Electrical injuries and outcomes: A retrospective review.

Electrical burns (EI) differ from other burn injuries in the immediate treatment given and delayed sequelae they manifest. This paper reviews our burn center's experience with electrical injuries. All patients with electrical injuries admitted from January 2002 to August 2019 were included. Demographics; admission, injury, and treatment data; complications, including infection, graft loss, and neurologic injury; pertinent imaging, neurology consultation, neuropsychiatric testing; and mortality were collected. Subjects were divided into those who were exposed to high (>1000 volts), low (<1000 volts), and unknown voltage. The groups were compared. P < 0.05 was considered significant. One hundred sixty-two patients with electrical injuries were included. Fifty-five suffered low voltage, 55 high voltage, and 52 unknown voltage injuries. High voltage injuries were more likely to be male (98.2% vs. 83.6% low voltage vs. 94.2% unknown voltage, p = 0.015), to experience loss of consciousness (69.1% vs. 23.6% vs. 33.3%, p < 0.001), cardiac arrest (20% vs. 3.6% vs. 13.4%, p = 0.032), and undergo amputation (23.6% vs. 5.5% vs. 8.2%, p = 0.024). No significant differences were observed in long-term neurological deficits. Twenty-seven patients (16.7%) were found to have neurological deficits on or after admission; 48.2% recovered, 33.3% persisted, 7.4% died, and 11.1% did not follow-up with our burn center. Electrical injuries are associated with protean sequelae. Immediate complications include cardiac, renal, and deep burns. Neurologic complications, while uncommon, can occur immediately or are delayed.

Personality changes after subarachnoid hemorrhage: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Personality changes (PC) comprise a common and debilitating illness that accompanies many neurological disorders, including non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The aim of this systematic review was to identify and critically appraise all published studies that have reported the frequency, severity, and time course of PC after SAH, the factors associated with the development of PC and the effects of PC on patients' lives after SAH. METHODS: We searched the PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and Ovid Nursing databases for studies published in English that recruited at least 10 patients (>18 years old) after SAH who were also diagnosed with PC. RESULTS: We found eight studies involving 1227 patients met the study entry criteria. The frequency of PC ranged from 32% to 59%, with a pooled frequency of 44%. The clinical course of PC after SAH was unclear. PC after SAH may be associated with the clinical features and treatment factors related to SAH and comorbid conditions. Neurological signs, disability and surgical treatment increased the risk of PC. PC reduced the study participants' chance of employment. CONCLUSION: In summary, PC commonly occurs after SAH. Further research is needed to clarify the time course of PC and identify the risk factors, neurochemical factors, and brain circuits associated with the development of post-SAH PC. Randomized controlled treatment trials targeting SAH-related PC are warranted.

Lesions in different prefrontal sectors are associated with different types of acquired personality disturbances.

"Frontal lobe syndrome" is a term often used to describe a diverse array of personality disturbances following frontal lobe damage. This study's guiding premise was that greater neuroanatomical specificity could be achieved by evaluating specific types of personality disturbances following acquired frontal lobe lesions. We hypothesized that three acquired personality disturbances would be associated with lesion involvement of distinct sectors of the prefrontal cortex (PFC): 1) emotional-social disturbance and ventromedial PFC, 2) hypoemotional disturbance and dorsomedial PFC, and 3) dysexecutive and dorsolateral PFC. In addition, we hypothesized that distressed personality disturbance would not be associated with focal PFC lesions in any sector. Each hypothesis was pre-registered and tested in 182 participants with adult-onset, chronic, focal brain lesions studied with an observational, cross-sectional design. Pre- and postmorbid personality was assessed by informant-rating with the Iowa Scales of Personality Change, completed by a spouse or family member. Two complementary analytic approaches were employed: 1) a hypothesis-driven region-of-interest (ROI) regression analysis examining the associations of lesions in specific PFC sectors with acquired personality disturbances; 2) a data-driven multivariate lesion-behavior mapping analysis, which was not limited to pre-specified regions. Each hypothesis received some support: (i) Emotional/social personality disturbance was most strongly associated with ventromedial PFC lesions in both statistical approaches. (ii) Hypoemotional disturbance was associated with dorsomedial PFC lesions in the ROI analyses, without any significant lesion-symptom mapping associations. (iii) Dysexecutive personality disturbance was associated with bilateral dorsolateral PFC lesions and ventromedial PFC lesions; lesion-symptom mapping showed maximal association of executive dysfunction with damage of the right middle frontal gyrus within the dorsolateral PFC. (iv) Distressed personality disturbance was not associated with lesions in any PFC sector. Altogether, the findings can be interpreted to indicate that damage to different prefrontal sectors may disrupt different anatomical-functional systems and result in distinct personality disturbances.

