Effect of calcium-enriched microalgae extract on mitigating saline stress in papaya seedlings.

The papaya (Carica papaya L.) is among the mainly fruit species produced in tropical and subtropical climate. The salinity of water in agricultural areas is considered a limiting factor for the expansion of papaya. This study aimed to evaluate calcium-enriched microalgae extract (EMa-Ca) as an attenuator of saline stress in irrigation water on the growth and physiology of Formosa papaya seedlings, hybrid Tainung. The experiment was conducted in a protected environment, with treatments distributed in a 5 × 2 factorial scheme, comprising five electrical conductivities of irrigation water (0.50; 1.10; 2.50; 3.90 and 4.50 dSm-1) with the presence and absence of EMa-Ca in the substrate. Evaluated characteristics were: plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, leaf area, dry masses weight of roots, aboveground parts and total. Gas exchanges and chlorophyll indices (a, b and total) were also evaluated. The application of EMa-Ca resulted in an increase of 6.05% in height and 6.33% in trunk diameter. The number of leaves decreased with an increase in electrical conductivity, and the leaf area was reduced by 33%. All seedling dry masses showed greater declines in the absence of EM-Ca. The EMa-Ca increased net photosynthesis, CO2 concentration, transpiration and stomatal conductance by 39.13%, 30.43%, 38.88% and 42.85%, respectively. For chlorophyll without the use of EMa-Ca, a decrease rate of 1.21%, 0.41% and 1.62% was observed for Chla, Chlb and Chlt, respectively. Therefore, the EMa-Ca application (1.0 ml/L) significantly enhance the vegetative development, gas exchanges, and chlorophyll indices of papaya seedlings under saline stress conditions.

Determination of fumonisin content in maize using near-infrared hyperspectral imaging (NIR-HSI) technology and chemometric methods.

Maize (Zea mays L.) is of socioeconomic importance as an essential food for human and animal nutrition. However, cereals are susceptible to attack by mycotoxin-producing fungi, which can damage health. The methods most commonly used to detect and quantify mycotoxins are expensive and time-consuming. Therefore, alternative non-destructive methods are required urgently. The present study aimed to use near-infrared spectroscopy with hyperspectral imaging (NIR-HSI) and multivariate image analysis to develop a rapid and accurate method for quantifying fumonisins in whole grains of six naturally contaminated maize cultivars. Fifty-eight samples, each containing 40 grains, were subjected to NIR-HSI. These were subsequently divided into calibration (38 samples) and prediction sets (20 samples) based on the multispectral data obtained. The averaged spectra were subjected to various pre-processing techniques (standard normal variate (SNV), first derivative, or second derivative). The most effective pre-treatment performed on the spectra was SNV. Partial least squares (PLS) models were developed to quantify the fumonisin content. The final model presented a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.98 and root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) of 508 µg.kg-1 for the calibration set, an R2 of 0.95 and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 508 µg.kg-1 for the test validation set and a ratio of performance to deviation of 4.7. It was concluded that NIR-HSI with partial least square regression is a rapid, effective, and non-destructive method to determine the fumonisin content in whole maize grains.

Caries experience, obesity and demographic factors in school children: A cluster analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between caries experience, obesity, and socioeconomic and environmental factors in 2, 5 and 12 years-old schoolchildren. Secondarily, the influence of school infrastructure was assessed. METHODS: Primary data from 1762 schoolchildren from the municipality of Cajamar (SP, Brazil) and socioeconomic and environmental secondary data (Brazilian Census 2010, School Census, Prova Brasil/2017) were used. Caries and treatment experience (dmft/DMFT indices), dental occlusion, visible biofilm, weight and height were assessed. RESULTS: Caries experience was found in 6.5%, 40.2% and 46.5% of children at 2, 5 and 12 years, respectively. At 12y, greater caries experience was observed among children financially assisted by the Bolsa Família governmental program. Excess weight was found in 30%, 35% and 34% at 2, 5 and 12 years. At 2 and 5 years, the highest dental caries indices were associated with disadvantageous socioeconomic indicators (households water supply and sewage system, garbage collection, literate head and income), while overweight was associated with female sex and better socioeconomic aspects. At 12y, the group with obesity was characterized by low dmf+DMFT index and better household aspects, while the group with greater dmf+DMFT index comprised normal-weight children. A correlation between the percentage of caries experience and student/employee ratio of the school was observed. CONCLUSION: An association between disadvantageous socioeconomic and environmental aspects and dental caries was observed, while obesity was associated with better socioeconomic status of the schoolchildren. While no direct association was found between obesity and dental caries, the results emphasize the influence of socioeconomic/environmental variables on health outcomes.

Effects of maize genotypes, nitrogen rates and sources in yield, nutritional status, and fumonisins incidence.

