Use of Chest Radiography Examination as a Probe for Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Impact on Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in Young Children.

BACKGROUND: Community-acquired alveolar pneumonia (CAAP) is considered a bacterial disease, mainly pneumococcal. CAAP rates markedly declined following 7- and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) introductions worldwide. In contrast, non-CAAP lower respiratory tract infections (NA-LRIs) are generally not considered pneumococcal diseases. We assessed CAAP, NA-LRIs, and overall visits with chest radiograph (CXR) examination rates in the pediatric emergency room in southern Israel before and after PCV implementation. METHODS: This was an ongoing, prospective observational study. Our hospital serves a captive population of approximately 75 000 children aged <5 years, enabling incidence calculation. PCV7 and PCV13 were implemented in Israel in July 2009 and November 2010, respectively. All CXRs were analyzed according to the World Health Organization Standardization of Interpretation. We calculated CAAP, NA-LRI, and CXR examinations annual incidences from 2004 to 2017 and incidence rate ratios comparing the PCV13 (2014-2017) with the pre-PCV (2004-2008) periods. RESULTS: Overall, 72 746 CXR examinations were recorded: 14% CAAP and 86% NA-LRI. CAAP, NA-LRI, and CXR examination visit rates declined by 49%, 34%, and 37%, respectively. This pattern was seen in Jewish and Bedouin children (the 2 ethnically distinct populations), with steeper declines observed among Jewish children and children aged >12 months. CONCLUSIONS: PCV7/PCV13 implementation resulted in a marked decline in CAAP and overall visits with CXR examination rates in young children. Overall, approximately 14 750 hospital visits with CXR were prevented annually per 100 000 population aged <5 years. These findings suggest that although NA-LRIs are usually not considered pneumococcal, many can be prevented by PCVs.Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7/PCV13) implementation resulted in significant declines in community-acquired alveolar pneumonia (CAAP) and overall chest radiography examination rates in young children. Although non-CAAP lower respiratory tract infections are usually not considered pneumococcal, many can be prevented by PCVs.

Nasopharyngeal Carriage of Invasive Pneumococcal Serotypes During Childhood Community-Acquired Alveolar Pneumonia Is Associated With Specific Clinical Presentation.

BACKGROUND: Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pnc) serotypes differ in invasive potential. We examined whether community-acquired alveolar pneumonia (CAAP) in children carrying commonly recognized pneumonia invasive pneumococcal serotypes ([PnIST] 1, 5, 7F, 14, and 19A) differs from CAAP in children carrying less invasive serotypes (non-PnIST) or no Pnc (Pnc-neg). METHODS: Children <5 years, visiting the only regional Pediatric Emergency Room, with radiologically proven CAAP were enrolled. Nasopharyngeal cultures were processed for pneumococcal isolation and serotyping. Clinical and demographic characteristics were recorded. The study was conducted before pneumococcal conjugate vaccine implementation in Israel. RESULTS: A total of 1423 CAAP episodes were recorded: PnIST, 300 (21.1%); non-PnIST, 591 (41.5%); and Pnc-neg, 532 (37.4%). After adjustment for age, ethnicity, seasonality, and previous antibiotics, the following variables were positively associated with PnIST carriage compared with both groups: temperature ≥39°C, peripheral white blood cell count ≥20 000/mm3, C-reactive protein ≥70.0 mg/L, and serum sodium <135 mEq/L. Lower oxygen saturation, viral detection, and comorbidities were negatively associated with Pn-IST carriage (odds ratios, <1.0). Differences between non-PnIST carriers and Pnc-neg groups were smaller or nonsignificant. CONCLUSIONS: Young children with CAAP carrying common PnIST had a lower proportion of comorbidities, hypoxemia, and viral detection and had more intense systemic inflammatory response than those carrying non-PnIST or not carrying Pnc.

Prevalence of polyps ≥6 mm on follow-up CT colonography in a cohort with no significant colon polyps at baseline.