Assessing the Effects of Healthy and Neuropathological Aging on Personality with the Iowa Scales of Personality Change.

Personality changes in older adults with brain disease may be confounded by effects of normal aging. In this cross-sectional study, ratings with the Iowa Scales of Personality Change for 62 healthy older adults (OA-H, aged 60+) were compared to matched older adults with brain diseases (OA-BD). OA-H did not show any significant personality changes from middle age to older adulthood. However, between 10% and 20% of OA-H developed a disturbance in Lack of Stamina, Inflexibility, Lability, and Lack of Insight. Otherwise, the pattern of findings suggesting normal aging effects on personality disturbances in clinical groups are generally minimal.

Acquired Personality Disturbances After Meningioma Resection Are Strongly Associated With Impaired Quality of Life.

BACKGROUND: Some patients experience long-term declines in quality of life following meningioma resection, but associated factors are not well understood. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether long-term declines in quality of life (specifically impaired adaptive functioning) after meningioma resection are associated with specific personality disturbances that often develop with lesions in ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). METHODS: We studied 38 patients who underwent resection of meningioma, 18 of whom had vmPFC lesions and 20 with lesions elsewhere (non-vmPFC). A total of 30 personality characteristics were rated by spouse or family, and a neuropsychologist blindly rated adaptive functioning an average of 3.8 yr postresection. Relevant personality disturbance was defined by a priori process: the presence of "conjoint personality disturbance" required specific disturbances in at least 2 of 4 types of disturbance: executive disorders, disturbed social behavior, emotional dysregulation, and hypoemotionality. RESULTS: Fourteen patients had impaired adaptive functioning: 12 had vmPFC lesions and 2 had non-vmPFC lesions. Fourteen patients had conjoint personality disturbance, and 12 of them had impaired adaptive functioning. By contrast, among the 24 patients who did not have conjoint personality disturbance, only 2 had impaired adaptive functioning. Mediation analysis showed that the association between vmPFC lesions and impaired adaptive functioning was mediated by the negative impact of acquired personality disturbance on adaptive functioning. CONCLUSION: Anterior skull base meningiomas plus resection surgery may result in specific personality disturbances that are highly associated with impaired adaptive functioning at long-term follow-up. These patients may benefit from early counseling regarding potential personality changes and their implications for adaptive functioning.

"Frontal lobe syndrome"? Subtypes of acquired personality disturbances in patients with focal brain damage.

Conceptualizations of the nature of acquired personality disturbances after brain damage, especially to prefrontal cortex, have progressed from clinical observations of a large, disparate set of disturbances to theories concerning neuroanatomically-based subgroups with prefrontal damage. However, hypothesized subtypes have not yet been studied systematically. Based on our previous investigations of acquired personality disturbances, we hypothesized five subtypes of acquired personality disturbances: Executive Disturbances, Disturbed Social Behavior, Emotional Dysregulation, Hypo-emotionality/De-Energization, and Distress, as well as an undisturbed group. Subtypes were investigated in 194 adults with chronic, stable, focal lesions located in various aspects of prefrontal lobes and elsewhere in the brain, using two different cluster analysis techniques applied to ratings on the Iowa Scales of Personality Change. One technique was a hypothesis-driven approach; the other was a set of strictly empirical analyses to assess the robustness of clusters found in the first analysis. The hypothesis-driven analysis largely supported the hypothesized set of subtypes. However, in contrast to the hypothesis, it suggested that disturbed social behavior and emotional dysregulation are not two distinct subtypes, but two aspects of one multifaceted type of disturbance. Additionally, the so-labeled "executive disturbances" group also showed disturbances in other domains. Results from the second (empirical) set of cluster analyses were consistent with findings from the hypothesis-driven cluster analysis. Overall, findings across the two cluster analyses indicated four subtypes of acquired personality disturbances: (1) executive disturbances in association with generalized disturbance, (2) dysregulation of emotions and behavior, (3) hypo-emotionality and de-energization, and (4) distress/anxiety. These findings show strong correspondence with subtypes suggested by prominent models of prefrontal systems based on neuroanatomically-defined circuits. Clarification of distinctive subtypes of acquired personality disturbances is a step toward enhancing our ability to tailor rehabilitative interventions for patients with prefrontal brain injuries.

