Impact of Isolation Time of COVID-19 Patients in Intensive Care Unit on Healthcare Workers Contamination and Nursing Care Intensity.

Background: The optimal isolation time of COVID-19 patients in intensive care unit (ICU) is debated. We investigated the impact of two different COVID-19 patient isolation time strategies on healthcare workers (HCW) contamination, intensity of nursing care and potential associated adverse events. Methods: We prospectively included all consecutive COVID-19 patients and HCW in our ICU in the first two pandemic waves (March to May 2020 and August to November 2020). Specific isolation measures for COVID-19 patients were released after two negative RT-PCR assays in the first wave and 14 days after the onset of symptoms in the second wave. Contamination of HCW was assessed at the end of each pandemic wave by combining both a RT-PCR assay and a serological test. Results: Overall, 117 COVID-19 patients and 73 HCW were included. Despite an earlier release from isolation after ICU admission in the second than in the first wave [6 (4-8) vs. 15 (11-19) days, p < 0.01], the proportion of HCW with a positive serological test (16 vs. 17%, p = 0.94) or with a positive RT-PCR assay (3 vs. 5%, p = 0.58) was not different between the two waves. Although a lower nurse-to-bed ratio, the intensity of nursing care was higher in the second than in the first wave. A longer isolation time was associated with accidental extubation (OR = 1.18, 95%CI:1.07-1.35, p = 0.005) but neither with ventilator-associated pneumonia nor with dysglycemia. Conclusion: A shorter isolation time of COVID-19 patients in ICU was not associated with higher HCW contamination, while a longer isolation time seemed to be associated with higher accidental extubation.

Intensive care unit admission in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: patient information and the physician's decision-making process.

INTRODUCTION: ICU admission is required in more than 25% of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) at some time during the course of the disease. However, only limited information is available on how physicians communicate with COPD patients about ICU admission. METHODS: COPD patients and relatives from 19 French ICUs were interviewed at ICU discharge about their knowledge of COPD. French pulmonologists self-reported their practices for informing and discussing intensive care treatment preferences with COPD patients. Finally, pulmonologists and ICU physicians reported barriers and facilitators for transfer of COPD patients to the ICU and to propose invasive mechanical ventilation. RESULTS: Self-report questionnaires were filled in by 126 COPD patients and 102 relatives, and 173 pulmonologists and 135 ICU physicians were interviewed. For 41% (n = 39) of patients and 54% (n = 51) of relatives, ICU admission had never been expected prior to admission. One half of patients were not routinely informed by their pulmonologist about possible ICU admission at some time during the course of COPD. Moreover, treatment options (that is, non-invasive ventilation, intubation and mechanical ventilation or tracheotomy) were not explained to COPD patients during regular pulmonologist visits. Pulmonologists and ICU physician have different perceptions of the decision-making process pertaining to ICU admission and intubation. CONCLUSIONS: The information provided by pulmonologists to patients and families concerning the prognosis of COPD, the risks of ICU admission and specific care could be improved in order to deliver ICU care in accordance with the patient's personal values and preferences. Given the discrepancies in the decision-making process between pulmonologists and intensivists, a more collaborative approach should probably be discussed.

Diagnostic accuracy of procalcitonin in critically ill immunocompromised patients.

BACKGROUND: Recognizing infection is crucial in immunocompromised patients with organ dysfunction. Our objective was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of procalcitonin (PCT) in critically ill immunocompromised patients. METHODS: This prospective, observational study included patients with suspected sepsis. Patients were classified into one of three diagnostic groups: no infection, bacterial sepsis, and nonbacterial sepsis. RESULTS: We included 119 patients with a median age of 54 years (interquartile range [IQR], 42-68 years). The general severity (SAPSII) and organ dysfunction (LOD) scores on day 1 were 45 (35-62.7) and 4 (2-6), respectively, and overall hospital mortality was 32.8%. Causes of immunodepression were hematological disorders (64 patients, 53.8%), HIV infection (31 patients, 26%), and solid cancers (26 patients, 21.8%). Bacterial sepsis was diagnosed in 58 patients and nonbacterial infections in nine patients (7.6%); 52 patients (43.7%) had no infection. PCT concentrations on the first ICU day were higher in the group with bacterial sepsis (4.42 [1.60-22.14] vs. 0.26 [0.09-1.26] ng/ml in patients without bacterial infection, P < 0.0001). PCT concentrations on day 1 that were > 0.5 ng/ml had 100% sensitivity but only 63% specificity for diagnosing bacterial sepsis. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.851 (0.78-0.92). In multivariate analyses, PCT concentrations > 0.5 ng/ml on day 1 independently predicted bacterial sepsis (odds ratio, 8.6; 95% confidence interval, 2.53-29.3; P = 0.0006). PCT concentrations were not significantly correlated with hospital mortality. CONCLUSION: Despite limited specificity in critically ill immunocompromised patients, PCT concentrations may help to rule out bacterial infection.

Important questions asked by family members of intensive care unit patients.

OBJECTIVES: Relatives often lack important information about intensive care unit patients. High-quality information is crucial to help relatives overcome the often considerable situational stress and to acquire the ability to participate in the decision-making process, most notably regarding the appropriate level of care. We aimed to develop a list of questions important for relatives of patients in the intensive care unit. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This was a multicenter study. Questions asked by relatives of intensive care unit patients were collected from five different sources (literature, panel of 28 intensive care unit nurses and physicians, 1-wk survey of nurses and 1-wk survey of physicians in 14 intensive care units, and in-depth interviews with 14 families). After a qualitative analysis (framework approach and thematic analysis), questions were rated by 22 relatives and 14 intensive care unit physicians, and the ratings were analyzed using principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering. RESULTS: The five sources produced 2,135 questions. Removal of duplicates and redundancies left 443 questions, which were distributed among nine predefined domains using a framework approach ("diagnosis," "treatment," "prognosis," "comfort," "interaction," "communication," "family," "end of life," and "postintensive care unit management"). Thematic analysis in each domain led to the identification of 46 themes, which were reworded as 46 different questions. Ratings by relatives and physicians showed that 21 of these questions were particularly important for relatives of intensive care unit patients. CONCLUSION: This study increases knowledge about the informational needs of relatives of intensive care unit patients. This list of questions may prove valuable for both relatives and intensive care unit physicians as a tool for improving communication in the intensive care unit.