AIM: Assess the prevalence of neoplasia ≥6 mm at repeat CT colonoscopy (CTC) in individuals with no significant lesions at baseline. METHODS: Individuals aged ≥18 years, with/without CRC risk factors, with no polyps ≥6 mm on baseline CTC (negative baseline) who underwent repeat CTC in a large HMO from 2001 to 2011 were retrospectively identified. Studies were reviewed by board-certified radiologists with experience interpreting CTC. Demographic details, CRC risk factors, and the number, size, and location of incident lesions were noted. Findings were classified using the C-RADS scale. Lesion prevalence at CTC-2 was determined, and study interval and risk characteristics of patients with- and without findings were compared. RESULTS: Our study included 636 individuals (369 men [58.0%]; mean age 59.9 years) with negative baseline CTC who underwent repeat CTC after a mean 4.6 year interval (SD 1.6 years). At baseline, 469/636 (73.7%) were at average risk for CRC; 418 remained at average risk for CTC-2 with 51 (8.0%) developing new risk factors in the interval between studies. At CTC-2, 47 participants (7.4%) presented 52 significant neoplasia: 35 polyps 6-9 mm, 14 polyps ≥10 mm, and 3 masses in 3/636 participants (0.47%). 2/3 masses, 6/14 polyps ≥10 mm (42.9%), and 12/25 polyps 6-9 mm (48.0%) were in individuals with risk factors for CRC. Histopathology was available for 12/52 lesions (23.1%): 8 tubular adenomas, 2 villous adenomas, 1 hamartomatous polyp, 1 case of normal tissue. CONCLUSION: A mean 4.6 years after negative-baseline CTC, neoplasia ≥6 mm were seen in 7.4% of participants, including masses in 0.47%, supporting recommendations for a 5-year study interval.

Nasopharyngeal Pneumococcal Carriage During Childhood Community-Acquired Alveolar Pneumonia: Relationship Between Specific Serotypes and Coinfecting Viruses.

Background: Respiratory viruses and Streptococcus pneumoniae are known to be copathogens in childhood pneumonia. However, it is unclear whether all pneumococcal serotypes are equally prone to such interaction. We attempted to determine association between carried pneumococcal serotypes and respiratory viruses during childhood community-acquired alveolar pneumonia (CAAP). Methods: The study was conducted during respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) seasons, before pneumococcal vaccine introduction. Children aged <5 years diagnosed with CAAP with positive pneumococcal nasopharyngeal cultures from whom viral diagnostic tests were obtained were enrolled. Viral detection was done by culture, direct immunofluorescence assay (DFA) or polymerase chain reaction. Adjusted odd ratios (ORs) for serotype-specific carriage rates by presence of specific viruses were calculated: single RSV-positive (RSV[+]); other respiratory viruses (ORspVs[+]); and no respiratory virus (RspVs[-]). We compared invasive and noninvasive pneumococcal serotypes according to previous publications. Results: Invasive serotype colonization was significantly lower in RSV(+) versus RspVs(-) CAAP (OR = 0.18; 95% confidence interval [CI] = .05-.60), whereas colonization with noninvasive serotypes tended to be higher in RSV(+) (OR = 2.39; 95% CI = .98-5.79). Conclusions: We found an inverse relationship between pneumonia-associated invasive pneumococcal serotypes and RSV detection during CAAP. This finding may lead to better understanding of the interaction between respiratory viruses and S. pneumoniae in CAAP pathogenesis.