The maize yield, nutritional status, and grain fumonisins concentration were evaluated in different genotypes, doses, and nitrogen sources (N) in two years and three locations. Two experiments were carried out in each area and year in an experimental design of a subdivided plot with four replications. One experiment involved a 4x2 factorial treatment: four nitrogen (N) doses (0, 80, 160, and 240 kg ha-1) in coverage and having urea as a source of N and two genotypes. Another experiment involved a 4x2 factorial treatment: four N sources: urea, urea covered with polymer, ammonium nitrate, and ammonium nitrate + urea (UAN), at a dose of 160 kg ha-1, in two genotypes. The genotype generally influenced maize yield more than N doses and sources, mainly due to the bushy stunt/corn stunt tolerance of AG7098 PRO2 and AG8677 PRO2. The N doses linearly increased the N leaf content. However, the N sources did not affect the N leaf content. The N doses and sources had no significant effect on the content of fumonisins, which was affected only by the genotypes in Sete Lagoas in 2016 (N doses experiment) and 2017 (N sources experiment). The hybrids, P3630H and AG8677PRO2 (Sete Lagoas, 2016, N doses experiment and 2017, N sources experiment, respectively) exceeded the Brazilian legislation for Maximum Tolerance Limit for fumonisins in corn grains, which is 5,000 µg kg-1. The best result was obtained with AG7098 PRO2, with yields (above 10,000 kg ha-1) and fumonisins consistently below 5,000 µg kg-1. Therefore, the selection of corn hybrids is a strategy to reduce the occurrence of fumonisins in the grains.

Geochemical behavior of rare earth elements (REE) in urban reservoirs: the case of Funil Reservoir, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil.

Rare earth elements (REE) have unique chemical properties, which allow their use as geochemical tracers. In this context, the present study aims to assess the role of Funil Reservoir on REE biogeochemical behavior. We collected water samples upstream of the reservoir (P-01) in the city of Queluz, inside the reservoir (P-02), and downstream of Funil Reservoir (P-03) in the city of Itatiaia, RJ. In the field, physicochemical parameters were measured using a probe (pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, and dissolved oxygen). In the laboratory, water samples were filtered (0.45 µm) and properly packed until chemical analysis. Chlorophyll a concentrations were determined by a spectrophotometric method and suspended particulate matter (SPM) by a gravimetric method. Ionic concentrations were determined by ion chromatography technique and REE concentrations were determined by ICP-MS. Chlorophyll a concentrations were higher in Funil Reservoir. Ionic concentrations in Queluz (P-01) suggest anthropic contamination. The sum of REE in the dissolved fraction ranged from 2.12 to 12.22 µg L-1. A positive anomaly of La in Queluz indicates anthropic contamination. The observed patterns indicate that Funil Reservoir acts as a biogeochemical barrier, modifying the fluvial transport of REE. Nonetheless, another factor that probably influences REE behavior is the algal bloom that occurs in reservoirs during the rainy season. The seasonal behavior of algae can influence REE biogeochemistry through the incorporation and release of trace metals.

Molecular, biochemical and micromorphological responses of cacao seedlings of the Parinari series, carrying the lethal gene Luteus-Pa, in the presence and absence of cotyledons.

Investigations of the compatibility between cacao genotypes of the population of the Parinari series (Pa), resulting from the reciprocal crossing of Pa 30 × Pa 169 and Pa 121 × Pa 169, allowed the verification of the occurrence of the recessive lethal single character called Luteus-Pa. These genotypes have this gene in heterozygosity, which when intercross or self-fertilize, segregate in a 3:1 ratio. Normal (NS) and mutant (MS) seedlings grow normally and, after a period of approximately 30 days of age, MS leaves begin to show a metallic yellow color, followed by necrotic spots, and death of the entire seedling, approximately 40 days after the emergency. The work evaluate the molecular, biochemical and micromorphological responses in NS and MS, with and without cotyledons, resulting from the crossing of the Pa 30 × Pa 169 cacao genotypes, aiming to elucidate the possible lethal mechanisms of the homozygous recessive Luteus-Pa. The presence of the lethal gene Luteus-Pa in the seedlings of the cacao genotypes of the population of the Parinari (Pa), with and without cotyledons, resulting from the crossing of Pa 30 × Pa 169, in addition to regulating the synthesis of proteins related to the photosynthetic and stress defense processes, promoted an increase in the synthesis of proteins involved in the glycolic pathway, induced oxidative stress, altered the mobilization of cotyledonary reserves, the integrity of cell membranes, leaf micromorphology and induced the death of seedlings, soon after depletion of protein and carbohydrate reserves, especially in the absence of cotyledons.

Oncology phase I trial design and conduct: time for a change - MDICT Guidelines 2022.

In 2021, the Food and Drug Administration Oncology Center of Excellence announced Project Optimus focusing on dose optimization for oncology drugs. The Methodology for the Development of Innovative Cancer Therapies (MDICT) Taskforce met to review and discuss the optimization of dosage for oncology trials and to develop a practical guide for oncology phase I trials. Defining a single recommended phase II dose based on toxicity may define doses that are neither the most effective nor the best tolerated. MDICT recommendations address the need for robust non-clinical data which are needed to inform trial design, as well as an expert team including statisticians and pharmacologists. The protocol must be flexible and adaptive, with clear definition of all endpoints. Health authorities should be consulted early and regularly. Strategies such as randomization, intrapatient dose escalation, and real-world eligibility criteria are encouraged whereas serial tumor sampling is discouraged in the absence of a strong rationale and appropriately validated assay. Endpoints should include consideration of all longitudinal toxicity. The phase I dose escalation trial should define the recommended dose range for later testing in randomized phase II trials, rather than a single recommended phase II dose, and consider scenarios where different populations may require different dosages. The adoption of these recommendations will improve dosage selection in early clinical trials of new anticancer treatments and ultimately, outcomes for patients.

