ABSTRACT
The total number, morbidity and mortality attributed to viraemic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections change over time making it difficult to compare reported estimates from different years. Models were developed for 15 countries to quantify and characterize the viraemic population and forecast the changes in the infected population and the corresponding disease burden from 2014 to 2030. With the exception of Iceland, Iran, Latvia and Pakistan, the total number of viraemic HCV infections is expected to decline from 2014 to 2030, but the associated morbidity and mortality are expected to increase in all countries except for Japan and South Korea. In the latter two countries, mortality due to an ageing population will drive down prevalence, morbidity and mortality. On the other hand, both countries have already experienced a rapid increase in HCV-related mortality and morbidity. HCV-related morbidity and mortality are projected to increase between 2014 and 2030 in all other countries as result of an ageing HCV-infected population. Thus, although the total number of HCV countries is expected to decline in most countries studied, the associated disease burden is expected to increase. The current treatment paradigm is inadequate if large reductions in HCV-related morbidity and mortality are to be achieved.
Subject(s)
Hepacivirus/isolation & purification , Hepatitis C, Chronic/epidemiology , Hepatitis C, Chronic/virology , Models, Statistical , Viremia/epidemiology , Viremia/virology , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Cost of Illness , Female , Global Health , Hepatitis C, Chronic/mortality , Hepatitis C, Chronic/therapy , Humans , Incidence , Male , Middle Aged , Prevalence , Survival Analysis , Viremia/mortality , Viremia/therapy , Young AdultABSTRACT
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) epidemic was forecasted through 2030 for 15 countries in Europe, the Middle East and Asia, and the relative impact of two scenarios was considered: increased treatment efficacy while holding the annual number of treated patients constant and increased treatment efficacy and an increased annual number of treated patients. Increasing levels of diagnosis and treatment, in combination with improved treatment efficacy, were critical for achieving substantial reductions in disease burden. A 90% reduction in total HCV infections within 15 years is feasible in most countries studied, but it required a coordinated effort to introduce harm reduction programmes to reduce new infections, screening to identify those already infected and treatment with high cure rate therapies. This suggests that increased capacity for screening and treatment will be critical in many countries. Birth cohort screening is a helpful tool for maximizing resources. Among European countries, the majority of patients were born between 1940 and 1985. A wider range of birth cohorts was seen in the Middle East and Asia (between 1925 and 1995).
Subject(s)
Communicable Disease Control/methods , Hepatitis C, Chronic/epidemiology , Hepatitis C, Chronic/prevention & control , Models, Statistical , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use , Asia/epidemiology , Child , Child, Preschool , Diagnostic Tests, Routine/methods , Diagnostic Tests, Routine/statistics & numerical data , Drug Utilization , Europe/epidemiology , Female , Hepatitis C, Chronic/diagnosis , Hepatitis C, Chronic/therapy , Humans , Incidence , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Liver Transplantation , Male , Middle Aged , Middle East/epidemiology , Prevalence , Young AdultABSTRACT
Detailed, country-specific epidemiological data are needed to characterize the burden of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection around the world. With new treatment options available, policy makers and public health officials must reconsider national strategies for infection control. In this study of 15 countries, published and unpublished data on HCV prevalence, viraemia, genotype, age and gender distribution, liver transplants and diagnosis and treatment rates were gathered from the literature and validated by expert consensus in each country. Viraemic prevalence in this study ranged from 0.2% in Iran and Lebanon to 4.2% in Pakistan. The largest viraemic populations were in Pakistan (7 001 000 cases) and Indonesia (3 187 000 cases). Injection drug use (IDU) and a historically unsafe blood supply were major risk factors in most countries. Diagnosis, treatment and liver transplant rates varied widely between countries. However, comparison across countries was difficult as the number of cases changes over time. Access to reliable data on measures such as these is critical for the development of future strategies to manage the disease burden.
