Validation of the arabic version of the EuroQol-5-dimension 5-level (EQ-5D-5 L) in patients with spinal degenerative diseases.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to test the reliability and validity of the translated Arabic version of EQ-5D-5 L. METHODS: The study was conducted on 100 patients operated upon for degenerative spine diseases coming for follow up in the outpatient clinic of a Tertiary care hospital. Test-retest reliability was assessed by completing the self-administered tool in two follow up visits, one week apart, by 50 patients. Internal consistency was evaluated by Cronbach's alpha. Intra-class correlation coefficients and kappa statistics were performed to test for the agreement between the two ratings. Criterion validity was assessed by comparing the responses of 100 patients to the EQ-5D-5 L with scores of two validated questionnaires; the Arabic version of the Oswestry disability index and the Arabic version of short-form health survey-36. The construct validity was assessed using known-groups comparison to test for hypothesized differences concerning demographic and clinical variables. RESULTS: The Arabic version of EQ-5D-5 L questionnaire had a high reliability with high observed internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.816, CI: 0.719-0.886). It showed strong temporal stability, with ICCs of the EQ-5D-5 L score, index and EQ-visual analog scale (EQ-VAS) of 0.852, 0.801, and 0.839 respectively. Agreement by kappa was moderate; above 0.4, for all domains, except for the "Usual activities" domain. EQ-5D-5 L domains, VAS and index had moderate to strong significant correlations with SF-36 and ODI subscales and total scores in the correct direction indicating a good criterion validity of the instrument. CONCLUSION: The Arabic version of EQ-5D-5 L is reliable and valid for assessment of HRQoL of Arabic speaking patients.

Provider bias and family planning in Upper Egypt: a simulated client approach.

BACKGROUND: Provider bias is a main barrier that extensively violates the right of free family planning method choice. Egypt is one of the countries that shows skewness in its method mix. Provider bias and insufficiency of alternative methods are identified as potential factors underlying this phenomenon which contributes to high unmet needs and discontinuation rates. Provider bias may be influenced by cultural beliefs and societal trends and is usually overlooked as a possible cause of this skewed method mix. This study aims to explore the presence of provider bias in rural Upper Egypt and its potential causes, a community with conservative cultural beliefs and least contraceptive prevalence rates. METHODS: This is a qualitative study using the "simulated client's approach." The study was conducted in 16 villages in Assiut and Sohag governorates in Egypt. The simulated clients visited 30 clinics, 15 in each governorate, including primary healthcare units and private clinics. Three scenarios were used to explore the physicians-imposed restrictions for contraceptive use with different clients' eligibility criteria. Data was analyzed using the grounded theory methodology. RESULTS: Recommending a contraceptive method for the mystery clients was not based on informed choice. Most providers had method or client bias. Copper IUD was the most favorable contraceptive method recommended by providers, with negative attitude towards using hormonal contraception. Nulliparous and young clients were discouraged to use contraception before proving fertility or offered temporary methods as emergency contraception or condoms. Providers have shown misconceptions related to infertility-associated complications of contraceptive use, especially for the young and nulliparous women. CONCLUSION: In this study, providers had a clear bias towards recommending IUD rather than all other contraceptive methods, which was hindered in some cases by the lack of insertion skills. Interventions to reduce provider bias should go beyond technical training. Moreover, training on reproductive rights should be a main component of routine training. Providers should regularly receive research results and be oriented toward recent medical eligibility criteria of contraceptive methods use. Moreover, the sociocultural beliefs of providers that may affect their practice should be explored and addressed.

Stigma and discrimination against people living with HIV by health care providers in Egypt.