The safety and efficacy of propofol as a replacement for amobarbital in intracarotid Wada testing of presurgical patients with epilepsy.

OBJECTIVE: The intracarotid sodium amytal procedure (the "Wada test") has for many years been the gold standard for language and memory lateralization and remains an important part of presurgical analysis for patients with medically intractable seizures. Due to shortages in the key sedative (amobarbital), neuropsychologists have turned to alternatives such as propofol. Our aim was to investigate the safety and efficacy of propofol relative to amobarbital in the Wada test. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of the 97 Wada procedures performed at University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics from 2007 through mid-2015. RESULTS: Propofol produced similar lateralization rates as amobarbital for both language and memory. Similar rates of patients in each group went on to have the resection surgery. With regard to safety, there were no differences found in average rate or severity of adverse effects. None of the demographic characteristics reviewed were predictive of increased risk for either drug. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings support previous studies indicating that propofol is as safe and efficacious as amobarbital, and can continue to be used in Wada procedures with confidence.

Personality disturbances in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a case study demonstrating changes in personality without cognitive deficits.

Patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) often show deficits on neuropsychological tests that tap functions related to the integrity of the prefrontal lobes. Various aspects of personality are also known to be mediated by prefrontal regions, particularly ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). Other than apathy, personality changes have not been widely reported in patients with ALS, although clinical observations indicate such changes might be relatively common. Here, we report on a middle-aged woman with bulbar onset ALS (diagnosed 06/2011, examined in Spring, 2012) whose neuropsychological exam did not reveal cognitive deficits. She performed normally on tests of executive functioning. Self-report measures of mood and personality were unremarkable. However, significant personality changes subsequent to disease onset were reported by her husband and two daughters, and these changes were quantified with the Iowa Scales of Personality Change. Results show that personality disturbance may manifest in the absence of notable cognitive changes in ALS, and careful assessment of personality may be important for documenting early neurobehavioral changes in some ALS patients. Findings also show that patients with ALS may not have good insight into personality changes, underscoring the importance of acquiring collateral information. More generally, the results provide further evidence that ALS may compromise the integrity of ventromedial prefrontal regions.

Decision-making deficits in normal elderly persons associated with executive personality disturbances.

BACKGROUND: The problems that some community-dwelling elderly persons develop in real-world decision-making may have disastrous consequences for their health and financial well-being. Investigations across the adult life span have identified personality as an important individual differences variable that is related to decision-making ability. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between personality characteristics, as rated by an informant, and complex decision-making performance among elderly persons. It was hypothesized that deficits in decision-making would be associated with personality characteristics reflecting weak executive functioning (Lack of Planning, Poor Judgment, Lack of Persistence, Perseveration, Lack of Initiative, Impulsivity, and Indecisiveness). METHODS: Fifty-eight elderly persons participated. Their health and cognitive status were deemed intact via comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation. The Iowa Scales of Personality, completed by an informant, was used to assess personality characteristics, and the Iowa Gambling Task, completed by the participant, was used to assess complex decision-making abilities. RESULTS: Longstanding disturbances in executive personality characteristics were found to be associated with poor decision-making, and these disturbances remained predictive of poor decision-making even after taking into consideration demographic, neuropsychological, and mood factors. Acquired personality disturbances did not add significantly to prediction after longstanding disturbances were taken into account. Disturbances in other dimensions of personality were not significantly associated with poor decision-making. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that attentiveness to the personality correlates of difficulties with aspects of executive functioning over the adult years could enhance the ability to identify older individuals at risk for problems with real-world decision-making.