Short-course antibiotic treatment for community-acquired alveolar pneumonia in ambulatory children: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Studies on short-course treatment of childhood pneumonia in the developed world are lacking. We compared clinical and laboratory outcomes of a 3-day or a 5-day to a 10-day treatment in young children with community-acquired alveolar pneumonia. METHODS: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in 2 stages: (1) 3 days versus 10 days and (2) 5 days versus 10 days. Amoxicillin (80 mg/kg/d; divided into 3 daily doses) was used for all arms. Case definition was: age 6-59 months; radiologically confirmed community-acquired alveolar pneumonia; temperature ≥38.5°C; peripheral white blood cell count ≥15,000/mm³; status permitting outpatient treatment. Scheduled visits were on days 4-5 and 10-14 with daily telephone interviews for 30 days. Treatment failure was defined by the need for a rescue treatment or hospitalization. Secondary outcomes were: duration of fever and symptoms and white blood cell and C-reactive protein responses. RESULTS: During Stage 1, 4/10 (40%) and 0/12 (0%) evaluable patients failed in the 3-day and 10-day arms, respectively (P = 0.16). Therefore, the 3-day arm was replaced by a 5-day arm (Stage 2). No failures occurred in the 5-day (n = 56) and 10-day (n = 59) arms. Overall, 4/10 (0%), 0/56 and 0/42 (0%) children failed in the 3-day, 5-day and 10-day arms, respectively (P < 0.001, 3-day versus 5-day or 10-day). Secondary outcomes were similar in the 5-day and 10-day arms. CONCLUSION: In 6- to 59-month-old outpatients with community-acquired alveolar pneumonia, a 5-day course with high-dose oral amoxicillin was not inferior to a 10-day course. The 3-day regimen may be associated with an unacceptable failure rate.

Increased risk for respiratory syncytial virus-associated, community-acquired alveolar pneumonia in infants born at 31-36 weeks of gestation.

BACKGROUND: We compared hospitalization and pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission rates for community-acquired alveolar pneumonia (CAAP) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-associated CAAP (RSV-CAAP) in non-RSV-immunized children <24-month-old born at 31-36 weeks gestational age (GA) versus those born at term (>36 weeks GA). METHODS: Nasopharyngeal samples for RSV were obtained prospectively (2004-2011) during RSV season, from hospitalized children with radiographic-diagnosed CAAP. Soroka University Medical Center is the only hospital in the region, enabling population-based rate calculation. Relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated comparing RSV-CAAP incidence in 31-36 weeks GA with >36 weeks GA children. RESULTS: CAAP hospitalization incidences (per 1000 population) were 23.6 and 9.4 (RR: 2.52; 95% CI: 2.13-2.68), respectively; the respective incidences of PICU admission for overall CAAP were 1.8 and 0.2 (RR: 7.88; 95% CI: 4.59-11.83). The RRs (and 95% CI) for RSV-CAAP hospitalizations and PICU admission rates were (after extrapolation) 15.2 and 5.8 (RR: 2.79; 95% CI: 2.31-3.06) and 1.1 and 0.1 (RR: 9.14; 95% CI: 4.93-16.96), respectively. In a multiregression analysis in patients with RSV-CAAP versus CAAP, 31-36 weeks GA was an independent risk factor for hospitalization (RR: 1.485; 95% CI: 1.03-2.14). CONCLUSIONS: Children <24-month-old born at 31-36 weeks GA are at increased risk for hospitalization and PICU admission for both overall CAAP and RSV-associated CAAP compared with those born at >36 weeks GA. Moreover, in late premature children, RSV represented a 50% increased risk for CAAP compared with infants born at term.

Influence of pneumococcal vaccines and respiratory syncytial virus on alveolar pneumonia, Israel.

Postlicensure surveillance of pneumonia incidence can be used to estimate whether pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) affect incidence. We used Poisson regression models that control for baseline seasonality to determine the impact of PCVs and the possible effects of variations in virus activity in Israel on these surveillance estimates. PCV was associated with significant declines in radiologically confirmed alveolar pneumonia (RCAP) among patients <6 months, 6-17 months, and 18-35 months of age (-31% [95% CI -51% to -15%], -41% [95% CI -52 to -32%], and -34% [95% CI -42% to -25%], respectively). Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) activity was associated with strong increases in RCAP incidence, with up to 44% of cases attributable to RSV among infants <6 months of age and lower but significant impacts in older children. Seasonal variations, particularly in RSV activity, masked the impact of 7-valent PCVs, especially for young children in the first 2 years after vaccine introduction.

Sleep-disordered breathing is a risk factor for community-acquired alveolar pneumonia in early childhood.