OBJECTIVE: HIV/AIDS has been recently increasingly observed in developing countries including Egypt. This study aimed to explore stigma and discrimination attitudes of health care providers (HCPs) in Egypt, as elimination of stigma in healthcare settings is a priority to improve case detection and management. METHODS: A Google form questionnaire using the validated Arabic version of Health Care Provider HIV/AIDS Stigma Scale (HPASS) was sent to physicians and nurses of Ministry of health (MOH) hospitals and University hospitals in 10 randomly selected Governorates in Egypt. Data was collected from July to August, 2022 from 1577 physicians and 787 nurses. Bivariate and multivariable linear regression analyses were used to identify the predictors of the stigmatizing attitude of HCPs towards People living with HIV (PLHIV). RESULTS: The majority of HCPs had worries about contracting HIV infection from their patients (75.8% of physicians and 77% of nurses). They believed that protective measures are not good enough to protect them from getting infected (73.9% of physicians and 74.7% of nurses). About half of the participants had worries about the safety of performing blood investigations to PLHIV (54% of physicians and 59.9% of nurses). Less than half of HCPs believed they have the right to refuse providing care to patients to protect themselves (44.6% of physicians and 50.1% of nurses). Only 10.5% of physicians and 11.9% of nurses have previously refused to provide health care to PLHIV. There was a significantly higher mean score of prejudice and stereotype among nurses compared to physicians (prejudice; 27.34 ± 7.88 vs 26.17 ± 7.5, stereotype; 18.54 ± 4.61 vs 16.43 ± 5.21, for nurses and physicians, respectively). Less years of physicians' experience (B = -0.10, p < 0.01) and rural residence (B = 1.48, p < 0.05) were significantly associated with higher prejudice score while having lower qualification (B = -1.47, p < 0.001) was significantly associated with higher stereotype score. CONCLUSION: Standards of practice should be developed to adjust the services and prepare HCPs to provide medical care free from stigma and discrimination against PLHIV. Improving knowledge of HCPs regarding the methods of transmission of HIV, the use of infection control measures and the emotional factors shaping lives of PLHIV should be targeted through updated training programs. More concern should be directed to young providers in the training programs.

Preoperative stiffness is the most important predictor of postoperative patient's satisfaction after total knee arthroplasty.

PURPOSE: To predict the most important preoperative factor affecting the patient satisfaction after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in trial to improve patient counselling process. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed all patients who underwent primary TKA from January 1, 2018, to January 31, 2019, with minimum one-year follow-up for the previously collected patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) as Oxford Knee Score (OKS) and Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score for joint replacement (KOOS, JR) preoperative, 6 months and 12 months postoperative. RESULTS: By using Oxford knee score at 12 months as dependent variable, we found a negative moderate spearman correlation between age and Oxford knee score at 12 months postoperative. Moderate negative spearman correlation was also found between Oxford knee score at 12 months postoperative and KOOS pain, stiffness and function scores at preoperative and 6 months postoperative, denoting higher satisfaction at 12 months with less perceived stiffness, pain and limited function at baseline and 6 months postoperative. A multivariate regression analysis was done using the oxford knee score at 12 months as dependent variable to detect the predictors of oxford knee score at 12 months postoperatively and showed that younger age and less perception of stiffness at baseline were significant predictors of higher Oxford knee score: higher satisfaction at 12 months postoperative. CONCLUSION: Preoperative stiffness can predict the postoperative satisfaction score more than any other factor. We also address the importance of combining more than one PROM in assessing patients as OKS and KOOS, JR.

Effect of parental attitudes on the practice and medicalization of female genital mutilation: a secondary analysis of Egypt Health Issues Survey, 2015.