Early introduction of exercise prevents insulin resistance in postnatal overfed rats.

Early childhood obesity increases the risk of developing metabolic diseases. We examined the early introduction of exercise in small-litter obese-induced rats (SL) on glucose metabolism in the epididymal adipose tissue (AT) and soleus muscle (SM). On day 3 post-birth, pups were divided into groups of ten or three (SL). On day 22, rats were split into sedentary (S and SLS) and exercise (E and SLE) groups. The rats swam three times/week carrying a load for 30 min. In the first week, they swam without a load; in the 2nd week, they carried a load equivalent to 2% of their body weight; from the 3rd week to the final week, they carried a 5% body load. At 85 days of age, an insulin tolerance test was performed in some rats. At 90 days of age, rats were killed, and blood was harvested for plasma glucose, cholesterol, and triacylglycerol measurements. Mesenteric, epididymal, retroperitoneal, and brown adipose tissues were removed and weighed. SM and AT were incubated in the Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer, 5.5 mM glucose for 1 h with or without 10 mU/mL insulin. Comparison between the groups was performed by 3-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey post-hoc test. Sedentary, overfed rats had greater body mass, more visceral fat, lower lactate production, and insulin resistance. Early introduction of exercise reduced plasma cholesterol and contained the deposition of white adipose tissue and insulin resistance. In conclusion, the early introduction of exercise prevents the effects of obesity on glucose metabolism in adulthood in this rat model.

Biocompatibility in vivo of elastic cartilage treated in alkaline solutions / [Biocompatibilidade in vivo de cartilagem elástica tratada em soluções alcalinas]

This study verified the in vivo biocompatibility of bovine elastic cartilage decellularized with alkaline solution in relation to the non-decellularized cartilage implanted in rats. Fifty Wistar rats were divided into two groups, with the experimental group (EG) receiving subcutaneous implants of cartilage treated in alkaline solution and the control group (CG) receiving subcutaneous implants of untreated cartilage. In both groups, the implants were removed on days 3, 7, 14, 21 and 42 with the preparation of histological slides stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin for the quantification of inflammatory cells, fibroblasts, angiogenesis, and cartilage degradation. The results showed that EG presented a less intense inflammatory infiltrate and better organization of collagen fibers compared to CG. It was concluded that the alkaline treatment provided better biocompatibility for elastic cartilage when implanted subcutaneously in rats.

Este estudo verificou a biocompatibilidade in vivo de cartilagem elástica bovina descelularizada com solução alcalina em relação à cartilagem não descelularizada implantada em ratos. Cinquenta ratos Wistar foram divididos em dois grupos; o grupo experimental (GE) recebeu implantes subcutâneos de cartilagem tratada em solução alcalina, e o grupo controle (GC) recebeu implantes subcutâneos de cartilagem não tratada. Em ambos os grupos, os implantes foram retirados nos dias três, sete, 14, 21 e 42, com a preparação de lâminas histológicas coradas com hematoxilina e eosina para a quantificação de células inflamatórias, de fibroblastos, de angiogênese e para a degradação da cartilagem. Os resultados mostraram que o GE apresentou infiltrado inflamatório menos intenso e melhor organização das fibras de colágeno em relação ao GC. Concluiu-se que o tratamento alcalino proporcionou melhor biocompatibilidade para a cartilagem elástica quando implantado por via subcutânea em ratos.

The Project Appropriate Birth and a reduction in caesarean section rates: an analysis using the Robson classification system.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess caesarean section (CS) rates before and after the implementation of the Project Appropriate Birth (PPA), based on the Robson ten group classification system. DESIGN: A before-and-after study. SETTING: Maternity hospital in South Brazil. POPULATION: All pregnant women attending from April 2016 to April 2017 (period 1, pre-implementation of PPA) and from June 2017 to June 2018 (period 2, post-implementation of PPA). METHODS: Maternal and obstetric characteristics were evaluated, including Robson's classification, based on the characteristics of pregnancy and childbirth. A chi-square test and crude and adjusted relative rates were used to analyse the study variables. The significance level was set at 5%. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The CS rate for each group, their contribution to the overall CS rate and the differences in these contributions before and after PPA implementation. RESULTS: The CS rates decreased from 62.4 to 55.6%, which represented a 10.9% reduction after the implementation of the PPA. Pregnant women in Robson classification groups 1-4 had a 21.4% reduction in CS rates, ranging from 49.1 to 38.6%. The greatest contributors to the overall CS rates were group 5 and group 2, accounting for more than 60% of the CS deliveries. CONCLUSION: The study results suggest that Project Appropriate Birth had an impact on the reduction of CS rates, especially in Robson classification groups 1 through 4, which indicates that providing mothers with evidence-based interventions for labour and childbirth assistance contributed to reduce CS rates. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT: The Project Appropriate Birth is an innovative project that has demonstrated promising results, suggesting that interventions based on scientific evidence can lead to real changes in childbirth care, contributing to reduce CS rates. The aim of the PPA is to promote activities to improve childbirth care and encourage vaginal delivery. In this study, 6238 pregnant women admitted to the hospital for delivery were included and classified into one of the Robson 10-group classification. Findings revealed a 10.9% reduction in the overall CS rate and a 21.4% reduction for pregnant women in Robson classification groups 1 through 4, after the implementation of the PPA.