BACKGROUND: Data are scarce with regard to risk factors for acute community-acquired alveolar pneumonia (CAAP) in children, but it is known that children with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) experience more respiratory infections. We aimed to assess whether SDB is a risk factor for CAAP in early childhood. METHODS: We conducted a prospective, nested, case-control study assessing children < 5 years old who had been given a diagnosis of CAAP based on World Health Organization radiographic criteria. Demographic and clinical data were collected. SDB symptoms were documented using a structured questionnaire. CAAP study and retrospective sleep laboratory databases were compared. SDB presence and severity were determined by questionnaire and polysomnography (PSG). RESULTS: A total of 14,913 children underwent chest radiography during the study period; 1,546 children with radiographically proven CAAP (58% boys) and 441 control subjects (54% boys) were prospectively enrolled. Frequent snoring was reported in 18.6% vs 2.9% subjects with CAAP and control subjects, respectively (P < .001). The respective figures for subjects with CAAP and control subjects for restless sleep, nocturnal breathing problems, abnormal behavior, and chronic rhinorrhea were 21.6% vs 5.3%, 5% vs 1.4%, 6.4% vs 0.2%, and 12.9% vs 1.8%, (P < .001 for each). Fifty children (3.3%) with CAAP vs three control subjects (0.7%) underwent adenoidectomy (P < .001). PSG diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea had been established previously in 79 patients (5%) with CAAP vs six (1.3%) of the control subjects (OR, 3.7 [95% CI, 1.6-10.0]; P < .001), with higher severity in patients with CAAP than in control subjects. CONCLUSIONS: SDB is common in children with CAAP and is possibly a predisposing risk factor for CAAP in children < 5 years old. We recommend considering SDB in young children who are given a diagnosis of CAAP.

Evaluation of the World Health Organization criteria for chest radiographs for pneumonia diagnosis in children.

UNLABELLED: Our objective was to compare the inter-observer level of agreement in diagnosing pneumonia using the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for the interpretation of radiographs. We conducted a prospective study in a pediatric emergency room. Fifteen observers (13 pediatricians, 2 radiologists) interpreted 200 pediatric (<5 years old) chest radiographs using the WHO guidelines. Observers were blinded to the clinical presentation. RESULTS were analyzed for kappa values. Individual readings were compared to two "gold standard" teams: (1) radiologist and pediatrician and (2) two radiologists. RESULTS: Alveolar pneumonia, non-alveolar pneumonia, and no pneumonia were found (by radiologists) in 12.8%, 2.7%, and 78.6% of readings, respectively. The mean kappa values for alveolar pneumonia, non-alveolar pneumonia, and no pneumonia of observers versus the team consisting of a radiologist and a pediatrician were 0.73, 0.23, and 0.61, respectively. For non-alveolar pneumonia, the mean kappa value was higher for the gold standard consisting of a radiologist and a pediatrician when compared to the two-radiologist team. Pediatricians overdiagnosed "non-alveolar pneumonia" compared with radiologists. In contrast, for the alveolar pneumonia and no-pneumonia diagnoses, no significant differences were found. CONCLUSIONS: The WHO guidelines for interpretation of chest radiographs result in high level of agreement between readers for the definition of "alveolar pneumonia" and "no pneumonia" but poor agreement for non-alveolar pneumonia. The disagreement with regard to the latter was associated with overdiagnosis by pediatricians, which may lead to overtreatment. We believe that radiographic non-alveolar pneumonia should not be an endpoint for clinical trials and research, nor should it be implemented in clinical setting.

Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia, short limb-abnormal calcifications type: progressive radiological findings from fetal age to adolescence.