Postintensive care unit psychological burden in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and informal caregivers: A multicenter study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and risk factors of symptoms of anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder-related symptoms in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and their relatives after an intensive care unit stay. DESIGN: Prospective multicenter study. SETTING: Nineteen French intensive care units. SUBJECTS: One hundred twenty-six patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who survived an intensive care unit stay and 102 relatives. INTERVENTION: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Patients and relatives were interviewed at intensive care unit discharge and 90 days later to assess symptoms of anxiety and depression using Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and posttraumatic stress disorder-related symptoms using the Impact of Event Scale (IES). At intensive care unit discharge, 90% of patients recollected traumatic psychological events in the intensive care unit. At day 90, we were able to conduct telephone interviews with 53 patients and 47 relatives. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale scores indicated symptoms of anxiety and depression in 52% and 45.5% of patients at intensive care unit discharge and in 28.3% and 18.9% on day 90, respectively. Corresponding prevalence in relatives were 72.2% and 25.7% at intensive care unit discharge and 40.4% and 14.9% on day 90, respectively. The Impact of Event Scale indicated posttraumatic stress disorder-related symptoms in 20.7% of patients and 29.8% of relatives on day 90. Peritraumatic dissociation assessed using the Peritraumatic Dissociative Experiences Questionnaire was independently associated with posttraumatic stress disorder-related symptoms in the patients and relatives. Previous intensive care unit experience and recollection of bothersome noise in the intensive care unit predicted posttraumatic stress disorder-related symptoms in the patients. CONCLUSIONS: Psychiatric symptoms were found to be common in a group of 126 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who survived an intensive care unit stay and their relatives at intensive care unit discharge and 90 days later. Peritraumatic dissociation at intensive care unit discharge was found to independently predict posttraumatic stress disorder-related symptoms in this sample of patients and relatives.

Polymerase chain reaction for diagnosing pneumocystis pneumonia in non-HIV immunocompromised patients with pulmonary infiltrates.

RATIONALE: Pneumocystis jiroveci polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has higher sensitivity than conventional stains but cannot distinguish colonization from infection. METHODS: We compared P jiroveci PCR and conventional stains in HIV-uninfected immunocompromised patients. RESULTS: Among the 448 patients, 296 (66%) patients had hematologic malignancies; 72 (16.1%), bone marrow transplants; 44 (9.8%), solid tumors; 21 (4.7%), renal transplants; and 15 (3.4%) were taking immunosuppressants for systemic diseases. Diagnostic strategy consisted of BAL in 351 patients and induced sputum (IS) in 97 patients. Conventional pneumocystic pneumonia (PCP) stain was positive in 39 (8.7%) patients, including 34 with positive PCR. In addition, PCR was positive in 32 patients, including 21 with complete follow-up, of whom 14 were diagnosed with probable or definitive PCP (a 36% increase). PCR was 87.2% sensitive and 92.2% specific; positive and negative predictive values were 51.5% and 98.7%, respectively. Sensitivity and negative predictive value were 100% on IS. CONCLUSIONS: In HIV-uninfected immunocompromised patients with acute pulmonary infiltrates, P jiroveci PCR correlates with clinical evidence of PCP. A negative PCR allows withdrawing anti-PCP therapy.

Massive rhythmic axial myoclonus in post-anoxic coma.

We present the video of a patient who presented massive and impressive rhythmic axial sudden flexion of the neck and the upper part of the trunk in post anoxic coma.

Outcomes in 140 critically ill patients with status epilepticus.

OBJECTIVE: Despite recent management guidelines, no recent study has evaluated outcomes in ICU patients with status epilepticus (SE). DESIGN AND SETTING: An 8-year retrospective study. SUBJECTS AND INTERVENTION: Observational study in 140 ICU patients with SE, including 81 (58%) with continuous SE and 59 (42%) with intermittent SE (repeated seizures without interictal recovery). MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: The 95 men and 45 women had a median age of 49 years (IQR 24-71). Median seizure time was 60 min (IQR 20-180), and 58 patients had seizures longer than 30 min. The SE was nonconvulsive in 16 (11%) patients and convulsive in 124 (89%), including 89 (64%) with tonic-clonic generalized seizures, 27 (19%) with partial seizures, 7 (5%) with myoclonic seizures, and 1 with tonic seizures. The most common causes of SE were cerebral insult in 53% and anticonvulsant drug withdrawal in 20% of patients. No cause was identified in 35% of patients. Median time from SE to treatment was 5 min (IQR 0-71). The SE was refractory in 35 (25%) patients. Mechanical ventilation was needed in 106 patients. Hospital mortality was 21%. By multivariate analysis, independent predictors of 30-day mortality were age (OR 1.03/year; 95% CI 1.00-1.06), GCS at scene (OR 0.84/point; 95% CI 0.72-0.98), continuous SE (OR 3.17; 95% CI 1.15-8.77), symptomatic SE (OR 4.08; 95% CI 1.49-11.10), and refractory SE (OR 2.83; 95% CI 1.06-7.54). CONCLUSION: Mortality in SE patients remains high and chiefly determined by seizure severity. Further studies are needed to evaluate the possible impact of early maximal anticonvulsant treatment on outcomes.