Epidemiological aspects of scorpionic accidents in a municipality in Brazil's northeastern / Aspectos epidemiológicos dos acidentes escorpiônicos em um munícipio do nordeste brasileiro

Scorpionic accidents are a major public health problem due to the high occurrence with potential seriousness. In this manner, the research aimed to analyze the occurrence of scorpionic accidents in a municipality in the northeastern of Brazil. An exploratory, descriptive study was made, with a quantitative approach, using secondary data which was gotten from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN), from 2008 to 2018. Data such as neighborhood, presence of street markets were also used, and the existence of sanitation and climatic data such as temperature and season. Geoprocessing was used to identify possible changes in the environment. In the analyzed period, 9,330 cases of scorpion accidents were recorded, with an average of 848 annual notifications. Scorpionic accidents occurred more frequently in women (5,686; 60.94%). Individuals aged 20 to 29 years (1.727; 18.51%) were more frequent to scorpion stings. Regarding the body parts where the stings were made, the highlights were on the foot (3.515; 37.67%) followed by the hand (2.818; 30.20%). No statistically significant relation was observed between climatic factors and scorpionic accidents. However, the high number of cases of scorpionic accidents was observed in the last 11 years studied. It was evident that during the study period there was no statistical relationship when climatic factors were correlated to scorpionic accidents. On its turn, when it was verified the results of the geoprocessing analysis, it was seen that anthropic factors have been motivating the potentiation of the occurrence of these accidents.(AU)

Os acidentes escorpiônicos apresentam-se como um grande problema de saúde pública em virtude da grande ocorrência com potencial gravidade. Nesse sentido, o trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a ocorrência de acidentes escorpiônicos em um município do nordeste brasileiro. Foi realizado um estudo descritivo, de caráter exploratório, com abordagem quantitativa em que foram utilizados dados secundários obtidos no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN), no período de 2008 a 2018. Também foram utilizados dados como bairro, presença de feiras livres e a existência de saneamento básico e dados climáticos como temperatura e estação do ano. O geoprocessamento foi utilizado para identificar as possíveis alterações no ambiente. No período analisado, foram registrados 9,330 casos de acidentes com escorpião, com média de 848 notificações anuais. Os acidentes escorpiônicos ocorreram com mais frequência em mulheres (5,686; 60,94%). Em indivíduos na faixa etária de 20 a 29 anos (1,727; 18,51%) foram mais frequentes a picada de escorpião. Com relação ao local das picadas destacaram-se o pé (3,515; 37,67%), seguido da mão (2,818; 30,20%). Não foi observada relação estatisticamente significativa entre os fatores climáticos e os acidentes escorpiônicos. Foi observado elevado número de casos de acidentes escorpiônicos nos últimos 11 anos estudados. Ficou evidente que durante o período de estudo não existiu relação estatística quando se correlacionou fatores climáticos aos acidentes escorpiônicos. Por sua vez, ao verificar os resultados da análise de geoprocessamento foi visto que fatores antrópicos têm sido motivadores da potencialização da ocorrência desses acidentes.(AU)

The Use of A Compound Based on Phyllosilicates and Cinnamon Essential Oil for Chicken Broiler's Litter

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a litter conditioning compound (LCC) based on 98% phyllosilicates (kaolinite) and 2% cinnamon essential oil to be applied on the litter of broiler houses. Animal performance, prevalence of footpad lesions, and litter quality (water activity, pH, and moisture) were evaluated, in addition to the effect on the incidence of Salmonella spp., evaluated by testing shoe-drag swabs, fecal samples, and organs. Twenty-one broiler houses with similar structure and rearing conditions were distributed in a completely randomized design with three treatments and seven replications each, as follows: T0: control, without the use of LCC; T100: application of 100 grams of LCC per m² of litter per week; T200: application of 200 grams of LCC per m² of litter per week. There was no significant effect of treatments on performance variables; however litter pH was lower when 200g/m2 was used in comparison with the control treatment, a result not verified for moisture and water activity (p>0.05). Our findings demonstrated significant reduction in the percentage of footpad lesions in birds that received the LCC (T0: 63.37%; T100: 41.38% and T200: 27.24%). A reduction in the number of positive flocks for Salmonella spp. Was also observed (with overall positivity rates of 17.86%, 12.14%, and 5% for treatments T0, T100, and T200, respectively). It is concluded that the product reduces the incidence of Salmonella spp. and also significantly reduces the incidence of footpad lesions, two important factors for the poultry industry.(AU)

