ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Hypotaurine, a precursor to taurine, is known for its antioxidant properties and is prominently present in fetal plasma and the placenta. Our previous research revealed that ezrin-knockout mice experience fetal growth retardation, coinciding with reduced hypotaurine levels in fetal plasma. This study aims to elucidate the expression and role of hypotaurine transporters within the placenta. METHODS: We employed quantitative RT-PCR to measure mRNA expression of GAT transporter family members in the placenta during mid-to-late gestation. LC/MS/MS was used to analyze the distribution of hypotaurine in different placental subregions. Immunohistochemistry was utilized to examine the localization of GAT2 in mice. Placental hypotaurine uptake from fetal circulation was studied via umbilical perfusion in rats. RESULTS: Among hypotaurine transporters, GAT2 exhibited increased mRNA and protein expression in murine placenta during mid-to-late gestation. Notably, GAT2/Slc6a13 mRNA and hypotaurine were most concentrated in the labyrinth of murine placenta. In contrast, enzymes responsible for hypotaurine synthesis, such as cysteine dioxygenase, cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase, and 2-aminoethanethiol dioxygenase, showed minimal expression in the labyrinth. These findings suggest that GAT2 is a key determinant of hypotaurine levels in the placental labyrinth. Immunohistochemical examination unveiled that GAT2 was predominantly localized on the fetal-facing plasma membrane within syncytiotrophoblasts, which co-localized with ezrin. In rat umbilical perfusion experiments, the GAT2/3 and TauT inhibitor, SNAP-5114, significantly reduced hypotaurine extraction from fetal circulation to the placenta. DISCUSSION: The results suggest that GAT2 plays a pivotal role in the concentrative uptake of hypotaurine from fetal plasma within syncytiotrophoblasts of the placenta.