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1.
Salud Publica Mex ; 61(6): 798-808, 2019.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31869544

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To compare the prevalence of acute respiratory infections (ARI) and acute diarrheal disease (ADD) among children younger than five years of age living in localities with less than 100 000 inhabitants in Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición (Ensanut) 2012 and Ensanut 100k (2018). In Ensanut 100k, we evaluate the associated factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Analysis of both surveys and of the Mexican Meteorological System. RESULTS: The estimated prevalence of ARI was 45.1% in 2012 vs. 32.9% in 2018. The decrease was significant among medium and high-income households. There were no changes in trends for ADD. Among households with lower EC, ARI was associated with roofing material, temperature, and rainy precipitation while ADD was associated with lack of piped water. CONCLUSIONS: The estimated prevalence of ARI has decreased in medium and high income households. Some households and weather conditions are associated with ARI and ADD.


OBJETIVO: Estimar y comparar las prevalencias de infec- ciones respiratorias agudas (IRA) y enfermedades diarreicas agudas (EDA) en menores de cinco años, residentes en localidades con menos de 100 000 habitantes, mediante análisis de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición (Ensanut) 2012 y la Ensanut 100k (2018). En la Ensanut 100k se evaluaron los factores asociados con IRA y EDA. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Análisis de ambas encuestas e información meteorológica de la Comisión Nacional del Agua. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia global estimada de IRA fue de 45.1% en 2012 vs. 32.9% en 2018. La disminución fue significativa en hogares de medianas y mayores capacidades económicas (CE). No se observaron cambios significativos para las EDA. En hogares con menores CE, las IRA se asociaron con material del techo y temperatura y las EDA con privación de agua entubada. CONCLUSIONES: Entre 2012 y 2018, la prevalencia de IRA disminuyó en hogares de medianas y mayores CE. Algunas condiciones de vivienda y meteorológicas se asocian con IRA y EDA.


Subject(s)
Diarrhea/epidemiology , Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology , Acute Disease , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Mexico/epidemiology , Nutrition Surveys , Population Density , Prevalence , Risk Factors
2.
Salud pública Méx ; 61(6): 798-808, nov.-dic. 2019. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1252168

ABSTRACT

Resumen: Objetivo: Estimar y comparar las prevalencias de infecciones respiratorias agudas (IRA) y enfermedades diarreicas agudas (EDA) en menores de cinco años, residentes en localidades con menos de 100 000 habitantes, mediante análisis de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición (Ensanut) 2012 y la Ensanut 100k (2018). En la Ensanut 100k se evaluaron los factores asociados con IRA y EDA. Material y métodos: Análisis de ambas encuestas e información meteorológica de la Comisión Nacional del Agua. Resultados: La prevalencia global estimada de IRA fue de 45.1% en 2012 vs. 32.9% en 2018. La disminución fue significativa en hogares de medianas y mayores capacidades económicas (CE). No se observaron cambios significativos para las EDA. En hogares con menores CE, las IRA se asociaron con material del techo y temperatura y las EDA con privación de agua entubada. Conclusiones: Entre 2012 y 2018, la prevalencia de IRA disminuyó en hogares de medianas y mayores CE. Algunas condiciones de vivienda y meteorológicas se asocian con IRA y EDA.


Abstract: Objective: To compare the prevalence of acute respiratory infections (ARI) and acute diarrheal disease (ADD) among children younger than five years of age living in localities with less than 100 000 inhabitants in Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición (Ensanut) 2012 and Ensanut 100k (2018). In Ensanut 100k, we evaluate the associated factors. Materials and methods: Analysis of both surveys and of the Mexican Meteorological System. Results: The estimated prevalence of ARI was 45.1% in 2012 vs. 32.9% in 2018. The decrease was significant among medium and high-income households. There were no changes in trends for ADD. Among households with lower EC, ARI was associated with roofing material, temperature, and rainy precipitation while ADD was associated with lack of piped water. Conclusions: The estimated prevalence of ARI has decreased in medium and high income households. Some households and weather conditions are associated with ARI and ADD.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology , Diarrhea/epidemiology , Nutrition Surveys , Acute Disease , Prevalence , Risk Factors , Population Density , Mexico/epidemiology
3.
Nicotine Tob Res ; 9(10): 1021-6, 2007 Oct.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17852765