Subject(s)
Hepacivirus/isolation & purification , Hepatitis C, Chronic/epidemiology , Hepatitis C, Chronic/virology , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Genotype , Global Health , Hepacivirus/classification , Hepatitis C, Chronic/diagnosis , Hepatitis C, Chronic/therapy , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Liver Transplantation , Male , Middle Aged , Prevalence , Young AdultABSTRACT
A 47-year-old man presented with subacute, low back pain and increased creatinine levels. A CT scan showed an extrinsic, bilateral compression of the ureters by a retroperitoneal mass with pronounced uptake of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose in positron emission tomography. Histological findings were consistent with the diagnosis of retroperitoneal fibrosis. Urological decompression was performed. The initiated corticosteroids led to a rapid clinical improvement and regression of the retroperitoneal mass. A relapse occurred after tapering of corticosteroids with a prompt response to increase of the dosage.
Subject(s)
Acute Kidney Injury/etiology , Low Back Pain/etiology , Low Back Pain/prevention & control , Retroperitoneal Fibrosis/complications , Retroperitoneal Fibrosis/therapy , Urinary Bladder Neck Obstruction/etiology , Urinary Bladder Neck Obstruction/therapy , Acute Kidney Injury/diagnosis , Acute Kidney Injury/prevention & control , Combined Modality Therapy , Decompression, Surgical/methods , Glucocorticoids/therapeutic use , Humans , Low Back Pain/diagnosis , Male , Middle Aged , Retroperitoneal Fibrosis/diagnosis , Treatment Outcome , Urinary Bladder Neck Obstruction/diagnosisSubject(s)
Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/adverse effects , Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use , Dermatologic Agents/adverse effects , Dermatologic Agents/therapeutic use , Hepatitis B, Chronic/complications , Hepatitis B, Chronic/etiology , Hepatitis C, Chronic/complications , Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome/chemically induced , Psoriasis/drug therapy , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors , Female , Humans , Male , UstekinumabABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to assess the clinical risk of minimal myonecrosis below the cut-off for acute myocardial infarction (MI) in comparison with other grades of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). One-thousand four hundred and sixty seven consecutive patients with ACS admitted between May 2001 and April 2002 were studied in a non-interventional centre. Patients were divided into unstable angina (UA) (cTnT < 0.01 microg/l), non-ST elevation ACS with minimal myonecrosis (0.01
Subject(s)
Angina, Unstable/drug therapy , Myocardial Infarction/drug therapy , Myocardium/pathology , Aged , Angina, Unstable/pathology , Coronary Angiography , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Myocardial Infarction/pathology , Necrosis , Prognosis , Prospective Studies , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
UNLABELLED: The polycystic ovary is reported to correspond with a high density in intraovarian nerve fibers and their sympathetic hyperresponsiveness. Peptidergic nerves may also be involved in this process. An interaction between nerve fibers and mast cells is assumed because of nerve growth-factor production by mast cells. Here we investigated CGRP-positive nerve fibers and mast cells in polycystic ovaries induced in immature rats with dihydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). The DHEA treated ovaries contained less corpora lutea than controls (mean +/- SEM: 4.3 +/- 0.6 versus 11.3 +/- 0.9, P > 0.001) and less intact antral follicles (4.7 +/- 0.7 versus 8.1 +/- 1.1; P < 0.05) according to the histometric approach. By immunolabelling more CGRP-positive nerve fibers were found in the DHEA treated ovaries than in controls (mean +/- SEM per one section: 23.2 +/- 5.8 fibers versus 10.3 +/- 0.9 and 171 +/- 44.7 varicosities versus 84 +/- 9.5). This was confirmed by dot blot analysis, showing a significant higher CGRP signal intensity per microgram homogenized ovaries of the DHEA treated group compared to the untreated (P < 0.05). Toluidine-blue-stained mast cells populated the medulla in both groups, yet had strikingly decreased in the DHEA treated ovaries (23.5 +/- 3.9 versus 89 +/- 5.6, P < 0.005). CONCLUSION: The increase in CGRP-positive nerve fibers and the decrease of toluidine-blue-stained mast cells points to an altered neuroimmune function in DHEA-induced polycystic rat ovaries.