Análise microbiológica e físico-química do gelo utilizado na conservação de pescado em supermercados de Rio Branco - AC / Microbiological and physicochemical analysis of ice used in fish conservation in supermarkets in Rio Branco - AC

O gelo é fundamental para a conservação adequada do pescado, pois retarda o crescimento microbiano, preservando a qualidade físico-química, microbiológicas e características organolépticas. No entanto, o gelo pode ser fonte de risco para a saúde dos consumidores quando produzido sob más condições sanitárias. Pontos críticos devem ser controlados durante a etapa de produção e armazenagem do gelo, como, uso de água potável e condições higiênicas-sanitárias. A presença de altas populações de microrganismos heterotróficos e coliformes e a má qualidade físico-química do gelo utilizado para conservação de pescado pode representar um risco potencial ao consumidor, podendo ser veiculador de doenças como Salmonelose, infecção por Escherichia coli e intoxicação por Staphylococcus aureus, além de reduzir a vida útil de prateleira do produto. Neste contexto, a realização deste estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade microbiológica e físico-química do gelo utilizado na conservação de pescados comercializados em Rio Branco - AC. Foram analisadas 15 amostras de gelo coletadas em três diferentes supermercados. Foi preconizado a coleta de gelo fabricado com maquinário próprio e que fossem utilizados na comercialização do pescado fresco, que seriam expostos e resfriados em bancas de gelo no local. Foram colhidas 300g de gelo manualmente com uso de luvas e acondicionadas em frascos de vidros esterilizados, em caixa isotérmica. A qualidade microbiológica destas amostras foi analisada pela contagem de microrganismos heterotróficos mesófilos e psicrotróficos. Além disso, foi realizada a determinação do número mais provável de coliformes totais á 30°C, termotolerantes e a quantificação do pH e cloro residual livre das amostras. Com relação a determinação de microrganismos mesófilos, foram registrados valores entre 1,0x10¹ e 9,15x103 UFC/mL com amostras fora do padrão estabelecido pela Portaria MG/MS n°888/2021. A quantidade de psicrotróficos variou entre 1,0x10¹ e 89,8x10³ UFC/mL. Foi registrada a presença de coliformes totais á 30°C em 6 amostra e de termotolerantes em 4 amostras. Portanto, foi registrado variação nos padrões de qualidade dos gelos fabricados nos supermercados para conservação do pescado, constituindo risco potencial para a saúde dos consumidores.

The ice is essential for the proper conservation of fish, as it delays microbial growth, preserving the physical-chemical, microbiological and organoleptic characteristics. However, ice can be a source of health risk for consumers when produced under poor sanitary conditions. Critical points must be controlled during the ice production and storage stage, such as the of potable water and hygienic-sanitary conditions. The presence of high populations of heterotrophic and coliform microorganisms and the poor physicochemical quality of the ice used for fish conservation can represent a potential risk to the consumer, which can be a carrier of diseases such as Salmonellosis, Escherichia coli infection and Staphylococcus aureus poisoning, in addition to reducing the shelf life of the product. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the microbiological and physical-chemical quality of the ice used in the conservation of fish marketed in Rio Branco - AC. 15 ice samples collected in three different supermarkets were analyzed. It was recommended the collection of ice manufactured with its own machinery and that it be used in the commercialization of fresh fish, which would be exposed and cooled in ice stalls on site 300g ice manually with the use of gloves and packed in sterilized glass bottles, in an isothermal box. The microbiological quality of these samples was analyzed by counting mesophilic and psychrotrophic heterotrophic microorganisms. In addition, the determination of the most probable number of total coliforms at 30°C, thermotolerant and the quantification of pH and free residual chlorine of the samples were performed. Regarding the determination of mesophilic microorganisms, values between 1,00x10¹ and 9,15x10³ UFC/mL were recorded with samples (60%) out of the standard established by Ordinance MG/MS No. 888/2021. The amount of psychrotrophs varied between 1,00x10¹ and 8,98x103 CFU/mL. The presence of total coliforms at 30°C was recorded in 6 samples and of thermotolerants in 4 samples. Therefore, there was a variation in the quality standards of ices manufactured in supermarkets for fish conservation, constituting a potential risk to the health of consumers.