ABSTRACT

This study describes the impact of exposure to secondhand smoke for subjects who spend time in a discotheque, by comparing within-subject baseline and postexposure urinary cotinine levels. A total of 100 nonsmoking volunteers from a central region of Mexico provided a urine sample before entering a discotheque and another sample an average of 6 hr after the end of exposure. Concentrations of cotinine and its metabolite, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine, were measured in the urine by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. In females the average preexposure level of urinary cotinine was 2.2 ng/ml, and the average postexposure level was significantly higher, at 15.7 ng/ml. In males the average preexposure level of cotinine was 3.7 ng/ml, compared with 49.1 ng/ml in the postexposure assessment. The highest postexposure values were found in men younger than 22 years old with a value of 469.5 ng/ml. Exposure to secondhand smoke is a serious health risk. Our findings are important given that many of our subjects were exposed to substantial amounts of secondhand smoke in discotheques, as evidenced by the high urinary cotinine and 3'-hydroxycotinine concentrations. These findings support the need to prohibit smoking in discotheques to protect nonsmokers' health.


Subject(s)
Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis , Cotinine/analogs & derivatives , Cotinine/urine , Restaurants , Tobacco Smoke Pollution/analysis , Adolescent , Adult , Female , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry , Humans , Male , Mexico , Risk Assessment , Risk Factors
4.
Salud pública Méx ; 49(supl.2): s213-s223, 2007. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: lil-454167

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCCION: La exposición al humo de tabaco de segunda mano (HTSM) en niños y adultos puede ser común en oficinas gubernamentales, lugares de trabajo, vehículos y espacios públicos, pero es de particular importancia en el hogar. Los grados de exposición elevados en niños pueden constituirse como la principal justificación para restringir el tabaquismo dentro del hogar. El objetivo fue determinar los valores de HTSM mediante biomarcadores séricos en binomios padres- hijos menores de cinco años, en México, participantes de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2000. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se seleccionaron 76 binomios padres-hijos de hogares con adultos no fumadores y 83 binomios similares pero con adultos fumadores en el hogar. La selección se restringió a hogares donde hubiera presencia de niños menores de cinco años de edad. Las muestras séricas se analizaron por cromatografía líquida. Se construyeron modelos de correlación de exposición entre los binomios padres-hijos estratificados por el antecedente de tabaquismo en los padres. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de individuos con más de 15 ng/mL de cotinina en suero en los fumadores fue de 100 por ciento; la cuantificación mínima fue 18.50 y la máxima de 221.5 ng/mL. En los adultos, los valores séricos de cotinina fueron 50 veces mayores en los fumadores (107.4 ng/mL) que en los no fumadores (1.99 ng/mL); similar observación a la referida tuvo la exposición a 3-hidroxicotinina (0.69 en no fumadores vs. 33.59 ng/mL en adultos fumadores). Hubo una diferencia significativa tres veces mayor de valores de cotinina (0.19 vs. 0.60 ng/mL) y de 3-hidroxicotinina (0.06 vs. 0.19 ng/mL) en los hijos de fumadores. CONCLUSIONES: A pesar de que existe diferencia significativa de HTSM en niños de padres fumadores, la exposición observada de HTSM en niños menores de cinco años de padres no fumadores también es relevante. En México se documenta por primera vez una elevada exposición al HTSM en niños, no sólo de padres...


INTRODUCTION: Children and adult exposure to SecondHand Smoke (SHS) may occur in government offices, work and public places as well as in vehicles. Nevertheless, SHS is particularly important at home. High exposure levels in children may be the main reason to prevent parents and other family members from smoking at home. This study aims at establishing SHS levels by measuring biomakers in serum in pairs of parents and their younger than five years old children in Mexico, included in the 2000 National Health Survey. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Seventy-six parents-children pairs were taken from households with non smokers adults, as well as 83 pairs with adult smokers at home. Selection was limited to the adult population in households with children under five years old. Serum samples were analyzed through liquid chromatographic. Correlation exposure models between parents-children pairs were built and stratified according to parents' background concerning smoking. RESULTS: In the smokers group, people with more than 15ng/mL of cotinine metabolites in serum showed prevalence of 100 percent. Minimum quantification was 18.50 and maximum 221.5ng/mL. In adults, cotinine metabolite levels in serun were 50 times higher in smokers (107.4ng/mL), than in non smokers (1.99 ng/mL). Concerning 3-hydroxycotinine, something similar was observed (0.60 in non smokers vs. 33.50 ng/mL in smokers). A significant difference three times higher in cotinine levels (0.10 vs. 0.60ng/mL) and 3-hydroxycotinine (0.06 vs. 0.19ng/mL) was found in those children with, at least, one of both parents who smoked. CONCLUSIONS: It is worthwhile noting that although there is a significant difference in ETS in children with both parents who smoke, the ETS found in children younger than five years old, from non smokers parents, is also important. This is the first time that high SHS in children from smokers and non smokers parents is documented in Mexico. This highlights the fact that...

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