Recent advances in the development of chitosan/hyaluronic acid-based hybrid materials for skin protection, regeneration, and healing: A review.

Biomaterials play vital roles in regenerative medicine, specifically in tissue engineering applications. They promote angiogenesis and facilitate tissue creation and repair. The most difficult aspect of this field is acquiring smart biomaterials that possess qualities and functions that either surpass or are on par with those of synthetic products. The biocompatibility, biodegradability, film-forming capacity, and hydrophilic nature of the non-sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) (hyaluronic acid (HA) and chitosan (CS)) have attracted significant attention. In addition, CS and HA possess remarkable inherent biological capabilities, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the recent progress made in designing and fabricating CS/HA-based hybrid materials for dermatology applications. Various formulations utilizing CS/HA have been developed, including hydrogels, microspheres, films, foams, membranes, and nanoparticles, based on the fabrication protocol (physical or chemical). Each formulation aims to enhance the materials' remarkable biological properties while also addressing their limited stability in water and mechanical strength. Additionally, this review gave a thorough outline of future suggestions for enhancing the mechanical strength of CS/HA wound dressings, along with methods to include biomolecules to make them more useful in skin biomedicine applications.

Sustainable Immobilization of ß-Glucosidase onto Silver Ions and AgNPs-Loaded Acrylic Fabric with Enhanced Stability and Reusability.

Modified polymer design has attracted significant attention for enzyme immobilization, offering promising applications. In this study, amine-terminated polymers were synthesized by incorporating functional groups into polyacrylonitrile using hexamethylenediamine. This work highlights the successful enzyme immobilization strategy using modified polymers, offering improved stability and expanded operational conditions for potential biotechnological applications. The resulting amino groups were utilized to capture silver ions, which were subsequently converted to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The obtained materials, AgNPs@TA-HMDA (acrylic textiles coated silver nanoparticles AgNPs) and Ag(I)@TA-HMDA (acrylic textiles coated with Ag ion) were employed as supports for ß-glucosidase enzyme immobilization. The highest immobilization yields (IY%) were achieved with AgNPs@TA-HMDA at 92%, followed by Ag(I)@TA-HMDA at 79.8%, resulting in activity yields (AY%) of 81% and 73%, respectively. Characterization techniques such as FTIR, FE-SEM, EDX, TG/DTG, DSC, and zeta potential were employed to investigate the structural composition, surface morphologies, elemental composition, thermal properties, and surface charge of the support materials. After 15 reuses, the preservation percentages decreased to 76% for AgNPs@TA-HMDA/ß-Glu and 65% for Ag(I)@TA-HMDA/ß-Glu. Storage stability revealed that the decrease in activity for the immobilized enzymes was smaller than the free enzyme. The optimal pH for the immobilized enzymes was broader (pH 5.5 to 6.5) compared to the free enzyme (pH 5.0), and the optimal temperature for the immobilized enzymes was 60 °C, slightly higher than the free enzyme's optimal temperature of 50 °C. The kinetic analysis showed a slight increase in Michaelis constant (Km) values for the immobilized enzymes and a decrease in maximum velocity (Vmax), turnover number (Kcat), and specificity constant (Kcat/Km) values compared to the free enzyme. Through extensive characterization, we gained valuable insights into the structural composition and properties of the modified polymer supports. This research significantly contributes to the development of efficient biotechnological processes by advancing the field of enzyme immobilization and offering valuable knowledge for its potential applications.

Comparison of the ameliorative roles of crab chitosan nanoparticles and mesenchymal stem cells against cisplatin-triggered nephrotoxicity.

AIM: In the present investigation, we compared the effects of mesenchymal stem cells extracted from bone marrow (BMSCs) and crab chitosan nanoparticles (CCNPs) on renal fibrosis in cisplatin (CDDP)-induced kidney injury rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 90 male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into two equal groups and alienated. Group I was set into three subgroups: the control subgroup, the CDDP-infected subgroup (acute kidney injury), and the CCNPs-treated subgroup. Group II was also divided into three subgroups: the control subgroup, the CDDP-infected subgroup (chronic kidney disease), and the BMSCs-treated subgroup. Through biochemical analysis and immunohistochemical research, the protective effects of CCNPs and BMSCs on renal function have been identified. RESULTS: CCNPs and BMSC treatment resulted in a substantial rise in GSH and albumin and a decrease in KIM-1, MDA, creatinine, urea, and caspase-3 when compared to the infected groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: According to the current research, chitosan nanoparticles and BMSCs may be able to reduce renal fibrosis in acute and chronic kidney diseases caused by CDDP administration, with more improvement of kidney damage resembling normal cells after CCNPs administration.

Ionic chitosan Schiff bases supported Pd(II) and Ru(II) complexes; production, characterization, and catalytic performance in Suzuki cross-coupling reactions.