Epidemiological aspects of scorpionic accidents in a municipality in Brazil's northeastern / Aspectos epidemiológicos dos acidentes escorpiônicos em um munícipio do nordeste brasileiro

Scorpionic accidents are a major public health problem due to the high occurrence with potential seriousness. In this manner, the research aimed to analyze the occurrence of scorpionic accidents in a municipality in the northeastern of Brazil. An exploratory, descriptive study was made, with a quantitative approach, using secondary data which was gotten from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN), from 2008 to 2018. Data such as neighborhood, presence of street markets were also used, and the existence of sanitation and climatic data such as temperature and season. Geoprocessing was used to identify possible changes in the environment. In the analyzed period, 9,330 cases of scorpion accidents were recorded, with an average of 848 annual notifications. Scorpionic accidents occurred more frequently in women (5,686; 60.94%). Individuals aged 20 to 29 years (1.727; 18.51%) were more frequent to scorpion stings. Regarding the body parts where the stings were made, the highlights were on the foot (3.515; 37.67%) followed by the hand (2.818; 30.20%). No statistically significant relation was observed between climatic factors and scorpionic accidents. However, the high number of cases of scorpionic accidents was observed in the last 11 years studied. It was evident that during the study period there was no statistical relationship when climatic factors were correlated to scorpionic accidents. On its turn, when it was verified the results of the geoprocessing analysis, it was seen that anthropic factors have been motivating the potentiation of the occurrence of these accidents.

Os acidentes escorpiônicos apresentam-se como um grande problema de saúde pública em virtude da grande ocorrência com potencial gravidade. Nesse sentido, o trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a ocorrência de acidentes escorpiônicos em um município do nordeste brasileiro. Foi realizado um estudo descritivo, de caráter exploratório, com abordagem quantitativa em que foram utilizados dados secundários obtidos no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN), no período de 2008 a 2018. Também foram utilizados dados como bairro, presença de feiras livres e a existência de saneamento básico e dados climáticos como temperatura e estação do ano. O geoprocessamento foi utilizado para identificar as possíveis alterações no ambiente. No período analisado, foram registrados 9,330 casos de acidentes com escorpião, com média de 848 notificações anuais. Os acidentes escorpiônicos ocorreram com mais frequência em mulheres (5,686; 60,94%). Em indivíduos na faixa etária de 20 a 29 anos (1,727; 18,51%) foram mais frequentes a picada de escorpião. Com relação ao local das picadas destacaram-se o pé (3,515; 37,67%), seguido da mão (2,818; 30,20%). Não foi observada relação estatisticamente significativa entre os fatores climáticos e os acidentes escorpiônicos. Foi observado elevado número de casos de acidentes escorpiônicos nos últimos 11 anos estudados. Ficou evidente que durante o período de estudo não existiu relação estatística quando se correlacionou fatores climáticos aos acidentes escorpiônicos. Por sua vez, ao verificar os resultados da análise de geoprocessamento foi visto que fatores antrópicos têm sido motivadores da potencialização da ocorrência desses acidentes.

Epidemiological aspects of scorpionic accidents in a municipality in Brazils northeastern

Abstract Scorpionic accidents are a major public health problem due to the high occurrence with potential seriousness. In this manner, the research aimed to analyze the occurrence of scorpionic accidents in a municipality in the northeastern of Brazil. An exploratory, descriptive study was made, with a quantitative approach, using secondary data which was gotten from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN), from 2008 to 2018. Data such as neighborhood, presence of street markets were also used, and the existence of sanitation and climatic data such as temperature and season. Geoprocessing was used to identify possible changes in the environment. In the analyzed period, 9,330 cases of scorpion accidents were recorded, with an average of 848 annual notifications. Scorpionic accidents occurred more frequently in women (5,686; 60.94%). Individuals aged 20 to 29 years (1.727; 18.51%) were more frequent to scorpion stings. Regarding the body parts where the stings were made, the highlights were on the foot (3.515; 37.67%) followed by the hand (2.818; 30.20%). No statistically significant relation was observed between climatic factors and scorpionic accidents. However, the high number of cases of scorpionic accidents was observed in the last 11 years studied. It was evident that during the study period there was no statistical relationship when climatic factors were correlated to scorpionic accidents. On its turn, when it was verified the results of the geoprocessing analysis, it was seen that anthropic factors have been motivating the potentiation of the occurrence of these accidents.

Resumo Os acidentes escorpiônicos apresentam-se como um grande problema de saúde pública em virtude da grande ocorrência com potencial gravidade. Nesse sentido, o trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a ocorrência de acidentes escorpiônicos em um município do nordeste brasileiro. Foi realizado um estudo descritivo, de caráter exploratório, com abordagem quantitativa em que foram utilizados dados secundários obtidos no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN), no período de 2008 a 2018. Também foram utilizados dados como bairro, presença de feiras livres e a existência de saneamento básico e dados climáticos como temperatura e estação do ano. O geoprocessamento foi utilizado para identificar as possíveis alterações no ambiente. No período analisado, foram registrados 9,330 casos de acidentes com escorpião, com média de 848 notificações anuais. Os acidentes escorpiônicos ocorreram com mais frequência em mulheres (5,686; 60,94%). Em indivíduos na faixa etária de 20 a 29 anos (1,727; 18,51%) foram mais frequentes a picada de escorpião. Com relação ao local das picadas destacaram-se o pé (3,515; 37,67%), seguido da mão (2,818; 30,20%). Não foi observada relação estatisticamente significativa entre os fatores clímáticos e os acidentes escorpiônicos. Foi observado elevado número de casos de acidentes escorpiônicos nos últimos 11 anos estudados. Ficou evidente que durante o período de estudo não existiu relação estatística quando se correlacionou fatores climáticos aos acidentes escorpiônicos. Por sua vez, ao verificar os resultados da análise de geoprocessamento foi visto que fatores antrópicos têm sido motivadores da potencialização da ocorrência desses acidentes.