BACKGROUND: Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia, short limb-abnormal calcifications type (SEMD, SL-AC) is a rare autosomal recessive condition with a grave prognosis. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to describe the progression of symptoms from fetal age to adolescence in SMED, SL-AC patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated radiological findings on plain films, CT and MRI for eight children with genetically proven SEMD (male:female ratio 4:4, ages 30-week fetus to 18 years) and summarized findings from case reports and case series in the literature. RESULTS: Early and persistent radiological signs of SEMD were platyspondyly, chest narrowing, short ribs, and broad and short bones in the extremities and pelvis. In five children, we observed an unusually massive C2 vertebral body with narrowing of the spinal canal. Disease progression was characterized by anterior dislocation of C1, kyphoscoliosis, bowing of the limbs, metaphyseal and epiphyseal changes and abnormal calcifications. Earliest appearance of abnormal calcifications was 1.5 years; four children had no abnormal calcifications at diagnosis. There were persistent large open fontanelles in all children with skull radiographs, including a 17-year-old boy. Disease severity and progression were variable. Complications included cord compression and restrictive lung changes. CONCLUSION: Disease severity and progression vary. Absence of abnormal calcifications does not preclude the diagnosis. An unusual, massive C2 vertebral body may contribute to spinal cord compression. Persistent open fontanelles should be added to the clinical characteristics of SEMD, SL-AC.

Nasopharyngeal carriage of individual Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes during pediatric pneumonia as a means to estimate serotype disease potential.

BACKGROUND: We aimed at estimating pneumococcal serotype-specific disease potential in pediatric community-acquired alveolar pneumonia (CAAP), by comparing nasopharyngeal pneumococcal carriage during disease to carriage in healthy children. METHODS: Pneumococcal nasopharyngeal cultures were obtained from children < 5 years old admitted to the emergency room or hospitalized with radiologically diagnosed CAAP and from healthy controls. Disease potential was estimated by calculating serotype-specific odds ratios (OR) of a given serotype to be carried during disease compared with healthy children (after adjustment for age, ethnicity, previous antibiotic therapy, and season). RESULTS: A total of 603 and 1504 isolates were obtained from CAAP and healthy children, respectively. A significant OR > 1.0 of a specific serotype being carried during disease (suggesting a higher disease potential) was observed with serotypes (by decreasing rank) 1, 5, 22F, 7F, 14, 9V, and 19A. A significant OR < 1.0 of being carried during disease (suggesting a lower disease potential) was observed with serotypes 6A, 6B, 23A, and 35B. Carriage of PCV7 serotypes (grouped) during CAAP was highest in age group 6 to 17 months. PCV10 and PCV13 provided significantly higher coverage for both 6 to 17 and 18 to 35 month age groups. CONCLUSIONS: It is suggested that serotypes 1, 5, 7F, 9V, 14, 19A, and 22F have a higher disease potential for childhood pneumonia than do serotypes 6A, 6B, 23A, and 35B.

Diagnostic value of chest radiographs in bedridden patients suspected of having pneumonia.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the diagnostic value of the chest radiograph for the diagnosis of pneumonia in bedridden patients, using non-contrast-enhanced high-resolution chest computed tomography (CT) as the gold standard. METHODS: We prospectively evaluated bedridden patients hospitalized with moderate to high clinical probability of pneumonia. Chest radiographs were interpreted in a blinded fashion by 3 observers and classified as definite, normal, or uncertain for pneumonia. Chest CT was obtained within 12 hours of chest radiograph. We applied Bayesian analysis to assess the accuracy of chest radiograph in the diagnosis of pneumonia. RESULTS: In a 5-month period, 58 patients were evaluated, 31 (53%) were female. Their chest radiographs were interpreted as negative, uncertain, or positive for pneumonia in 31 (53%), 15 (26%), and 12 (21%) patients, respectively, while CT confirmed pneumonia in 11 (35%), 10 (67%), and in 10 (83%). The sensitivity of the chest radiograph to diagnose pneumonia was 65%, the specificity was 93%, the positive and negative predictive values were, respectively, 83% and 65%, while the overall accuracy was 69% (95% confidence interval, 50%-79%). CONCLUSIONS: In bedridden patients with suspected pneumonia, a normal chest radiograph does not rule out the diagnosis, hence, a chest CT scan might provide valuable diagnostic information.