BACKGROUND: Despite the observed decrease in female genital mutilation (FGM) prevalence, it is increasingly being medicalized. We examined the attitudes of both parents towards the FGM practice in Egypt, and highlighted the effect of fathers' decision making and attitudes towards FGM and violence on FGM practice and medicalization. METHODS: This study is a secondary analysis of Egypt Health Issues Survey (EHIS), 2015. The 2015 EHIS involved a systematic random selection of a subsample of 614 Shiakhas/villages out of the 884 shiakhas/villages that had been chosen as Primary Sampling Units in the 2014 EDHS. Descriptive statistics of the study sample and parents' attitudes was performed. Three indices were created describing; mothers' and fathers' attitudes towards FGM, decision making and rejecting violence against women. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were conducted to identify predictors of FGM practice and medicalization. RESULTS: A considerable proportion of EHIS girls; 16.4% were circumcised and 36% of girls were expected to be circumcised. More than two thirds of circumcised girls were circumcised by a physician; namely 67% and 13.5% by nurses. The majority of mothers (88.4%) and fathers (84.8%) believed that FGM practice should continue. They believed that FGM is a religious obligation (72.3% of mothers and 73% of fathers). Parents believed that husbands prefer a circumcised wife (81.1% and 82.5% of mothers and fathers respectively). Being in the poorest wealth quintile (OR = 4.2, p < 0.001) and living in rural Upper Egypt (OR = 4.55, p < 0.001) were the predictors of FGM practice, while medicalization was more likely among the rich and educated parents. Parents' attitudes supporting FGM was significantly associated with its practice (OR = 1.97, p < 0.001, for mothers and OR = 1.27, p < 0.001, for fathers). Rejecting violence against women was associated with less likelihood of practicing FGM (OR = 0.89, p < 0.05) and more likelihood of its medicalization (OR = 1.25, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: More attention should be paid to enforce the laws against FGM practice by health care providers. Raising the community awareness on girls' human rights and elimination of FGM practice which is a severe form of violence against women and gender inequality in sexual rights should be prioritized with targeting men in FGM programs.

Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Assessment of an Arabic Version of the Health Care Provider HIV/AIDS Stigma Scale.

HIV stigma among health care providers in the Arab world is understudied due to a lack of valid and reliable measures. Data from 352 Egyptian physicians was used to validate an Arabic version of the Health Care Provider HIV/AIDS Stigma Scale (HPASS). Exploratory factor analysis (n = 1 9 4) suggested a 3 -factor structure. Confirmatory factor analysis (n = 1 5 8) validated the three-factor solution with 18 items, which explained 5 3 .3 6% of the variance. All items loaded on their designated constructs, which ranged from 0 .58 to 0 .82 (prejudice) to 0 .58 to 0 .66 (stereotypes) and 0 .52 to 0 .91 (discrimination). The prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination subscales consisted of seven, five, and six items, respectively. The internal consistency (α = 0 .9 0) and the test-retest reliability demonstrated (r = 0 .9 5) were excellent. The cultural adaptation of the Arabic version of HPASS suggests that it is a suitable scale for assessing HIV stigma among Arab health care providers.

Intention of pregnant women for the postpartum use of intrauterine devices in Upper Egypt's rural communities.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to assess pregnant women's intention in rural Upper Egypt to use the copper-bearing intrauterine device (IUD) and to identify the factors influencing their intention to use the method. METHODS: The study was a household survey of 400 pregnant women in 16 villages in Assiut and Sohag Governorates in Upper Egypt. RESULTS: Only one third of the study participants (30.8%) had the intention to use IUD. Reasons of not intending to use IUD were; perceived pain during IUD insertion or removal (37.5%), perceived side effects (21.3%) and misconceptions (15.2%), husbands' disapproval for using the method (15.8%) and the desire for future fertility (12.3%). Having a secondary or a higher level of education (OR (95% CI) = 1.726 (1.085-2.746), p = 0.01) and previous use of IUD (OR (95% CI) = 2.277 (1.108-4.678), p = 0.02) were the positive predictors of the intention to use IUD, while perception of husband opposition to IUD use (OR (95% CI) = 0.604 (0.379-0.964), p = 0.03) and perception of IUD related myths (OR (95% CI) = 0.893 (0.836-0.955), p = 0.004) were the negative predictors of the intention to use IUD. CONCLUSION: The intention to use IUD is relatively low among pregnant women in rural Upper Egypt. Targeting pregnant women and their husbands with proper counselling regarding IUD use during antenatal care visits would greatly impact increasing their use of the method.