Early introduction of exercise prevents insulin resistance in postnatal overfed rats

Early childhood obesity increases the risk of developing metabolic diseases. We examined the early introduction of exercise in small-litter obese-induced rats (SL) on glucose metabolism in the epididymal adipose tissue (AT) and soleus muscle (SM). On day 3 post-birth, pups were divided into groups of ten or three (SL). On day 22, rats were split into sedentary (S and SLS) and exercise (E and SLE) groups. The rats swam three times/week carrying a load for 30 min. In the first week, they swam without a load; in the 2nd week, they carried a load equivalent to 2% of their body weight; from the 3rd week to the final week, they carried a 5% body load. At 85 days of age, an insulin tolerance test was performed in some rats. At 90 days of age, rats were killed, and blood was harvested for plasma glucose, cholesterol, and triacylglycerol measurements. Mesenteric, epididymal, retroperitoneal, and brown adipose tissues were removed and weighed. SM and AT were incubated in the Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer, 5.5 mM glucose for 1 h with or without 10 mU/mL insulin. Comparison between the groups was performed by 3-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey post-hoc test. Sedentary, overfed rats had greater body mass, more visceral fat, lower lactate production, and insulin resistance. Early introduction of exercise reduced plasma cholesterol and contained the deposition of white adipose tissue and insulin resistance. In conclusion, the early introduction of exercise prevents the effects of obesity on glucose metabolism in adulthood in this rat model.

Epidemiological aspects of scorpionic accidents in a municipality in Brazil's northeastern / Aspectos epidemiológicos dos acidentes escorpiônicos em um munícipio do nordeste brasileiro

Scorpionic accidents are a major public health problem due to the high occurrence with potential seriousness. In this manner, the research aimed to analyze the occurrence of scorpionic accidents in a municipality in the northeastern of Brazil. An exploratory, descriptive study was made, with a quantitative approach, using secondary data which was gotten from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN), from 2008 to 2018. Data such as neighborhood, presence of street markets were also used, and the existence of sanitation and climatic data such as temperature and season. Geoprocessing was used to identify possible changes in the environment. In the analyzed period, 9,330 cases of scorpion accidents were recorded, with an average of 848 annual notifications. Scorpionic accidents occurred more frequently in women (5,686; 60.94%). Individuals aged 20 to 29 years (1.727; 18.51%) were more frequent to scorpion stings. Regarding the body parts where the stings were made, the highlights were on the foot (3.515; 37.67%) followed by the hand (2.818; 30.20%). No statistically significant relation was observed between climatic factors and scorpionic accidents. However, the high number of cases of scorpionic accidents was observed in the last 11 years studied. It was evident that during the study period there was no statistical relationship when climatic factors were correlated to scorpionic accidents. On its turn, when it was verified the results of the geoprocessing analysis, it was seen that anthropic factors have been motivating the potentiation of the occurrence of these accidents.

Os acidentes escorpiônicos apresentam-se como um grande problema de saúde pública em virtude da grande ocorrência com potencial gravidade. Nesse sentido, o trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a ocorrência de acidentes escorpiônicos em um município do nordeste brasileiro. Foi realizado um estudo descritivo, de caráter exploratório, com abordagem quantitativa em que foram utilizados dados secundários obtidos no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN), no período de 2008 a 2018. Também foram utilizados dados como bairro, presença de feiras livres e a existência de saneamento básico e dados climáticos como temperatura e estação do ano. O geoprocessamento foi utilizado para identificar as possíveis alterações no ambiente. No período analisado, foram registrados 9,330 casos de acidentes com escorpião, com média de 848 notificações anuais. Os acidentes escorpiônicos ocorreram com mais frequência em mulheres (5,686; 60,94%). Em indivíduos na faixa etária de 20 a 29 anos (1,727; 18,51%) foram mais frequentes a picada de escorpião. Com relação ao local das picadas destacaram-se o pé (3,515; 37,67%), seguido da mão (2,818; 30,20%). Não foi observada relação estatisticamente significativa entre os fatores clímáticos e os acidentes escorpiônicos. Foi observado elevado número de casos de acidentes escorpiônicos nos últimos 11 anos estudados. Ficou evidente que durante o período de estudo não existiu relação estatística quando se correlacionou fatores climáticos aos acidentes escorpiônicos. Por sua vez, ao verificar os resultados da análise de geoprocessamento foi visto que fatores antrópicos têm sido motivadores da potencialização da ocorrência desses acidentes.