Dimensions of personality disturbance after focal brain damage: investigation with the Iowa Scales of Personality Change.

This study employed a multistep, rational-empirical approach to identify dimensions of personality disturbance in brain-damaged individuals: (a) Five dimensions were hypothesized based on empirical literature and conceptual grounds; (b) principal components analysis was performed on the Iowa Scales of Personality Change (ISPC) to determine the pattern of covariance among 30 personality characteristics; (c) when discrepancies existed between principal components analysis results and conceptually based dimensions, empirical findings and clinical considerations were weighed to determine assignment of ISPC scales to dimensions; (d) the fit of data to the refined dimensions was assessed by examination of intercorrelations; (e) differential predictions concerning the relationship of dimensions to ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) damage were tested. This process resulted in the specification of five dimensions: Disturbed Social Behavior, Executive/Decision-Making Deficits, Diminished Motivation/Hypo-Emotionality, Irascibility, and Distress. In accord with predictions, the 28 participants with vmPFC lesions, compared to 96 participants with focal lesions elsewhere in the brain, had significantly more Disturbed Social Behavior and Executive/Decision-Making Deficits and tended to have more Diminished Motivation/Hypo-Emotionality. Irascibility was not significantly higher among the vmPFC group, and the groups had very similar levels of Distress. The findings indicate that conceptually distinctive dimensions with differential relationships to vmPFC can be derived from the Iowa Scales of Personality Change.

A longitudinal study of transient epileptic amnesia.

OBJECTIVE: To study the underlying pathophysiology and the long-term prognosis of the syndrome of transient epileptic amnesia (STEA). BACKGROUND: STEA has been recently described as a distinct nosologic entity, in which memory impairment is the sole clinical manifestation of temporal lobe epilepsy. METHODS: Serial neuropsychologic examinations and electroencephalography (EEG) were performed on a patient with STEA, before and after treatment with antiepileptic drug for a 2-year study period. RESULTS: Initial neuropsychologic assessment revealed isolated mild-to-moderate impairment in anterograde verbal and visual memory. EEG showed intermittent sharp and spike discharges from both temporal regions, independently, consistent with an underlying seizure tendency. Treatment with extended-release carbamazepine 200 mg twice daily led to complete resolution of the memory difficulty, and the repeat neuropsychologic assessment and EEG were within normal limits. Two years after the treatment was initiated, the patient remained asymptomatic and a third neuropsychologic assessment was completely normal. CONCLUSIONS: The memory impairment in STEA does not originate from a progressive neurodegenerative mechanism, but rather from an underlying epileptic and therefore reversible etiology. When identified and treated, STEA carries no memory impairment at 2 years after diagnosis.

Prediction of driving ability with neuropsychological tests: demographic adjustments diminish accuracy.

Demographically adjusted norms generally enhance accuracy of inferences based on neuropsychological assessment. However, we hypothesized that demographic corrections diminish predictive accuracy for real-world activities with absolute cognitive demands. Driving ability was assessed with a 45-minute drive along a standardized on-road route in participants aged 65+ (24 healthy elderly, 26 probable Alzheimer's disease, 33 Parkinson's disease). Neuropsychological measures included: Trail-Making A and B, Complex Figure, Benton Visual Retention, and Block Design tests. A multiple regression model with raw neuropsychological scores was significantly predictive of driving errors (R2 = .199, p = .005); a model with demographically adjusted scores was not (R2 = .113, p = .107). Raw scores were more highly correlated with driving errors than were adjusted scores for each neuropsychological measure, and among healthy elderly and Parkinson's patients. When predicting real-world activities that depend on absolute levels of cognitive abilities regardless of demographic considerations, predictive accuracy is diminished by demographic corrections.

Credibility of neuropsychological performances of Persian Gulf War veterans and military control subjects participating in clinical epidemiological research.