Family planning perspectives and practices of married adolescent girls in rural Upper Egypt.

OBJECTIVES: The aims of the study were to explore the contraceptive practices of married adolescent girls in rural Upper Egypt and identify the determinants of their ever use of modern contraception. METHODS: The study was a household survey of 729 married adolescent girls in 23 villages of two governorates in Upper Egypt. Listing and enumeration of all households in the selected villages were performed prior to data collection, to recruit married adolescent girls below 20 years of age. The girls were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. RESULTS: Only 6% of married adolescent girls were using a modern contraceptive method; 10.6% had ever used a modern contraceptive method, mostly a short-acting method. Considerable proportions of participants believed that using contraception would reduce a woman's fertility and that women should not delay their first pregnancy (34% and 54.3%, respectively); only 50.2% believed that contraception could be used for birth spacing. Predictors of the ever use of a modern method of contraception among married adolescent girls were: accepting that contraception could be used for birth spacing (B = 1.82, p < .001), older age (B = 0.42, p < .01), better reproductive health knowledge (B = 0.23, p < .05) and sharing in contraceptive decision making (B = 0.55, p < .05). CONCLUSION: Married adolescent girls' current use and ever use of modern contraception were very low in rural Upper Egypt. Changing the social norms to create the desire to delay first childbirth, improving adolescent girls' reproductive health knowledge, correcting myths about contraception and building girls' agency to use contraception may increase their contraceptive use.

Spousal violence and its determinants among married adolescent girls in Upper Egypt.

INTRODUCTION: In Egypt, many girls are still married before the age of 18, which is a fundamental violation of the girls' human rights. Early marriage is associated with an alarmingly elevated risk of all types of intimate partner violence that have various negative consequences. The purpose of this study was to identify the predictors of exposure to spousal violence among the early married girls in rural Upper Egypt. METHODS: A household survey was carried out and covered 23 villages in Assiut and Sohag governorates reaching to a sample of 729 married girls before the age of 20. Listing and enumeration of 4 districts was done to identify the study participants. Data was collected by personal interviews using a structured questionnaire. Bivariate and stepwise regression analyses were performed to identify the predictors of exposure to spousal violence. RESULTS: It was found that 15.2% of the study participants were exposed to physical violence while 17.8% were exposed to sexual violence and 7.3% were exposed to both types. Girls married before the age of 18 were more exposed to spousal violence. Stepwise regression analysis found that girls' acceptance to get married was a protective factor against exposure to physical (ß = - 1.07, OR 0.34) and sexual (ß = - 0.68, OR 0.51) violence. The perceived attitude of husbands and mothers-in-law about considering wife beating "a husband's right" was found to be a risk factor of exposure to physical and sexual violence. Longer duration till the first pregnancy was also associated with more exposure to sexual violence (ß = 0.04, OR 1.04). CONCLUSION: Married adolescent girls (MAGs) are highly exposed to physical and sexual violence. This is mainly due to ignoring girls' preference to postpone their marriage, cultural concepts of accepting violence against women, and low sexual satisfaction. This study shows that most determinants of spousal violence were related to culture issues. Identifying these determinants is required to combat such a crucial public health problem that has serious consequences on adolescent health.

Birth preparedness and complication readiness among antenatal care clients in Upper Egypt.