Association of human metapneumovirus with radiologically diagnosed community-acquired alveolar pneumonia in young children.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the involvement of human metapneumovirus (HMPV) in childhood community-acquired alveolar pneumonia (CAAP) and compare the demographic, clinical, and laboratory features of HMPV-associated CAAP and CAAP associated with other respiratory viruses. STUDY DESIGN: Nasopharyngeal wash specimens obtained prospectively over a 4-year period from children age < 5 years evaluated in the emergency department with radiologically diagnosed CAAP and from healthy controls were tested for HMPV by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus, influenza and parainfluenza viruses by direct immunofluorescence and culture. RESULTS: HMPV was detected in 108 of 1296 patients (8.3%) versus RSV in 23.1%, adenovirus in 3.4%, influenza A virus in 2.9%, and parainfluenza viruse in 2.9%. During the period of peak activity (November to May), HMPV was detected in 95 of 1017 patients (9.3%) and in 3 of 136 controls (2.2%) (P = .005). The patients with HMPV were older than those with RSV (P < .001) with a more common history of acute otitis media requiring tympanocentesis (P = .032), wheezing (P = .001) and gastrointestinal symptoms (P < .001) and a lower hospitalization rate (P = .005). CONCLUSIONS: The high detection rate suggests an important role for HMPV in childhood CAAP. Our findings identify demographic and clinical features of HMPV-positive CAAP and its age-related impact on hospital admissions.

CT colonography: positioning order and intracolonic pressure.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to prospectively evaluate the effect of the order of positions on sustained rectal pressure and factors affecting pain perceived by patients during air-insufflated CT colonography. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Rectal pressure was measured in the supine and prone positions for CT colonography of 379 patients in two groups. One hundred seventy-seven patients underwent imaging supine and then prone, and 202 patients were prone and then supine. Insufflation and patient pain parameters were based on patient self-report and investigator visualization of observable indicators. Colonic distention, residual feces or fluid, and diverticulosis were evaluated with a semiquantitative scoring system. Fisher's exact, Student's t, and chi-square tests as well as multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed. RESULTS: Pressure was higher in the prone than in the supine position in both groups (p < 0.001). The measured pressure in the initial position did not differ between groups (p = 0.88). Pressure increased from 38.3 to 40.07 mm Hg in the second position in the supine-first group and decreased from 38.3 to 32.25 mm Hg in the second position in the prone-first group (p < 0.001). The percentage of patients with pain in the second position was 40% in the supine-first group compared with 18% in the prone-first group (p < 0.003). Distention did not differ between the groups. Pain was associated with increased pressure and diverticulosis (p < 0.001) but not with retained feces or fluid. CONCLUSION: Sustained pressure in the air-insufflated colon was higher in the prone than in the supine position. Imaging in the prone position first results in a significant decrease in pressure in the latter phase and less pain. Pain was associated with pressure and diverticulosis.

Inferior vena cava thrombosis presenting as lumbar radiculopathy.

Lumbar epidural varices either primary or secondary to outflow obstruction have been implicated in causing lumbar radiculopathy. We report a case of an adolescent male who presented with lumbar radiculopathy attributable to thrombosed lumbar epidural varix as a result of inferior vena cava thrombosis emanating from factor V Leiden mutation. This rare cause of radiculopathy was diagnosed on contrast-enhanced computerized tomography. All symptoms resolved shortly after initiation of intravenous heparin therapy. The relevant literature is reviewed.

Perforation of the colon and rectum--a newly recognized complication of CT colonography.

CT colonography (CTC) and conventional colonoscopy may have similar efficacy for detection of polyps > 6 mm. Perforation of the colon and rectum is a relatively rare, but potentially morbid complication of CTC, especially in symptomatic patients. Older age and underlying concomitant colon pathology increase the risk of perforation. This review describes the incidence, clinical features, and management of colon perforations at CTC, a study that was considered risk-free until recently.

