model of TAI, dynamic stretch-injury to axon tracts induced greater pathophysiology of female axons than male axons, including more extensive undulation formations resulting from mechanical breaking of microtubules, and greater calcium influx shortly after the same level of injury. At 24h post-injury, female axons exhibited significantly more swellings and greater loss of calcium signaling function than male axons. Accordingly, sexual dimorphism of axon structure in the brain may also contribute to more extensive axonal pathology in females compared to males exposed to the same mechanical injury.

Kinetics and mechanism of antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity of Ag-RGO nanocomposite.

Nowadays, nanomaterials with remarkable antibacterial activity and low cytotoxicity attract much interest in research. By considering the antibacterial activity of Ag and graphene oxide (GO), the Ag-RGO nanocomposite was prepared by a one-pot and facile technique and it was used to evaluate its antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity against Escherichia coli and glioblastoma cancer cells (U87MG), respectively. The antibacterial activity was studied by micro-dilution and colony counting methods to investigate cell viability. The viability of glioblastoma cells was determined using MTT assay. Since MIC and MBC values of the nanocomposite are 20 and 40µg/mL, respectively, it acts as a bactericidal agent. The antibacterial properties of nanocomposite are time and concentration dependent. The kinetics and mechanism of the antibacterial activity of the nanocomposite were investigated. The antibacterial activity for Ag-RGO nanocomposite is induced by capturing-killing process. From the results, we concluded that Ag-RGO nanocomposite can simultaneously induce apoptosis. Our results bring up a new plan for the use of silver nanoparticles in the form of nanocomposite with reduced graphene oxide in antibacterial applications. Also, Ag-RGO nanocomposite can reduce the viability of U87MG in a dose dependent manner which may show its anticancer potential.

Use of solvent mixtures for total lipid extraction of Chlorella vulgaris and gas chromatography FAME analysis.

Lipid extraction is the bottleneck step for algae-based biodiesel production. Herein, 12 solvent mixture systems (mixtures of three non-polar and two polar organic solvents) were examined to evaluate their effects on the total lipid yield from Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris). Moreover, the extraction yields of three solvent systems with maximum extraction efficiency of esterifiable lipids were determined by acidic transesterification and GC-FID analysis. Three solvent systems, which resulted in a higher extraction yield, were further subjected to fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis. The total lipid extraction yields (based on dry biomass) were (38.57 ± 1.51), (25.33 ± 0.58), and (25.17 ± 1.14) %, for chloroform-methanol (1:2) (C1M2), hexane-methanol (1:2) (H1M2), and chloroform-methanol (2:1) (C2M1), respectively. The extraction efficiency of C1M2 was approximately 1.5 times higher than H1M2 and C2M1, whereas the FAME profile of extracted lipids by H1M2 and C1M2 were almost identical. Moreover, the esterifiable lipid extraction yields of (18.14 ± 2.60), (16.66 ± 0.35), and (13.22 ± 0.31) % (based on dry biomass) were obtained for C1M2, H1M2, and C2M1 solvent mixture systems, respectively. The biodiesel fuel properties produced from C. vulgaris were empirically predicted and compared to that of the EN 14214 and ASTM 6751 standard specifications.

Modeling the two-way feedback between contractility and matrix realignment reveals a nonlinear mode of cancer cell invasion.

Cancer cell invasion from primary tumors is mediated by a complex interplay between cellular adhesions, actomyosin-driven contractility, and the physical characteristics of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Here, we incorporate a mechanochemical free-energy-based approach to elucidate how the two-way feedback loop between cell contractility (induced by the activity of chemomechanical interactions such as Ca2+ and Rho signaling pathways) and matrix fiber realignment and strain stiffening enables the cells to polarize and develop contractile forces to break free from the tumor spheroids and invade into the ECM. Interestingly, through this computational model, we are able to identify a critical stiffness that is required by the matrix to break intercellular adhesions and initiate cell invasion. Also, by considering the kinetics of the cell movement, our model predicts a biphasic invasiveness with respect to the stiffness of the matrix. These predictions are validated by analyzing the invasion of melanoma cells in collagen matrices of varying concentration. Our model also predicts a positive correlation between the elongated morphology of the invading cells and the alignment of fibers in the matrix, suggesting that cell polarization is directly proportional to the stiffness and alignment of the matrix. In contrast, cells in nonfibrous matrices are found to be rounded and not polarized, underscoring the key role played by the nonlinear mechanics of fibrous matrices. Importantly, our model shows that mechanical principles mediated by the contractility of the cells and the nonlinearity of the ECM behavior play a crucial role in determining the phenotype of the cell invasion.

Potential use of algae for heavy metal bioremediation, a critical review.

Algae have several industrial applications that can lower the cost of biofuel co-production. Among these co-production applications, environmental and wastewater bioremediation are increasingly important. Heavy metal pollution and its implications for public health and the environment have led to increased interest in developing environmental biotechnology approaches. We review the potential for algal biosorption and/or neutralization of the toxic effects of heavy metal ions, primarily focusing on their cellular structure, pretreatment, modification, as well as potential application of genetic engineering in biosorption performance. We evaluate pretreatment, immobilization, and factors affecting biosorption capacity, such as initial metal ion concentration, biomass concentration, initial pH, time, temperature, and interference of multi metal ions and introduce molecular tools to develop engineered algal strains with higher biosorption capacity and selectivity. We conclude that consideration of these parameters can lead to the development of low-cost micro and macroalgae cultivation with high bioremediation potential.