OBJECTIVES: To assess knowledge and practice of birth preparedness among antenatal care (ANC) clients attending maternal and child health center in Assiut Governorate in Upper Egypt and to identify factors affecting BP/CR knowledge and practice. METHODS: A cross sectional study was conducted in three randomly selected health centers providing ANC services in Assiut city, Upper Egypt. 300 pregnant women in their third trimester were interviewed using an Arabic version of the BP/CR questionnaire. Bivariate and logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the predictors of BP/CR knowledge and practice of pregnant women. RESULTS: Only 26.7% of the study participants were considered "well prepared" for birth and its complications. The most frequently mentioned practice was the preparation of essential items for delivery and newborn care (40%) followed by saving money (34.7%). Identifying a skilled provider for delivery, a blood donor and a transport method was practiced only by 7.3%, 2.3% and 1% of the participants respectively. Women who lived in rural regions were 1.9 times likely to be well prepared for childbirth than those who lived in urban regions and women who attended ≥4 ANC visits were 3.2 times more likely to be well prepared as compared to those who attended less than four visits. CONCLUSION: Efforts should focus not only on frequency but also on the contents of health education given during ANC follow ups with giving special emphasis to knowledge of key danger signs and BP/ CR.

Health care providers' and mothers' perceptions about the medicalization of female genital mutilation or cutting in Egypt: a cross-sectional qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) is a traditional harmful practice that has been prevalent in Egypt for many years. The medicalization of FGM/C has been increasing significantly in Egypt making it the country with the highest rate of medicalization. In this qualitative study, we explored the drivers and motives behind why healthcare professionals perform FGM/C and why mothers rely on them to perform the practice on their daughters. METHODS: The study drew on a "mystery client" approach, coupled with in-depth interviews (IDIs) and focus group discussions (FGDs) with health care providers (i.e. physicians and nurses) and mothers. It was conducted in three geographic areas in Egypt: Cairo, Assiut and Al Gharbeya. RESULTS: Study findings suggest that parents who seek medicalized cutting often do so to minimize health risks while conforming to social expectations. Thus, the factors that support FGM/C overlap with the factors that support medicalization. For many mothers and healthcare providers, adherence to community customs and traditions was the most important motive to practice FGM/C. Also, the social construction of girls' well-being and bodily beauty makes FGM/C a perceived necessity which lays the ground for stigmatization against uncut girls. Finally, the language around FGM/C is being reframed by many healthcare providers as a cosmetic surgery. Such reframing may be one way for providers to overcome the law against FGM/C and market the operation to the clients. CONCLUSION: These contradictions and contestations highlighted in this study among mothers and healthcare providers suggest that legal, moral and social norms that underpin FGM/C practice are not harmonized and would thus lead to a further rise in the medicalization of FGM/C. This also highlights the critical role that health providers can play in efforts to drive the abandonment of FGM/C in Egypt.

Health care providers' perceptions and practices of screening for domestic violence in Upper Egypt.

OBJECTIVES: To explore the attitude of health care providers about screening for and dealing with domestic violence in the health care setting and to assess the physicians screening behavior. METHODS: We surveyed physicians and nurses working in different departments of Assiut University Hospital using a self-administered questionnaire. Two focus group discussions with physicians and nurses were also conducted. RESULTS: 44.3% and 46.5% of physicians and nurses mentioned time constraints as a barrier for DV screening. Physicians believed that it is not important to screen for DV because it is a socially accepted problem and because of the unavailability of the necessary referrals to help victims (30.2% and 20.0%, respectively). The unsuitability of the outpatient clinics to screen for DV was also mentioned by 65.6% and 75.5% of physicians and nurses respectively. Only 36.7% of physicians perceived having the communication skills to facilitate disclosure of DV exposure. Regarding practice, only 35.0% of physicians have screened for DV in the three months preceding data collection. Urban residence, perception of the negative health consequence of DV exposure and perception of the physicians to have the required communication skills predicted positive attitude towards DV screening, while feeling distressed to discuss exposure to DV was associated with negative physicians' attitude. CONCLUSION: In-service training of health care providers to identify and manage victims of DV and establishing supportive system would have great implications for reducing the physical and mental negative consequences of DV exposure.

Factors associated with first-year discontinuation of Implanon in Upper Egypt: clients' and providers' perspectives.