We investigated whether Persian Gulf War veterans (GWVs) were more likely than Persian Gulf War-era veterans deployed elsewhere (GEVs) to have noncredible neuropsychological examinations. A total of 301 GWVs and 99 GEVs underwent neuropsychological testing. The credibility of 173 examinations showing impairment was evaluated based on test performances, clinical background, psychometric measures, and other self-report data. All 11 examinations judged less than fully credible by one neuropsychologist, plus 19 examinations judged impaired but credible, were then evaluated independently by two more neuropsychologists. Noncredibility was judged with excellent reliability (93% agreement). Seven examinations were judged noncredible. Rates of noncredibility did not differ between GWVs (1%) and GEVs (4%). The pattern of associations of noncredible examinations with cognitive, psychological, and clinical variables generally indicated defective neuropsychological scores, with no coherent pattern, and personality disorder. Findings supported the validity of noncredibility judgments and suggested that noncredible examinations are not a significant problem in neuropsychological investigations of GWVs.

Impairments of emotion and real-world complex behavior following childhood- or adult-onset damage to ventromedial prefrontal cortex.

The behavioral syndrome resulting from damage to the ventromedial prefrontal (VM) region presents major challenges for clinical assessment and management, stemming from the absence of reliable neurologic or psychometric markers, coupled with often debilitating impairments of decision-making and behavior regulation. Damage to this region disrupts neural circuitry critical for emotion, which in turn may contribute to impairments in real-world competencies. Here we present findings from patients with focal lesions in the VM region acquired either in childhood or adulthood, and show that there is a relationship between emotional dysfunction and impairments in real-world behavioral competencies. Emotion was rated by participants' relatives on dimensions including frustration tolerance, lability, anxiety, and blunted affect. Real-world competencies were rated by the relatives on dimensions including judgment, planning, and initiation, and were evaluated by clinician ratings in areas including social, financial, and occupational function. VM damage resulted in severe disruption of emotion, and this emotional dysfunction accounted for a significant portion of impaired real-world competencies. The long-term impairments associated with childhood-onset lesions were at least as severe as those resulting from adult-onset damage. Greater focus on the contribution of emotional dysfunction to the real-world competencies of patients with damage in the VM region may sharpen their neuropsychological assessment and facilitate rehabilitation efforts.

Further validation of the expanded auditory verbal learning test for detecting poor effort and response bias: data from temporal lobectomy candidates.

The present study aimed to further examine the specificity of the Exaggeration Index of the expanded Auditory Verbal Learning Test procedure for detecting inadequate effort or response bias in a nonlitigating sample with unequivocal brain damage. Data from 56 patients with intractable epilepsy undergoing presurgical evaluation for temporal lobectomy were analyzed. In this sample, specificity was excellent at the recommended cut-off (94%), and comparable to that of another well-researched instrument for detecting inadequate effort, the Recognition Memory Test. Findings strongly support the generalizability of the specificity estimates obtained by Barrash et al. and, more broadly, the clinical utility of the Exaggeration Index. To facilitate diagnostic decision-making, the probability of invalid performances associated with each score on the Exaggeration Index, based on all clinical cross-validation samples reported to date, is also presented.

Detecting poor effort and malingering with an expanded version of the Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLTX): validation with clinical samples.

Three studies describe the development and validation of a new procedure (AVLTX) to detect inadequate effort or malingering by adding 60-min delayed recall/recognition trials and identifying "impaired" memory performances that are highly inconsistent with performances of brain-damaged (BD) individuals. In Study I, AVLTX performances of 25 probable malingerers (PMs) were compared with those of 43BD and 40 psychiatric patients (PSYs). Seven inconsistencies were identified and converted to scaled inconsistency scores, yielding the exaggeration index (EI). Study II reported cross-validation in an independent sample of 34 PM, 70BD and 89 PSY, showing sensitivity of 0.59 and specificities of 0.97 (BD) and 0.92 (PSY). Study III compared the diagnostic accuracy of the EI with two well-established effort assessment paradigms, exemplified by the RMTand DRT (a symptom validity test). The RMT showed excellent sensitivity and poor specificity; the DRT showed poor sensitivity and excellent specificity; the EI showed good sensitivity and excellent specificity. Adding a second delayed trial to list-learning tests can be a time-efficient procedure to detect inadequate effort.