Avaliação do conhecimento de médicos especialistas sobre a hipercolesterolemia familiar / Assessment of the knowledge of specialist physicians about familial hypercholesterolemia

INTRODUÇÃO: A hipercolesterolemia familiar (HF) é uma doença hereditária autossômica codominante marcada por altos níveis de colesterol ligado à lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL-c), associando-se a um risco de 10 a 13 vezes maior de desenvolvimento de doença cardiovascular aterosclerótica. Na forma heterozigótica pode chegar a um caso em cada 200-250 pessoas. Apesar disso, a HF não é adequadamente manejada e diagnosticada na maioria dos países. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o grau de conhecimento médico em relação à HF. Material e MÉTODO: Realizado questionário virtual com 228 médicos no período de abril a maio de 2021. A amostra foi selecionada de forma aleatória independente da especialidade médica. Caso os profissionais aceitassem participar, era obtido consentimento informado pelo próprio questionário virtual desenvolvido para o estudo. O questionário avaliou o conhecimento sobre critérios diagnósticos de HF, tratamento e rastreamento em cascata em parentes de primeiro grau. RESULTADOS: A idade média dos profissionais entrevistados foi de 37,9 ± 10 anos, sendo 56,4% homens. As especialidades médicas mais frequentes foram a cardiologia (28%) e a anestesiologia (12%). Embora 96,9% dos entrevistados conhecessem a doença HF, apenas 43,4% consideraram níveis de LDL-c ≥ 190mg/dL como critério diagnóstico. Em relação ao tempo de tratamento, 72,9% responderam que manteriam medicação por toda a vida. Quanto ao tratamento farmacológico, 76,8% consideraram como primeira escolha a estatina, 19,6% inibidores de PCSK9 e os 3,6% restantes definiram não existir tratamento específico, necessidade de terapia gênica ou não responderam. O rastreamento em cascata foi definido como necessário por 88,7% dos profissionais. Em relação aos sinais diagnósticos, 68,3% responderam positivamente para xantelasma, 56,1% para xantoma, 45,2% para arco córneo, 13,1% para sinal de Frank e 5,4% para melasma. Na amostra, 19,5% consideraram que não existiriam sinais específicos. Quanto à meta de LDL-c nos pacientes que não tiveram evento cardiovascular e nos que já tiveram, apenas 33,8% dos entrevistados consideraram o alvo de 70 mg/dL e 50 mg/ dL, respectivamente. DISCUSSÃO E CONCLUSÕES: Apesar da prevalência da HF e do conhecimento médico da doença pela maioria dos profissionais, identificou-se uma lacuna de informação quanto a critérios diagnósticos, tratamento e rastreio. Programas de educação médica podem contribuir para a difusão de conhecimento, possibilitando tratamento precoce e diminuindo o índice de eventos cardiovasculares associados à HF.

Variante no gene LDL-R associada com elevação do LDL-C identificada em um portador de hipercolesterolemia familiar / LDL-R gene variant associated with LDL-C elevation identified in a carrier of familial hypercholesterolemia

INTRODUÇÃO: A hipercolesterolemia familiar (HF) é uma doença hereditária autossômica codominante marcada por altos níveis de colesterol ligado à lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL-c). Pode-se apresentar na forma homozigótica, apresentando prevalência de 1/160.000 a 1/1.000.000 ou na forma heterozigótica, um caso em cada 200-250 pessoas. Material e MÉTODO: Paciente do sexo feminino, aos 11 meses foi encaminhada ao setor de Dislipidemia para acompanhamento. Na primeira consulta, apresentava colesterol total (CT): 325 mg/dL, LDL-c: 255 mg/dL, colesterol ligado à lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL-c): 44 mg/dL, triglicerídeos (TG): 128 mg/ dL. Exame físico: sem alterações. Durante o seguimento, paciente realizou doppler de carótidas e vertebrais sem aumento da espessura médio intimal e tomografia computadorizada com escore de cálcio de zero. Paciente foi incluída no protocolo para o sequenciamento exômico dos principais genes relacionados com a HF. A paciente apresentou 9 diferentes variantes, todos em heterozigose, com cobertura maior que 30 vezes, distribuídas nos 3 genes, no entanto nenhuma previamente associada com HF. RESULTADOS: Trata-se de uma criança cuja alteração do perfil lipídico foi identificada precocemente. A análise do perfil genético identificou uma mutação que está relacionada ao fenótico de HF. As variantes mais comuns relacionadas à HF estão localizadas no gene que codifica o receptor da LDL (LDLR). Dentre as variantes analisadas, somente a variante rs1433099 no gene LDLR foi previamente associada a elevação do LDL-c e maior suscetibilidade a desenvolver doença arterial coronariana. No entanto esse achado nunca havia sido descrito em pacientes com diagnóstico clínico de HF. DISCUSSÃO E CONCLUSÕES: O relato de caso apresentou uma variante genética que não havia sido descrita previamente relacionada à HF. Dessa forma, devido à grande importância da hereditariedade nos quadros de dislipidemias, à pequena parcela de genes descritos e validados, sugere-se que a variante rs1433099 no gene LDLR seja incorporada nos exames genéticos associadas a essa patologia; possibilitando a expansão do diagnóstico, além do tratamento precoce dessa enfermidade tão frequente.