BACKGROUND: The etonogestrel implant Implanon is a favourable and cost-effective contraceptive method for women in developing countries, and expansion of its use represents a priority for the family planning (FP) programme in Egypt. We studied the factors affecting first-year Implanon discontinuation from clients' and providers' perspectives. METHODS: We used a mixed quantitative-qualitative methodology. We conducted a household survey of Implanon clients and three focus group discussions with FP physicians and directors. RESULTS: We found that 13.5% of Implanon users discontinued its use in the first year. Survival analysis found that clients who had previously used Implanon (HR 0.36, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.88) and whose husbands had secondary or a higher level of education (HR 0.36,95% CI 0.19 to 0.69) were less likely to discontinue Implanon use after the first year, while clients who experienced side effects of Implanon use were more likely to discontinue it (HR 3.6,95% CI 1.60 to 8.11). Other causes of discontinuation which emerged in the qualitative analysis were the unjustified advice for Implanon removal by non-gynaecologists, due to unrelated users' complaints, and deficient pre-insertion counselling. CONCLUSIONS: Implanon has a low first-year discontinuation rate as compared with other contraceptive methods. FP clients should be given sufficient pre-insertion counselling about side effects of Implanon and duration of protection. Physicians should offer Implanon mainly to clients seeking long-term contraception in order to decrease its discontinuation rate and increase its cost effectiveness.

Pre-travel health seeking practices of Umrah pilgrims departing from Assiut International Airport, Egypt.

OBJECTIVES: to assess the health seeking practices and their determinants among Umrah pilgrims departing from Assiut international Airport. METHODS: We interviewed 300 pilgrims departing from Assiut International Airport while they were in the departure lounge, using a semi-structured questionnaire. RESULTS: Only 60%, 46.3% and 46.3% of Umrah pilgrims believed in importance of pre-travel vaccination, seeking health information, and health examination, respectively. The most frequently practiced pre-travel health related behaviour was getting vaccinated (56.3%), as compared to much lower frequencies of seeking health information (24%) or having a clinical health examination (26.7%). Private clinics, internet and the tourism companies were the main sources of health information of the pilgrims. Positive attitude of pilgrims about health seeking practices, the perception of health risk of travelling to Hajj/Umrah and having a chronic disease were the predictors of pre-travel health practices. CONCLUSION: Raising awareness among Hajj/Umrah pilgrims about the importance of seeking professional pre-travel health advice and communicating the risk of exposure to travel-related diseases to pilgrims could be important strategies to improve the uptake of preventive measures. Training of general practitioners in the public health sector about the travel health information would promote the travel health services.

Attitudes of physicians providing family planning services in Egypt about recommending intrauterine device for family planning clients.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the attitudes of physicians providing family planning services at the public sector in Egypt about recommending intrauterine device (IUD) for family planning clients, and to identify the factors that could affect their attitudes. METHODS: A descriptive cross sectional study, in which all the physicians providing family planning services in Assiut Governorate were invited to complete self-administered questionnaires. The study participants were recruited at the family planning sector monthly meetings of the 13 health directorates of Assiut Governorate, Upper Egypt. 250 physicians accepted to participate in the study. Bivariate and Multivariate regression analyses were performed to identify the most important predictors of recommending IUD to family planning clients when appropriate. RESULTS: Less than 50% of physicians would recommend IUD for clients with proper eligibility criteria; women younger than 20 years old (49.2%), women with history of ectopic pregnancy (34%), history of pelvic inflammatory diseases (40%) or sexually transmitted diseases (18.4%) and nulliparous women (22.8%). Receiving family planning formal training within the year preceding data collection and working in urban areas were the significant predictors of recommending IUD insertion for appropriate clients. CONCLUSION: Physicians providing family planning services in Upper Egypt have negative attitudes about recommending IUD for family planning clients. Continuous education and in-service training about the updated medical eligibility criteria, especially for physicians working in rural areas may reduce the unfounded medical restrictions for IUD use.