Computed tomography screening for lung cancer: applicability of an international protocol in a single-institution environment.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to assess the applicability of an annual low-dose computed tomography (CT) screening program for lung cancer in a single institution in Israel, which has a relatively lower prevalence of lung cancer compared with other Western countries, and to examine stage distribution of detected lung cancers. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A cohort of 842 former and current smokers underwent baseline low-dose CT screening and a total of 942 annual repeat screenings over a period of 68 months. The definition of positive results on baseline and repeat screening and their diagnostic workup were guided by the common International Early Lung Cancer Action Program protocol. Recommendations for biopsy of suspicious nodules were based on nodule size, nodule growth, non-resolution following antibiotic therapy, and positron emission tomography scan. RESULTS: The test result was positive in 102 of the 842 baseline screenings (12%) and in 45 of the 942 annual repeat screenings (5%), and biopsy was recommended in 12 baseline and 2 annual screenings. Twelve of the 14 cancers diagnosed (86%) were stage I tumors. CONCLUSION: Our study indicates that the adoption of a common international protocol is feasible, even in a very different clinical setting, yielding a high proportion of early-stage lung cancers.

Colonic perforation at CT colonography: assessment of risk in a multicenter large cohort.

PURPOSE: To assess retrospectively the incidence, clinical features, and treatment of colonic perforation at computed tomographic (CT) colonography in a large multicenter cohort. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was performed in accordance with the institutional ethics committees' requirements of a retrospective review in each of the participating centers, and no informed consent was required. A review of all patients who underwent CT colonography between January 2001 and December 2004 in 11 medical centers representing more than 95% of studies performed in a single country was performed to determine the rate of colorectal perforation. Data about patient demographics and patient- and procedure-related risk were recorded. Information about the location of the perforation, its likely mechanism, and treatment was collected. Analysis included calculation of rates of colonic perforation and surgical treatment and of 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: A total of 11 870 CT colonographic studies were performed in 6837 (57.6%) men and 5033 (42.4%) women (mean age, 59.9 years; range, 38-90 years) with seven cases of colorectal perforation, yielding a risk rate of 0.059% (one of 1696 studies; 95% confidence interval: one of 974, 971 of 6537). The mean age of the patients with perforation was 77.8 years. Six (84%) of seven cases of perforation occurred in symptomatic patients at high risk for colorectal neoplasia, and one (16%) occurred in an asymptomatic average-risk patient. All studies were performed after insufflation of room air. Six (84%) cases of perforation occurred in patients in whom a rectal tube was inserted, and in five of them, a balloon was inflated. Five (71%) cases of perforation occurred in the sigmoid colon; and two (29%), in the rectum. Four (57%) patients (one in 2968 patients; 95% confidence interval: 1.5 in 10 000, 14.7 in 10 000) required surgical treatment. Possible factors that contributed to perforation were left inguinal hernia containing colon (n = 4), severe diverticulosis (n = 3), and obstructive carcinoma (n = 1). CONCLUSION: Perforation of the colon and rectum is a rare complication of CT colonography. Older age and underlying concomitant colonic disease were present in patients with perforation.

Nutritional status and diarrheal illness as independent risk factors for alveolar pneumonia.

Community-acquired alveolar pneumonia (CAAP) is typically associated with bacterial infections and is especially prevalent in vulnerable populations worldwide. The authors studied nutritional status and diarrheal history as risk factors for CAAP in Bedouin children <5 years of age living in Israel. In this prospective case-control study (2001-2002), 334 children with radiographically confirmed CAAP were compared with 529 controls without pneumonia with regard to nutritional status and diarrhea history. Controls were frequency matched to cases on age and enrollment month. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate associations of CAAP with nutritional status and recent diarrhea experience. Anemia (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 3.32, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.24, 4.94; p < 0.001), low birth weight (AOR = 2.16, 95% CI: 1.32, 3.54; p = 0.002), stunting (AOR = 2.22, 95% CI: 1.31, 3.78; p = 0.004), serum retinol concentration (AOR = 1.03 per microg/dl, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.05; p < 0.001), and having > or =1 diarrhea episodes within 31 days prior to enrollment (AOR = 2.30, 95% CI: 1.26, 4.19; p = 0.007) were identified as risk factors for CAAP. Results suggest that improving antenatal care and the nutritional status of infants may reduce the risk of CAAP in Bedouin children. Furthermore, they suggest that vaccines developed to prevent diarrhea may also lower the risk of CAAP.