Taking the advantage of multifunctional characteristics of chitosan (CS), we have developed new scaffolds (imidazolium-vanillyl-chitosan Schiff bases (IVCSSBs)) for supporting Pd(II) and Ru(II) ions in catalyzing Suzuki coupling reactions. The structures of new materials were described based on their elemental, spectral, thermal, and microscopic analysis. The strong interactions between the binding sites of IVCSSB ligand (OH, H-C=N, and OCH3 groups) and Pd(II) ions resulted in the formation of an excellent heterogeneous catalyst (Pd(II)IVCSSB1) with amazing catalytic activity (up to 99%) and highly stable in the reaction medium. The reusability experiments for Pd(II)IVCSSB1 revealed that there is no appreciable decrease in its catalytic activity even after five consecutive operation runs. Furthermore, this heterogeneous catalyst showed an excellent selectivity toward the cross-coupling reaction where no homo-coupling byproducts were observed in the 1H NMR spectra of the obtained products. Consequently, the present ionic catalytic system may open a new window for a novel generation of ionic bio-based catalysts for organic transformations.

Development of sponge-like cellulose colorimetric swab immobilized with anthocyanin from red-cabbage for sweat monitoring.

Novel sponge-like biochromic swab was developed via immobilization of natural anthocyanin (Cy) biomolecular probe into microporous cellulose aerogel. The current biosensor is characterized with simple preparation, environmentally-friendly, biocompatibility, biodegradability, flexibility, portability and reversibility. This biochromic sponge-like aerogel detector displayed a color change from pink to green-yellow in response to the biochemical changes occurs to sweat. This could be ascribed to intramolecular charge transfer occurs to the molecular system of Cy. Thus, the anthocyanin probe displayed colorimetric variations in UV-Vis absorption spectra via a blue shifting from 620 to 529 nm when raising the pH value of the prepared mimic sweat solution. Natural pH sensitive anthocyanin spectroscopic probe was extracted from red-cabbage plant, characterized by HPLC, and encapsulated into microporous cellulose. The microporous sponge-like cellulose swab was prepared by activating wood pulp utilizing phosphoric acid, and then subjected to freeze-drying. This anthocyanin probe is highly soluble in water. Thus, it was encapsulated as a direct dye into cellulose substrate during the freeze-drying process. To allow a better fixation of this water-soluble anthocyanin probe to the cellulose substrate, potash alum was added to the freeze-dried mixture to act as a fixing agent or mordant (M) generating Cy/M coordination complex. The produced Cy/M nanoparticles (NPs) were explored by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The morphological features of the generated aerogels were investigated by scan electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectra, and Fourier-transform infrared spectra (FT-IR). The cytotoxicity of the prepared aerogel-based biosensor was also evaluated. The naked-eye colorimetric changes were studied by exploring color strength, UV-Vis spectra and CIE Lab colorimetric coordinates.

Co-delivery of imidazolium Zn(II)salen and Origanum Syriacum essential oil by shrimp chitosan nanoparticles for antimicrobial applications.

This study reports preparation and physicochemical characterization of natural antimicrobials (Origanum Syriacum essential oil (OSEO), shrimp chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs)) and new imidazolium ionic liquid-supported Zn(II)Salen. These antimicrobials were separately or co-encapsulated by CSNPs to fabricate novel antimicrobial nanoplatforms "NPFs" (OSEO-loaded CSNPs (NPF-1), Zn(II)Salen-loaded CSNPs (NPF-2), and Zn(II)Salen@OSEO-loaded CSNPs (NPF-3)). The finding of loading, encapsulation, and antimicrobial release studies confirm the suitability of CSNPs for nanoencapsulation of Zn(II)Salen and OSEO. All NPFs can significantly suppress the growth of microbial species with performances dependent upon the microbial strain and nanoplatform concentration. The susceptibility of microbes toward new antimicrobials was as follows; Gram-positive bacteria > Gram-negative bacteria > fungi. The amazing physicochemical features of new nanoplatforms and their bioactive ingredients (Zn(II)Salen, OSEO, and CSNPs) signify the importance of our designs for developing a new generation of nanopharmaceuticals supported both natural products and biogenic ionic metal cofactors, targeting the multidrug resistant (MDR) pathogens.

Suppressing of milk-borne pathogenic using new water-soluble chitosan-azidopropanoic acid conjugate: Targeting milk-preservation quality improvement.

Dairy animals are major reservoirs for many milk-borne pathogens (MBPs) such as Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli O157:H7). Thus, dairy industries dedicate most of their processes to eliminate or minimize microbial contamination. Although pasteurization may offer an ideal solution for microbial decontamination; nevertheless, it may negatively impact organoleptic and nutritive values of dairy products. In this context, this work aimed to develop an innovative strategy, to tackle this challenge, based on the chemical preservation of milk. In this endeavor, we have succeeded to design a new safe multifunctional bio-preservative based on natural antimicrobials (water-soluble chitosan (WSC) and 2-azidopropanoic acid (APA), (WSC-APA) conjugate). Interestingly, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of WSC-APA have the capacity to completely suppress the proliferation of E. coli O157:H7 and S. aureus cells (100% bacterial reduction) in refrigerated milk samples during 20 and 24 h, respectively. Moreover, no Staphylococci species could be detected in refrigerated milk samples remediated with WSC-APA (0.25 mg/mL) after 6 storage days. Meanwhile, the coliform count has reduced by 99.7% in conjugate-treated milk samples during 10 storage days. Thus, new bio-preservative (WSA-APA) can be safely used to increase the shelf-life of milk without sacrificing its organoleptic and nutritive values.